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WATER AUDIT for Komadugu Yobe Basin ______ FMWR-IUCN-NCF KOMADUGU YOBE BASIN PROJECT 2006 WATER AUDIT for Komadugu Yobe Basin ________________________________________________________________________ d a h Niger C river yo be e 'ar ma Ja a . eji R ad . H R na a G u ug ad om K n o nga o Bu r R. e m a Nigeria C Final Report Afremedev Consultancy Services Limited Plot 5, A close off 45 Road, Gwarimpa Housing Estate, PO Box 9155 Wuse, Abuja. Tele: 09-671 9220 Fax: 09-523 8343 Email: [email protected] http://www.afremedev.com May 2006 Water Audit Project Steering Team: Engr. Inuwa K. Musa (Chairman, Project Steering Committee) Engr. Joe Kwanashie (Project Director) Water Audit for Komadugu Yobe Basin Dr. Daniel K. Yawson (Project Coordinator) Engr. Yakubu M. Peter (Water Resources Expert) Mal. Hallai G. Ilallah (Legal/Social Science Specialist) Mr. Anthony Ekpo (Database Manager) Mr. David O. Anyanwoke (Project Financial Administrator) Afremedev Consultants/Resource persons: Prof. F. A. Adeniji (Project Director) Dr. O. D. Jimoh (Team Leader) Engr. U. M. Shehu (Deputy Team Leader) Dr. M. M. Daura Dr. I. B. Goni Copyright: FMWR-IUCN-NCF Komadugu Yobe Basin Project. This publication was commissioned as part of the FMWR-IUCN-NCF Komadugu Yobe Basin Project and undertaken by Afremedev Consultancy Services Limited. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect official policies. This document has been produced with the intention of promoting discussion among key stakeholders in the water sector in Komadugu Yobe Basin. Please reference the report as: KYBP 2006. Komadugu Yobe Basin Water Audit Report by Afremedev Consultancy Services Limited for FMWR-IUCN-NCF Komadugu Yobe Basin Project, Kano, Nigeria. ii Water Audit for Komadugu Yobe Basin Foreword During the last 36 years, parts of Komadugu Yobe Basin (KYB) have been at the forefront of watershed development and other innovative programmes aimed at tackling the challenges of poverty alleviation and environmental sustainability. The period witnessed unprecedented development at the upper reaches of the basin, which led to significant socio-economic advances but this was at a cost of several environmental degradation and some socio-economic dislocations. In response to the increasing evidence of deterioration of the KYB’s water situation and the river system, as well as the growing community concern over their impact on their livelihood, the Coordinating Committee of Hadejia-Jama’are-Komadugu-Yobe Basin (HJKYBCC) was formed in 1999 to coordinate and foster cooperation towards adaptive Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) across the basin. The logical starting point for the HJKYBCC was to direct the preparation of a water audit to assess water use in the basin, comment on the effects of the projected increases, and assess the likelihood and potential impact of further increases in the future. Handicapped by lack of funds to implement this and other water management related interventions that were considered necessary to set the stage for IWRM, the HJKYBCC through the Federal Ministry of Water Resources (FMWR) entered into a joint initiative with the West African Office of World Conservation Union (IUCN-BRAO) and the Nigerian Conservation Foundation (NCF) to implement the Project for “Improving Land and Water Resources Management in the Komadugu Yobe Basin” or simply the Komadugu Yobe Basin Project (KYBP). Among the components of KYBP are Water Audit, a Decision Support System (DSS) and a Catchment Management Plan (CMP). The project is being implemented in six Nigerian States of Plateau, Kano, Jigawa, Bauchi, Yobe and Borno and two regions, Diffa and Zinder, of the Niger Republic. The Water Audit has highlighted the need for greater attention to data collection and collation, but most especially to the accuracy of official statistics held by different line Ministries, departments and relevant organisations. As these statistics underpin decision-making at all levels, increased effort is also required to make water-related information accessible to those who need it. Furthermore, the KYB Water Audit makes recommendations for policies and interventions, some of which take a long-term approach to developing and managing water resources in the region. These recommendations include practical strategies in which both the individual Local Governments and States in the KYB as well as collectively under the guidance of Federal Government of Nigeria and Niger Republic through River Basin Authorities (including Lake Chad Basin Commission) could introduce and pilot integrated water resource management systems. All the strategies have the aims of protecting basic water supplies, promoting equitable access to water for productive uses and enhancing the efficiency and productivity of