Posted on Authorea 27 Nov 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.160649119.90595166/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. Barde Surajo Abubakar Dogara NIGERIA NORTHERN Musa IN DAM EARTH AN AROUND SNAILS FRESHWATER OF ABUNDANCE AND DISTRIBUTION ABSTRACT Nigeria State, [email protected] Jigawa and Dutse, [email protected] 7156, B. Federal M. Sciences, P. Biological Dutse, University of Department Dogara, M. Musa Corresspondence: Nigeria State, Nigeria State, Yobe Damaturu, 3 1006, B. M. P. Damaturu, 2 1 Dogara M. Musa EARTH AN NIGERIA NORTHERN AROUND SNAILS IN FRESHWATER DAM dam. OF the ABUNDANCE in AND control their DISTRIBUTION water for with implication particularly positive relationship species have positive all over could weak tuberculata importance showed M. = veterinary of abundance and dominance (p physico-chemical Snail The medical current the water of ion. 0.04). magnesium those of 0.01), of = = concentration Most (p and (p turbidity abundance pH color, waters. snail temperature, snails. with (433) water = associated lentic fresh (p significantly of and was concentration survival (442) and ion the water lotic growth magnesium having fresh the (482), 12(0.6%) characterized favour and of vegetation site to natalensis 2,027 in by appeared Lymnaea highest of was followed measured and total abundance factors Water (670) 12(0.6%) Snail A activities methods. globosus highest. procedures. the picking Bulinus human had hand standard with by 1553(76.6%) and using tuberculata identified 0.2mm Melanoides laboratory were mesh while the species abundance with were lowest in net ten snails Freshwater analyzed scoop to dam. sites; were handled belonging the sampling long sites of snails the Four using sampling bank on sites the the dam. sampling information along Warwade from four study more of samples the the establish factors for of to selected each physiochemical were 2019 in to lotic collected October, relation and lentic to in cover, April snails vegetation activity, from freshwater human of carried was distribution study and a abundance investigation preliminary a Following Abstract 2020 27, November 3 2 1 eateto ilgclSine,Auaa aaaBlw nvriy .M .04,Buh,Bauchi Bauchi, 0248, B. M. P. University, Balewa Polytechnic Tafawa Abubakar Federal Technology, Sciences, and Biological of Science Department of Nigeria School State, Technology, Jigawa Dutse, Laboratory 7156, Science B. M. of P. Dutse, Department University Federal Sciences, Biological of Department bbkrTfw aeaUniversity Balewa Tafawa Abubakar damaturu Polytechnic Federal Dutse University Federal 3 ,Auaa .Surajo R. Abubakar ., 1 oiAlhaji Goni , 1* ,Gn .Alhaji K. Goni ., 1 uamnMuhammad Sulaiman , 1 ,Slia .Muhammad I. Sulaiman ., 2 ohaBalogun Joshua , < ,2 1, .1 aidsgicnl costefu ie.Ol acu o concentration ion calcium Only sites. four the across significantly varied 0.01) ,Jsu .Balogun B. Joshua ., 1 aw Shehu Salwa , 1 1 uama Abubakar Muhammmad , 1 ,SlaS Dawaki S. Salwa ., 1 ,Mhma .Abubakaar M. Muhammad ., 1 n sa Mohammed Usman and , 1 n sa .Isah M. Usman and 1 ua Barde Auwal , 1 ,AwlA. Auwal ., 1 1 < 3 0.01) , Posted on Authorea 27 Nov 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.160649119.90595166/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. fshsooiss oee,issceslreydpnso h nesadn fteeooyo freshwater of ecology elimination the the of for understanding programmes the national control on and snail depends global of and largely the treatment education, in success large-scale component hygiene its public on key However, sanitation, a based a as improved schistosomiasis. is is disease water, of control schistosomiasis the safe Snail eliminate of to to Schistosomiasis control 2020). goal access The (WHO, Organization end groups, its Health 2010). with population World (WHO, Schistosomiasis” at-risk in 2025 of Free for by enshrined “World 7.1% problem a is of of health schistosomiasis prevalence vision a a eliminate with have to plan town effort Warwade of global children The (Abdurrahaman, aged schistosomiasis school surveys for schistosomiasis. that of endemic intestinal showed harbour is Reports and to state report urinary likely filariasis. the same is that lymphatic The that revealed and water Health schistosomiasis 2016). standing of typical malaria, Ministry a State as Jigawa is such “weir” from diseases a transmit as that dam Warwade vectors playing Since Warwade is especially bathing. irrigation it, and of sorrounding Dogara communities purpose swimming by of the observed lives for activities the solely Other in 1970s activities village. the socioeconomic in the constructed in “weir” role in significant a a is populations dam biological earth an of dam, Warwade fluctuation aquatic understanding the calcium, 2004). for (Dalas, in oxygen, consideration body into factors dissolved water taken turbidity, important simultaneously pH, most be as temperature, (Abbasi must considered are phosphate are snails 1999). and that freshwater (Ofoezie, magnesium Africa body for of play