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` Impact of Hadejia Valley Irrigation (Hvip) Project on Crop Productivity and Poverty Reduction in Jigawa State, Nigeria ` IMPACT OF HADEJIA VALLEY IRRIGATION (HVIP) PROJECT ON CROP PRODUCTIVITY AND POVERTY REDUCTION IN JIGAWA STATE, NIGERIA BY Mohammed Bashir UMAR (Ph. D. AGRIC/8714/2010-2011) DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AND RURAL SOCIOLOGY FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY ZARIA, KADUNA STATE NIGERIA MARCH, 2016 i IMPACT OF HADEJIA VALLEY IRRIGATION (HVIP) PROJECT ON CROP PRODUCTIVITY AND POVERTY REDUCTION IN JIGAWA STATE, NIGERIA BY Mohammed Bashir UMAR (PhD/ AGRIC / 8714 / 2010-11) A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA, IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEGREE IN AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AND RURAL SOCIOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AND RURAL SOCIOLOGY FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY ZARIA, KADUNA STATE NIGERIA MARCH, 2016 ii DECLARATION I hereby declare that the work in this thesis entitled ‘’ Impact of Hadejia Valley Irrigation Project (HVIP) on Crop Productivity and Poverty Reduction in Jigawa State” has been written by me and it is my research work. No part of this work has been presented in any previous application for another Degree or Diploma in this or any other institution. All borrowed information has been duly acknowledged in the text and a list of references provided. Mohammed Bashir UMAR Date PhD/AGRIC/8714/2010-2011 iii CERTIFICATION This thesis entitled ―Impact of Hadejia Valley Irrigation Project (HVIP) on Crop Productivity and Poverty Reduction in Jigawa State” by Mohammed Bashir UMAR meets the regulations governing the award of the degree of PhD Agricultural Extension and Rural Sociology of the Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, and is approved for its contribution to knowledge and literary presentation. Professor T. K. Atala Date Chairman, Supervisory Committee Professor J. G. Akpoko Date Member, Supervisory Committee Professor S A. Sanni Date Member, Supervisory Committee Professor Z. AbduIsalam Date Head of Department Professor K. Bala Date Dean Post Graduate School iv DEDICATION To my parents, Alhaji Umaru and Hussaina. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS All praise is to the Almighty Allah (SWT) for granting me the opportunity to climb this academic ladder in my life. I am deeply grateful to my supervisor, Professor T.K. Atala, the chairman supervisory committee for his immense professional and scholarly contributions without which this work could have not become a reality. I sincerely appreciate and acknowledge your concern, encouragement, guidance and thoroughness in making observations that made this work what it is. My gratitude equally goes to Professor J.G. Akpoko for the invaluable inputs, comments and criticisms that greatly enriched the quality of my work. I am really grateful for shaping me and my work academically. I would also wish to express my thanks to Professor S. A. Sanni for her valuable contributions and guidance that made this work scholarly. I am also, indebted to Professor Usman Haruna, the erstwhile Provost of Binyaminu Usman College of Agriculture, Hadejia for his encouragement and inspiration to pursue this degree. Special thanks to the H.O.D (Professor Z. Abdulsalam), the PG Coordinator (Dr. M.A. Damisa) and Seminar Coordinator (Dr. O. Yusuf) for their support. Deep thanks to the departmental staff such as Fedelis Dutse, Malam Suleman Bomo, Mr Aka, Mrs Asaka and many whom their names could not appear here for their listening ears. I thoroughly enjoyed the time we shared together. To all my friends and colleagues, Baffa and Nasiru Magaji, Ismaila Binyaminu, Aminu Mohammed, Ahmed Ibrahim, Hassan Mohammed, Umar Mohammed Gumel, Sani Shitu, Alhaji Amadu K.T, Malam Gambo and Mohammed Musa of JARDA, Salisu H. Kura, Alhaji J. Abdullahi, Dahiru Baba, Hajara of NAERLS and Suleman Baffa (Abba Ustaz) of Liberty Center for typing the manuscript-all of you believed in me and in your own different ways supported and challenged me. I will always value your friendship. I wish to thank my family, especially my parents, brothers and sisters. I am because you are! Finally, I give glory to Almighty Allah for the gift of life, health and inspiration. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Content Page Cover Page………………………………………………………………………………… i Title Page ………………………………………………………………………………… ii Declaration ………………………………………………………………………………. iii Certification ……………………………………………………………………………... iv Dedication ……………………………………………………………………………….. v Acknowledgements ………………………………………………………………………. vi Table of Contents ………………………………………………………………………… viii List of Tables ……………………………………………………………………………. xiii List of Figures …………………………………………………………………………… xv List of Appendices ………………………………………………………………………. xvi List of Acronyms ………………………………………………………………………… xvii Abstract ………………………………………………………………………………….. xix CHAPTER ONE………………………………………………………………………….. 