water use at all levels. Given that demand and competition for water resources in KYB is almost certainly going to intensify in coming years, the contribution of the Water Audit to on-going debates and policy formulation would be crucial. The KYB Water Audit, when related in partnership with relevant line projects and complementary programmes, has shown that on-going water-related policies and programmes have produced and are still producing a range of benefits. However, iii Water Audit for Komadugu Yobe Basin the Water Audit has also identified situations in which current programmes run the risk of being victims of their own successes. For example, cases of continuous releases of water from Challawa Gorge and Tiga at the request of downstream communities have led to increase in invasive weeds. These in turn have resulted in blockages of the river channels, frequent flooding and reduction in overall utility of water releases for beneficial purposes. The FMWR-IUCN-NCF KYB Project, DFID-supported Joint Wetlands Livelihoods (DFID-JWL) Project and the LCBC-GEF Project are complementing one another in providing an excellent opportunity to the various levels of governments in KYB. It is an opportunity to develop and assess novel approaches to helping communities and households overcome the complex water constraints and impediments that impact on all aspects of their livelihoods. The projects, especially the Water Audit, are also providing an opportunity to identify and build upon the successful components of existing water programmes and policies. There is no doubt in my mind that, where relevant, they will also provide opportunities to rethink and modify those strategies that either have been less successful or have resulted in unintended adverse consequences. Alh. Muhtar S. Shagari Hon. Minister of Water Resources May 2006 iv Water Audit for Komadugu Yobe Basin Executive Summary Background and Aims of KYBP Water Audit In response to the increasing evidence of deterioration of the drought-prone Komadugu Yobe Basin’s (KYB’s) precarious water resources situation and the growing concern of the basin’s communities, the Coordinating Committee of Hadejia-Jama’are-Komadugu-Yobe Basin (HJKYBCC) directed that a Water Audit be prepared. The primary aims of the Water Audit were to (1) sssess the current status of water resources in the basin; (2) evaluate water-related demand trends in the basin; (3) study patterns of water-related access and entitlements of, in particular, poorer social groups; (4) consider gender and social exclusion issues surrounding access and entitlements to water for both domestic and productive purposes; (5) assess the functionality of water-related policies and institutions at the village, district and state levels; (6) identify improved resource management practices and policies; and (7) provide a practical framework for more productive, sustainable and/or equitable use of water resources. This report summarises the main findings and recommendations of the Water Audit. Water management problems and the study approach The water management problems in the basin include (i) scarcity of water due to climatic variations, (ii) limited knowledge about available water and about the nature and magnitude of water demands, (iii) increasing population in the basin, (iv) macrophyte and silt blockages in the Hadejia-Nguru Wetlands preventing the Hadejia River from contributing adequately to the Yobe River, (v) competitive unilateral development and operation of the two River Basin Development Authorities (RBDAs) in the basin, and (vi) lack of sufficient robust instruments to foster effective cooperation among the riparian States in the basin. The approach adopted in this Water Audit exercise built on experiences from a 1999 Regional Land and Water Resources Development Planning Study (RLWRDPS) funded by the defunct Petroleum (Special) Trust Fund (PTF). Similar to RLWRDPS, v Water Audit for Komadugu Yobe Basin the KYBP Water Audit started from the premise that planning data are scanty in Nigeria. Water balance techniques were used to assess current and future patterns of water availability, demands and uses. Information on access and entitlements to water, the functionality of village-level programmes and institutions were assessed. Innovative methodologies The Water Audit developed and refined a number of methodologies some of which were first used during the RLWRDPS. These included: (a) Geographical Information System (GIS), using secondary data, mostly collected during the pre-water audit study and in-filled with data obtained from field visits; (b) water auditing that combines terrestrial and remotely-sensed data; (c) a simple modeling technique for assessing the impact of water retaining structures on downstream water resource
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