water particularly parts to the environment different reported in of been snails also factors freshwater have Physico-chemical macrophytes of freshwater aquatic distribution of of the density abundance in and availability the roles as vital to such contribute factors aquatic also Biotic flowering oxygen 1993). Sunlight, dissolved high composition. (Hosea and water snails micro-flora and of rainfall abundance parasites, weeds, predators, supply, food gen- temperature, three are to species 350 belong and about schistosomes (Melo schistosomiasis ponds that human most intestinal lakes, estimated of causes of is as hosts species It web intermediate such importance. The food bodies veterinary and freshwater importance. and era; veterinary chain inhabit medical and of that food medical be snails of to of freshwater known component the are important dams of an and Some form that ecosystems. freshwater organisms are snails Freshwater dam. the in factors INTRODUCTION control Physico-chemical, 1.0 their Snails, color, for Water particularly temperature, implication Fresh species positive Distribution, water all snail have Abundance, over with could tuberculata with Keywords: importance relationship M. associated veterinary of positive significantly dominance and weak medical The was showed of water concentration ion. abundance those fresh magnesium ion Snail of of concentration calcium and survival Only 0.04). turbidity = and = (p sites. growth (p current four the abundance water waters. the favour 0.01), (433) across to lentic = appeared significantly and measured (p (442) pH factors lotic in the (482), physico-chemical highest belongingsnails. vegetation having was the by snails 12(0.6%) abundance followed of water Snail natalensis (670) fresh Lymnaea Most highest. activities using of the and human sites had sites by 2,027 12(0.6%) characterized sampling 1553(76.6%) sampling globosus of tuberculata site four the Bulinus Melanoides total from the while with A samples abundance of identified procedures. Water lowest each were standard methods. species in the using picking collected ten laboratory for hand were to selected the and snails were 0.2mm in more Freshwater lotic mesh of analyzed establish and with were factors dam. to lentic net physiochemical the scoop cover, to 2019 of handled vegetation relation October, bank long activity, in the to human snails along sites; April freshwater study sampling from of Four carried distribution dam. was and Warwade abundance study the a on investigation information preliminary a Following imhlra Bulinus Biomphalaria, tal. et tal., et 02.Tedsrbto n bnac ffehae ni ouain r nune by influenced are populations snail freshwater of abundance and distribution The 2012). , 98.Salaudne itiuinaddniyvr infiatywt esn(WHO, season with significantly vary density and distribution abundance, Snail 1998). and noeai.Bulinus Oncomelania. tal. et 01.Vrospyioceia n ilgclcircumstances biological and physico-chemical Various 2011). , < tal. et Oncomelania .1 n ansu o ocnrto p= (p concentration ion magnesium and 0.01) 21)a h a ie nld sig ahn fclothes, of washing fishing, include sites dam the at (2019) 2 pce assuiayschistosomiasis urinary causes species pce assfsilai rlvrrti animals in rot liver or fascioliasis causes species Biomphalaria , < .1 varied 0.01) Posted on Authorea 27 Nov 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.160649119.90595166/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. aho h or()stswssmldoc namnhfo pi oOtbr 09frtepeec of presence the collected for snails Federal 2019 water Laboratory, Fresh Biology October, those gloves. the and to to hand mesh) transported using April and (0.2mm picking containers from nets hand plastic scoop month by perforated/aerated steel labeled collected a in handled were kept in long were objects shore. using once to in done attached sampled were meters were was snails 5 that of and sites Sampling shoreline (4) the snails. (standing four freshwater along lotic the meters on ninety E009.12’57.8”. of vegetation was within 44’51.1” clothes, Each on E009.13’00.4”, done fourth N11. of N11.44’44.8” was based lentic the activity station washing and selected and human each E009.12’44.9” and water) was were at 44’54.3” (flowing Sampling N11, sites farming one lotic lentic sampling site fishing, E009.13’04.5”, the on N11.44’42.9” dam, swimming, of third cover the coordinates as the The of cover, such vegetation water). bank activities on the human second along of the selected frequency beyond. and purposely observed factors state were the physico-chemical the sites to of water relation parts sampling drinking different of in Four from source snails as pastoralists freshwater serves to of also belonging Survey It goats 2.2 clothes. and communi- and cattle surrounding wares camels, the of of of washing members herds and to communities cattle) to Sayasaya, belonging and the Dogara animals Alhaji, goats by to domestic Garin (especially observed irrigation for Sabon ties activities water for Warwade, drinking