1 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………….. 1 1.1 Background of the Study ……………………………………………………………. 1 1.2 Problem Statement ………………………………………………………………….. 3 1.3 Objectives of the Study……………………………………………………………… 7 1.4 Justification of the Study…………………………………………………………….. 7 1.5 Research Hypotheses ………………………………………………………………… 9 1.6 Scope and Delimitation of the Study ………………………………………………… 10 CHAPTER TWO ………………………………………………………………………... 12 LITERATURE REVIEW……………………………………………………………….. 12 2.1 Background of Hadejia Valley Irrigation Authority (HVIA) 1975-1980 …………… 12 2.2 Background of River Basin Development Authorities (RBDAs) …………………… 15 vii 2.3 Hadejia Valley Irrigation Project (HVIP), Phase I, Stage I, 1981-2012…………….. 17 2.4 Socio-Economic Characteristics of farmers in Irrigation Projects …………………… 18 2.5 Water Management in Nigeria ……………………………………………………….. 22 2.6 Impact of Irrigation Projects …………………………………………………………. 23 2.6.1 Impact of irrigation on access to irrigation infrastructure ………………………….. 24 2.6.2 Impact of irrigation on cropped area under irrigation activities …………………….. 25 2.3.3 Impact of irrigation on crop productivity...………………………………………….. 26 2.6.4 Concept of poverty…....……. ……………………………………………….............. 27 2.3.5. Risks and vulnerabilities of farmers in irrigation projects…..……………………….36 2.7 Constraints faced by Farmers in Irrigation Projects ………………………………… 37 2.7.1 Environmental constraints faced by farmers in irrigation projects …………………. 37 2.7.2 Health constraints faced by farmers in irrigation projects ………………………….. 38 2.7.3 Physical constraints faced by farmers in irrigation projects ………………………… 39 2.7.4 Crop-related constraints faced by farmers in irrigation projects..…………………….40 2.7.5 Institutional constraints faced by farmers in irrigation projects ……..……………… 40 2.8 Summary of literature reviewed……………………………………………………… 42 CHAPTER THREE……………………………………………………………………….45 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK……………………………………………………….45 3.1 The Social Change Theory …………………………………………………………… 45 3.2 Social Impact Assessment Perspective ………………………………………………. 48 3.3 Conceptualisation of Poverty ………………………………………………………… 50 3.4 Conceptualising Irrigation-Poverty Linkages ………………………………………… 53 CHAPTER FOUR…………………………………………………………………........... 56 METHODOLOGY……………………………………………………………………….. 56 4.1 Study Area ……………………………………………………………………………. 56 viii 4.2 Sampling Procedure and Sample Size ……………………………………………….. 57 4.3 Data Collection and Sources ………………………………………………………… 59 4.4 Analytical Framework. …………………………………………………………….. 60 4.4.1 Descriptive statistics …………………………………………………………… 60 4.4.2 The paired t-test ………………………………………………………………… 60 4.4.3. Analysis of variance (ANOVA)…….…………………………………………...... 61 4.4.4 Foster-Greer-Thorbecke index method.……………………………………………. 62 4.5 Operational Definitions and Measurement of the Study Variables …………………... 64 4.5.1 Age 4.5.2 Level of education 4.5.3 Household size 4.5.4 Farm size. 4.5.5 Non-farm income 4.5.6 Cost of hired labour 4.5.7 Irrigation farming experience 4.5.8 Membership of water users‘ association (WUA) 4.5.9 Reaches 4.5.10 Subsidy on inputs 4.5.11 Access to credit 4.5.12 Extension visit 4.5.13 Access to irrigation water 4.5.14 Crop productivity 4.5.15 Farm income 4.5.16 Employment opportunities 4.5.17 Poverty ix 4.6 Empirical Model for the Determinants of Poverty…………………………………….. 67 CHAPTER FIVE ………………………………………………………………………… 69 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS………………………………………………………... 69 5.1 Socio-Economic Characteristics of Beneficiaries and Non-beneficiaries …………… 69 5.2 Impact of the Project on Access to Irrigation Water ................................................... 73 5.3 Impact of the Project on Cropped area Under Irrigation Activities ………………… 76 5.4 Impact of Hadejia Valley Irrigation Project on Poverty Status……………………… 78 5.4.1 Impact of HVIP on employment opportunities ………………………………… 78 5.4.2 Impact of Hadejia Valley Irrigation Project on irrigated crop productivity ………. 80 5.4.3 Impact of Hadejia Valley Irrigation Project on farm income ………………. 81 5.4.4 Analysis of poverty among beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries of HVIP... ……… 86 5.4.5 Determinants of poverty status of beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries of HVIP…. 90 5.4.6 Test of hypotheses ………………………………………………………………….95 5.4.7 Poverty reduction strategies in the HVIP…………………………………………..98 5.4.8 Households' coping mechanisms………………………………………………….. 112 5.6 Constraints Faced by the Beneficiaries and Non-beneficiaries in the Implementation of the Project ……………………..………………………………. 113 CHAPTER SIX………………………………………………………………………… 117 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS…………………….. 117 6.1 Summary …………………………………………………………………………….. 117 6.2 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………123 6.3 Recommendations …………………………………………………………………… 127 6.4 Contributions to Knowledge…………………………………………………………
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