socioeconomic water of of Other provide communities provision surrounding to fishing, Gatari. and the was and water serves Hawa 2014). dam surface Zowon dam (Abdulhamid, the low Jidawa, The 50m of undulation by to it. construction characterized little 25m around the and is with from living for soil area Dutse is flat The purpose the area from is groundwater major 1973). the coming area (Olofin, of The of basin tributaries the terms table Chad water of In major the The of relief sandy. three formation groundwater. generally The by sedimentary high is is water State. area area with the Kano the of fed of in geology is Albasu The 12.3m dam and 2003). capacity crest The (Ahmed, reservoir a State metres, has Jigawa it 429.5 culvert. in that of box Tsangaya showed reservoir dam is metres, the (Rilwanu, 2780 type on . length State way Environment crest Bello. of Jigawa metres, Ministry Sani in of 10 State Colonel completed Jigawa height capital State was the State Kano and the from Kano old Bako obtained old Dutse, Audu the Information of Commissioner of Governor of Governor Police Military south of States) Military Jigawa administration the km the and by 15 by Kano 1976 1970 day about in present began is of dam (comprised located the of 11 is Construction coordinates dam 2018). with the Nigeria where Northern in village situated is dam Warwade time area of Study period 2.1 longer a over METHODS dam them. aimed AND the affect is MATERIALS of that work 2.0 snails factors This freshwater physicochemical dam. the important the of to in abundance relation species intermediate and the in snail the distribution that freshwater the of different given studying dynamics the implemented at population (Hussein, between successfully of factors competition environmental be study intra-specific to the to the relation requires are highest its of strategy executing measures and period control control hosts and the effective Again, if planning an habitats. known of in changes their development be seasonal of used by is factors must affected biotic be There be abundance and will could dam. abiotic relative Warwade abundance prevailing that hosts the in snail influence schistosomiasis picture intermediate mainly transmit how which realistic understand to snails. to a known freshwater need are the give the that therefore of to programme survival control enough the snails favour not freshwater to is found information distribution; were Dogara alkalinity control.This and by and of abundance acidity dam the increasing conductivity, importance the of temperature, of the known of tuberculata order for is snails Melanoides in little hence freshwater unicolar, species Nigeria, and of four in importance, 2018 irrigation of veterinary August, in presence or used in dams medical study earth of Preliminary of mollusks use for widespread consequences the Despite vectors. snail and uiu globosus Bulinus 3 h hscceia atr esrdincludes measured factors physicochemical The . tal., et 01.Teei lotene ounderstand to need the also is There 2011). ° 5 ”Nrh 9 North, 0” 45’ yne natalensis Lymnaea tal. et ° 3 ”Es.Warwade East. 0” 13’ tal. et 21)rvae the revealed (2019) 21)includes (2019) 3 n t spill its and , Bellamya Posted on Authorea 27 Nov 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.160649119.90595166/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. etcwtr( 19 n oi ae M=6.)o h a rmArlt coe 09(al 2). (Table 2019 October differ significantly to sites, not April sampling did the from In 68.9) dam by sites. = followed snail; water the to (M freshwater site lotic compared of encountered or each cover lentic frequently 95.7) 63.1) vegetation from most = or with = the (M activities, was sites (M human activity with at water human site abundance either lotic with and from snail site and period mean at 61.9) same the snails = However, the water (M within fresh water sites more lentic sampling significantly 1). were four (Table October): water there the to lentic that across (April from significantly sampling 433 activity varied and human of water of abundance duration site lotic period snail the from study in 442 mean malacological recorded cover, dam, entire The were vegetation snails the the from water Over 482 from fresh by of 2019. collected followed number October snails) total highest (670 and the the 2019), April of October, between 76.6% to dam (April for the accounting from collected species snails snail water fresh by dominant followed most in- the of be order and 302(14.9%) in 1886) species sites 22(1.1%), ten 1860) sampling revealed (Morelet, four morphology the humerosa shell Gabbiella from on collected based Identification were 12(0.6%), snails abundance: period. freshwater creasing study (2,027) the twenty-seven during and thousand snails freshwater village. Two Warwade of of abundance community and the Distribution of heads 3.1 ward in and head study purpose village The the RESULTS the conduct Agriculture. 3.0 to and to Environment explained Permission of was Ministries study Dutse. State the Jigawa University from of Federal obtained Committee, also was Ethics dam Warwade from obtained was significance This of limit. level confidence 95% The clearance or and Ethical factors. 0.05) moderate physicochemical 2.4 (weak, [?] and magnitude (P and population 5% negative) snail at to or determined between used (positive was relationship was direction the ANOVA and the Correlation Similarly, of Pearson’s show species strong) to sites. sites. of sampling determined sampling the respect was and across factors in Coefficient physico-chemical snails between snails freshwater difference values. between significant freshwater the total difference the significant as show of of show well to abundance distribution as calculated was and months (ANOVA) of Variance give distribution of frequency to Analysis One-way calculated express was sites. to site sampling sampling used each rule. were from meter Percentages snails freshwater a of 100. of mean HM means The model by machine, equivalent shore analysis multi-parallel in Dissolved using Data of meters done Determination 2.3 were 5 model. Solid of 3900 Dissolved Challawa DR distance Total at spectrophotometer and determined a using were Oxygen State phosphate at Kano and nitrate Kano, body turbidity magnesium, Laboratory water calcium, meter, Central colour, conductivity of as of such depth means properties and by Chemical ordinary current/velocity disc using meter, The measured Secchi pH temperature containers. using using include plastic pH field 1L thermometer, the of in on glass collected measured Herbarium mercury key. water were the standard surface factors to of using physico-chemical factors identified transported determining physico-chemical were for collected, as they samples were collected where species water snails species Dutse Surface respective freshwater snail University each Federal the their of Sciences, with number into Biological the associated identified of determine plants Department to morphologically The counted were then site. snails and The per sorted (1994). Brown, were by They described Dutse. University oahcantian Monach .unicolor B. Mres 89 14(0.7%), 1879) (Martens, .bulimoide C. uiuu tenuissimus Bulimulus eaodstuberculata Melanoides ih1.% Both 14.9%. with loar bulimoide Cleopatra Mnau 83 13(0.6%), 1803) (Montagu, a s. .tuberculata M. F 3 4 4.82, = 24) (3, dObgy 85 12(0.6%), 1835) (d’Orbigny, rmesmultilineatus Drymaeus Mle,17)1,553(76.6%). 1774) (Muller, Oiir 84 66(3.3%) 1804) (Olivier, s 4 .unicolor B. and yne natalensis Lymnaea P .unicolor B. .1 othccmaio etindicated test comparison Post-hoc 0.01. = a h eodms oiatseisin species dominant most second the was Sy 85 19(9%), 1825) (Say, cone o 15 ffehwater fresh of 91.5% for accounted uiu globosus Bulinus elmaunicolor Bellamya .tuberculata M. Lnau,15)14(0.7%), 1758) (Linnaeus, aitsvaricus Lanistes (Morelet1886), .tuberculata M. a on to found was (Jousseame, Posted on Authorea 27 Nov 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.160649119.90595166/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. oiatseis oee,ohrwrscridoti iia ae oisb Rader by bodies water similar in out al. carried Dogara works et of other findings However, with species. dominant agree not did dam of dominance was The species each. dominant and unicolar abundant most B. the study this In ( DISCUSSION grass 4.0 Typha include snails freshwater 4. with species Table dam in Warwade associated shown in plants is snails The -0.02), freshwater = show with (r not depth, associated did dam velocity, Warwade Plants solids in dissolved pH, 3.3 Total abundance include ions. snail significant phosphate with freshwater and statistically relationship with nitrate to not relationship positive of found any but concentration calcium a factors rela- and abundance of showed Physico-chemical levels, in snail oxygen concentration ion. abundance increase dissolved with magnesium mean snail that associated of the significant, concentration negatively implies in statistically and be This turbidity decrease not -0.8). color, corresponding Though = temperature, a dam. water (r with the negative was associated in strongly concentration was ion be ion abundance to calcium snail found only tive was period, ( calcium study abundance of the cover snail concentration during vegetation with measured 4.38mg/L, associated factors of with significantly physico-chemical significantly concentration site was the a 1.24mg/L. either ion all had water magnesium from Of (2.94 water lotic of different cover and lentic concentration significantly 3.14mg/L vegetation comparison: The activity was with water. wise human that sites lotic pair 3.36mg/L, sites However, velocity or all m/s). at water mean (3.51 among velocity lentic water a different current lentic from have to Also, or not compared cover 7.9). lower did vegetation vegetation significantly = activities with was (pH areas human m/s) water between (2.72 with occurred water lotic lotic difference and and actual 7.4) m/s) the = pH, water (pH Regarding cover 3). (Table 2019 October not did ( phosphate, content ( ion and pH measured, nitrates sites. factors physico-chemical calcium, sampling the turbidity, the Among of dissolved for 3.77m/s all concentration total between to values However, and variation water. 2.12m/s lower depth remarkable lotic and lotic consistently any and color, mg/L cover show at levels, 6.02 recorded vegetation lowest to oxygen with water was mg/L sites dissolved lentic with 1.10 velocity solids, (7.0), associated of and water cover were range values activity vegetation and a higher with human magnesium, with while sites site, of with water at Concentration Sites lentic lowest (8.1). at was respectively. highest pH site activity. and water human site lotic water with water at site The at highest lowest and depth. the cur- and and color, turbidity water 26.4 (TDS), lentic oxygen, between Solid dissolved Dissolved ranged phosphate, Total temperature nitrate, pH, abundance magnesium, temperature, and calcium, included rent/velocity, distribution analyzed snail factors freshwater physico-chemical dynamics to 1. The suggests distribution Figure relation result snail in in This shown similar factors July. as share Physico-chemical in year, water snails 3.2 the lentic lentic of of and and number cover time/season cover least of vegetation to vegetation its the activity, month regards activity, On recorded human with the human May. site with of water with was sites month lotic sites from water the while in that collected fresh lentic collected October, snails of was and in of number snails was cover number of highest water number least vegetation the highest the activity, with the hand, where human period site, water other water peak with lotic lotic The of in areas However, exception April. in with August. in sites collected sampling all first in snails collected the water snails after of fluctuated number numbers in the decrease progressive a was There 20) Abdulkadir (2006), n ae etc ( lettuce Water and ) 49,then 14.9%, p = < .1 aidsgicnl costefu apigstsaogWraedmfo pi to April from dam Warwade along sites sampling four the across significantly varied 0.01) .tuberculata M. .bulimoides C. tal. et itaspecies Pistia 21)adAlmeida and (2017) ° n 29.7 and C nalsmln ie vrohrseisi h ae oyi Warwade in body water the in species other over sites sampling all in .%adtelatwere least the and 3.3% ). tal. et P ° ,wt ihs ae eprtr eodda iewith site at recorded temperature water highest with C, 21)ta eotdi stescn otaudn and abundant most second the as it reported that (2019) .4.Terltosi ewe ni bnac and abundance snail between relationship The 0.04). = p = 5 tal. et < .1,cretvlct ( velocity current 0.01), 21)reported (2018) .tuberculata M. .tnismsadB globosus B. and tenuissimus B. yh latifolia Typha conigfr7.%floe by followed 76.6% for accounting .tuberculata M. p = ,Wtrll ( lily Water ), < tal. et .1 n magnesium and 0.01) 20) Owojori (2003), ob h most the be to ih0.6% with Nymphae Posted on Authorea 27 Nov 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.160649119.90595166/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. naltesmln ie.Telwrvle ftriiyrcre nstswt ua ciiisadlentic and activities human with sites in recorded turbidity snails freshwater of of values survival lower the for The suitable sites. limits sampling the within more rainfall. the were remained of all recorded that intensity site ranges in and lotic pH volume the and the for temperature even in except The which changes from August in the The washes season by population fecundity rainfall October. dry and peak undisturbed survival in a of the less growth, to increase the or end during leading promote time, thus, that prevalent the over materials snails ecosystem freshwater inorganic However, at and of dam snails. organic ceases lands freshwater the it and the Rainfall farms of before surrounding snails. of stability water August/September microhabitats fresh the some in the to changes destroys of peaked attributed survival rainfall significantly be April, and of of not growth could from volume the onset This did increase for in sites. temperature, 68.9) required water to increase as are = such lotic of that began factors (M or in phosphate physico-chemical result lentic cover and important snails a from turbidity vegetation some freshwater or pH, and as with of activities, rainfall be sites human especially multiplication could changes with at and environmental site site abundance growth either lotic to snail rapid from the September mean the differ of in water from favour the fresh month 2019 as However, that of May, the and abundance factors site. highest of physico-chemical low in The month were and such rainfall. was low the water substances rain number to in the inorganic due highest decline and of recorded the the snail alkalinity organic snails freshwater in where by the of abundant distribution contaminated site farmlands, more the was same surrounding lotic October were water from the of the snails fertilizers Freshwater within exception season as 2019). raining sites with during October, four August because to the and May (April across July sampling significantly of varied of months duration abundance and and distribution period snails’ water Fresh transmit suitable to ruminant. their known as in with is vectors disease contact as that into importance explanation come scientific health to with snails. likely consistent water are is area. fresh they This where the activities. Moreover, themselves of human hosts. position survival most diseases observed the with of The for cover. transmitters site required vegetation the conditions and in favourable water dant at decreasing lotic snails water, to freshwater lentic more due Incidentally to were be there compared may distribution when and trend activities abundance human as of with terms such in site snails that vector indicated of test Comparison populations of reducing introduction of the hopes for 1992). the basis Guvard, in the prevalent glabrata gives was also B. schistosomiasis This where importance. areas economic in its and Oloyede distribution to according why (Freitas is substrates of genus types the different and variation limnological tuberculata, to of tolerance abundance and greater ronments The dam. appeared Warwade in it against study, them Sharma protect and this also 2002 In and Ikhwannuddin, conditions and environmental (Supian harsh drought withstand and can predators that shell protective hard their of (Rader observed bodies percentage with water high well flowing slow competes or which standing in only thrive that fact the of and dominance and abundance The species. dominant and abundant .globosus B. .natalensis L. Biomphalaria and nivsv pce sagetcmeio n a ucsflyrdcdppltoso pce of species of populations reduced successfully has and competitor great a is species invasive an .tbruaa .goou,B eusiu n yne natalensis Lymnaea and tenuissimus B. globosus, B. tuberculata, M. .tuberculata M. hc a h otdmnn a o enpse otera.Ti ol eepandby explained be could This rear. the to pushed been now had dominant most the was which imhlrastraminea Biomphalaria .globosus B. a locletdtruhu h otso apig t rsnei loo ra public great of also is presence its sampling; of months the throughout collected also was hc r nemdaehsso citsmai (Lima schistosomiasis of hosts intermediate are which , .globosus B. .tuberculata M. tal. et .tuberculata M. nieohrsalseissc as such species snail other unlike and 21 npes ti o oioe olwd eas fisfs growing fast its of because worldwide monitored now is it press) in (2016 .tenuissimus B. .tuberculata M. and n hrb euigteicdneo the of incidence the reducing thereby and , a u optdalteecutrdfehwtrsalspecies snail water fresh encountered the all competed out had eetterspro aua dpainsc stepeec of presence the as such adaptation natural superior their reflect imhlraspecies Biomphalaria .gigantica F. .tuberculata M. httasi citsmai eepeaeti h study the in prevalent were schistosomiasis transmit that nti td oprdt te pce a ut glaring quite was species other to compared study this in 6 or .hepatica F. sdet t aaiyt xlr ieetenvi- different explore to capacity its to due is tal., et .globosus B. (Alexandre 03 n hti sa naiespecies, invasive an is it that and 2003) tal., et htcue acoisso ie rot liver or fascioliasis causes that and 2013). tal., et .natalensis L. tal., et eeas h otabun- most the also were 05.Terelatively The 2005). 03.Prasthat Perhaps 2013). disease tal., et .tuberculata M. skonto known is , Pitrand (Pointer 1987). M. Posted on Authorea 27 Nov 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.160649119.90595166/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. qimn sdi aacleto.W r rtflt r are o epn ihdt nlssadM I. M. and and analysis reagents data None the with of helping sample for most of Statement Gabriel Availability process provided Mr. Data the Dutse to in plants. University grateful assisted the the Federal are that identifying providing We of assistants for for collection. research Auyo management village data the Warwade in The course of used field. of heads equipment granting and the ward for work and in Dutse the village Agriculture, collection do of the and to Environment vectors work, of support research as Ministries logistic the serve State conduct Jigawa to to the known to permission are grateful that are The authors snails body. The water of the control in the species in other Acknowledgements used importance. the veterinary be freshwater all and to of medical compete to order of abundance out reference in diseases that to and the required factors seems distribution with the is which precisely the especially information species establish monitor population to dominant order to snail and in continue in abundant factors changes physico-chemical will to the that relation influence in study dam medical for Warwade of need and snails the veterinary is of There are that those RECOMMENDATION especially 6 encountered; species species other four the study, all natalensis this competed In time out over importance. have distribution and to abundance dam seemed was varied the species with dominant in snails most activities freshwater The bulimuides sites. anthropogenic of sampling with species four coupled the ten across conditions of environmental existence the the supports that concludes study plants This other and grass typha CONCLUSION study 5.0 schistosomiasis. this of urinary In presence the plant. temperature the for for the high (2001), host plant by Adewole intermediate and indicator to produced an sunlight according oxygen as Also bright served snails. the freshwater from around by the snails stimulated for snails. site protect is freshwater breeding oviposition plants snails. a of Only providing floating water formation thus lentic. fresh of the 2009), and of (Heineman, in leaves activity distribution required that element and human showed important abundance of Literature an the not sites is with are in (Strong calcium associated low low and because significantly is was is current velocity be This distribution the strong to where and found of areas survival abundance was in intolerant the calcium found their for are usually why suitable are schistosoma is explained they (1993) of This bodies, Jones, recorded hosts sampling water to velocity flowing the according intermediate maximum in which all Snail The found 40cm/s from snails. than snails. recorded freshwater less freshwater pH was of within The of sites existence were snails. sampling the them freshwater the favours of the for all of which from for survival both that critical alkaline However, account and ecosystem be slightly sites. to growth was dam to sampling appear the sites known the four time for the are over in required variation across velocity conditions limits their abundance current the of therefore and and stability four snails, distribution pH freshwater relative in the factors of to difference across survival Two vary due and snails. significantly be existence freshwater factors to may the physico-chemical of found twelve This survival explain were the dam. the to magnesium Of the favours goes and sites. of phosphate dissolved velocity sampling sites and solids, current the dissolved nitrates sampling all pH, of calcium, in three; sites of snails only sampling freshwater concentration abundance measured the of body, snails’ all abundance water freshwater in relative the relative variation the of remarkable the of depth for lack accounted colour, The have oxygen, sites. might different lotic the and in cover vegetation to compared r nw ob fmdcladvtrnr importance. veterinary and medical of be to known are with .tnusmsadB globosus B. and teniussumus B. aigtelatdsrbto n abundance. and distribution least the having 7 .goou,M ueclt,B teniussumus B. tuberculata, M. globosus, B. .globosus B. .turbaculata M. nWraedmwihi h established the is which dam Warwade in .tuberculata M. olwdby followed .unicolar B. hti h most the is that .tuberculata M. tal., et then and 2008). C. L. Posted on Authorea 27 Nov 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.160649119.90595166/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. ria,JR,Bde .. emro . oh,LA n ats ...18) ouaindnmc of dynamics Population M.B.L.(1987). Santos, and L.A. Reservoir. Rocha, Pampulha P., in marco, snails aquatic De Bedˆe, L.C., J.R., (2005). Freitas, Water19 G. Waste and W. Water Farrell, of and Examination Nigeria. N. State (2019). M. Jigawa M. Fazio, Dutse M. Bashir, dam, and Warwade A. Association, in Zakaria, Biology S., Snails Tropical A, Freshwater Ringim Nigeria P., of Abu, Distribution A., and snails Muhammad, B., Abundance J. Balogun, species M., M. in invasive Dogara, LocalVariation Estimate of to Predict (2003).Effects Geostatistical Bayesian tabium of S. Use K.(2004). F. Dallas, G. Viana, Francis, and N.and semiarid. (1994). D. L. Pernambucano Brown, com- of S. the bodies of Filho, . Habi- presence http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S2179-975X10616 aquatic S., (2005). the continental B. R. and in F. Darc´ılio factors P. L; environmental Almeida, E. to B. Ge´orgia, relation Silva; in da Janeiro.http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02762005000200010. snails Coelho, snail freshwater A., petitor of Pinto, preference L., tat Cesar, G., Alexandre, (2003). K. Ahmed, state. and Ekiti Schistosomiasis Ikere-Ekiti, (2001). O. S. Adewole, in Snails Freshwater Health of of Distribution Ministry and (2016). Ecology U. A. (2017). Abdurrahaman, A. Y. Nigeria. Umar, State, and Kaduna B. Dam, Gimbawa D. Maikaje, F., Abdulkadir, ment. (2014). A. Abdulhamid, Sequence. Repeat of Inter Differentiation an (2011). 79: S. Amplying F. PCR Robbert, by and to Schistosome H. accessible Dryad. Charles, and I., as available such Abbasi, be repository to data research other this as from well References emanating as data institutions based the research make academics, to researchers, agree JBB, hereby MMD, authors data draft, The the checked field initial cross of the SIM help and wrote Statement MMD with and Accessibility GAK JBB manuscript snails, and the reviewed the MMD UMI GAK, identified and work, SDS analyzed. GAK SIM, the collection, ARS, designed AAB, data and MMA, the conceived did MMA and assistants JBB GKA, MMD, Contributions Author None Interest of Conflict 590-595. ntno .I,n oae .B es:Kn:Aoi n be ulsesLd 1–34. – 21 Ltd; Publishers Abbey and Adonis Kano: (eds): B. S. Momale, I.,and A. tanko, In neto nWsenAfrican Western in infection pp eaodstuberculatus Melanoides 609. rswtrSal fArc n hi eia motne(2 Importance Medical Their and Africa of Snails Freshwater nulse aa 2016. Data. Unpublished . aoEnvironment Kano fia ora fScience. of Journal African riae yrlg n ae eore.Kn niomn oit n Develop- and Society Environment Kano resources. water and hydrology Drainage, elce rpclDsae nt eateto ulcHat,Jgw State Jigawa Health, Public of Department Unit, Diseases Tropical Neglected Blei ftewrdhat organization health world the of .Bulletin o.3/19 Vol. eoiso h sad rzInstitute Cruz Oswaldo the of Memories ieinJunlo hmclResearch, Chemical of Journal Nigerian ulcto fKn Forum. Kano of publication A . (M le,1774). uller, ¨ mrcnPbi elhAscainSadr ehd o the for Methods Standard Association Health Public American th citsm haematobium Schistosoma Edition p1-3. 3(3): 8 PAWsigo,D.C. Washington, APHA , e.Is.OwloCruz, Oswaldo Inst. Mem. 29-33. mrcnJunlo rpclMdclHygiene, Medical Tropical of Journal American ActaLimnologicaBrasiliensia, citsm haematobium Schistosoma neto mn colCide in Children School Among Infection 87: nd 61,123-125. 96(1), , o.2,N.2 8–106. – 98 2, No. 22, Vol. 885-964. Edition o.0,N. i de Rio No.2 Vol.100, citsm haema- Schistosoma .Lno:Taylor London: ). o.3,e0 . e103 30, Vol. rmRelated from ora of Journal Posted on Authorea 27 Nov 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.160649119.90595166/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. rtWOrpr nNgetdToia Diseases. Tropical Neglected on report WHO first (2010). Organization (2020). Health World Organization room/fact-sheets/detail/schistosomiasis. https://www.who.int/news- Health M. World (Gastropoda: in Molluscs freshwater Gastropods of Sabah. of dynamics park, Diversity (ARBEC) Population range (2002). “Global Crocker M. in (2011). A. tuberculata) P. Ikhwannuddin, and Bouchet, Z. and Supian, W. Ponder, O., Gargominy, the Freshwater.” E., to relation E. in Strong, Mollusca K). of and distribution (J and Jammu Diversity Conservation, (2013). stream and M. 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Concentrations M.J. Francisco M. Sub-Lethal Rodrigues, S˜ao by and J. Martins-Silva, Pinheiro, the C., C. Melo, and in B.I.A.L. dispersal http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/9.1.162. Northeastern Brasil, 1774): L.F.O., fres- of dynamics Lima, Egypt. Population Upper (2011). Governorate, M. Qena H. at Fangary, 11–22. 33. Gastropoda) A.A., p. (Mollusca: Nigeria. Mahmoud, snails City, A.H., hwater Benin Obuid-Allah, Benin, of M.A., University Hussein, the at 1998 (1998). Nov., RIS th -7 Agbede VC, of Ogbogu Transmission Nigeria Y, to Z. Ceratophylum weed Hosea, Aquatic the of Importance haematobium (2009). D.W. Heineman, osrn csseso h onvleBsn Utah. Basin, Bonneville the of ecosystems spring to Hydrobiologia ae rsne t2 dana ofrneo h ieinSceyfrPrstlg nte4th 4 the on Parasitology for Society Nigerian The of conference annual nd 22 at presented Paper . eaodstuberculata Melanoides nMriiu,Fec etIndies. West French Martinique, in 1-9. , h nentoa ora fAutcSciences, Aquatic of Journal International The nLk ot,Ghana. Volta, Lake in 1:181-191. 416: , 4:240-249. (4): 5 oeApcso hsclGorpyo aoRgo n eae ua Responses. Human Related and Region Kano of Geography Physical of Aspects Some . utiaiiyo ae ult n Ecology. and Quality Water of Sustainability ultno ol elhOrganization. Health World of Bulletin okn ooecm h lblipc fNgetdrpclDiseases: NeglectedTropical of impact global the overcome to Working eoisIsiuoOwloCruz, Oswaldo Instituto Memorias Schistosomiasis sa eiwo idvriyadEvrnetlConservation Environmental and Biodiversity of Review Asean rpMdPrstl43 Parasitol Med Trop ni itiuinadhbttpeeecsi ai area, Zaria in preferences habitat and distribution Snail eea ol elhOrganization. Health World Geneva: 9 UM ora fSciences of Journal FUDMA rswtrJunlo Ecology of Journal Freshwater 595: eea ol elhOrganization. Health World Geneva: . 149-156. 98-101. : nentoa ora fBiodiversity of Journal International ora fApidSciences, Applied of Journal eaodstuberculata Melanoides gp.Aa.J il Sci. Biol. J. Acad. Egypt. hc List Check 58(5): 101: imhlraglabrata Biomphalaria nPress. In 3-8. 791-798. eaodstubercula- Melanoides o.2 o ,P.8 PP. 4, No. 2, Vol. , 84,67 657. 647- 18(4), , () 162-164. 9(1), , Schistosoma Schistosoma (M Caused 6(15): (1), 3 uller, ¨ Posted on Authorea 27 Nov 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.160649119.90595166/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. mittee (1993). Organization Health World eea H ehia eotSre,N.830. No. Series, Report Technical WHO Geneva: .

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