Annals of Geographical Studies Volume 1, Issue 1, 2018, PP 90-99

Portable Water Distribution Problems in Municipal, : Implications for Urban Agriculture

1 Kankara, I. A. and 2 Farouk, H. A. 1 Department of Geology, Federal University Dutsin-Ma 2Center for Geodesy and Geodynamics, National Space Research and Development Agency, Federal Ministry of Science and Technology, Abuja *Corresponding Author: Kankara, I. A., Department of Geology, Federal University Dutsin-Ma, [email protected]

ABSTRACT The aim of this research work was to evaluate and assess the main sources of water and the various factors that affect potable water distribution problems in Kano municipal. The methodology adopted here is primary method and secondary method where the data collected from the 384 questionnaires distributed to six (6) selected sampled areas, namely: Zango, Sheshe, Yakasai, Shahuchi, Zaitawa and Gandu. Institutions that relate to water supply in were also summoned and investigated. The collected data were analyzed by statistical techniques and presented in the study. Also, the research concluded that the water supply in Kano municipal do not meet the demand due to some problems such as insufficient number of water treatment plant, power failure and shortage of fund and so on. Finally the research suggests solution to the identified shortcoming in water supply in the study Area. Keywords: Water Distribution, Portable, Problems, Kano State.

INTRODUCTION However, field observation of the water situation in the city revealed that portable water Kano State is located in the dry zone of northern is still very much a problem. Individual have Nigeria (buffer zone), has for long been tried to invest in tap water installation in their suffering from shortage of table water. Water is homes but most of the time the taps are druid, an essential element in the maintenance of all when water runs it is in trickle and a couple of forms of life and most living organisms can hours. Apart from some problems of lack of survive only for short period without water. The adequate information for projection of needs in critical problem in the area is the provision of the city misappropriation of some of the funds portable water for human consumption and or poor management of some equipment’s also other domestic uses. The experience of shortage hindered the steady supply of water. There is a has been on the increase with increase in poor maintenance, culture and callousness of population growth both by natural increase and certain individual who damage the pipes and immigration. Even during the rainy season sabotage the government’s effort. It is this that portable water seem to be difficult in getting in the present researcher wishes to investigate some wards. Water shortage and pollution are (Baba, 1987). universal problems but are acute in developing countries. The united nation water decade The Tamburawa water works (TWW) is named (1980-1990) focused on developing countries as old and new Tamburawa, old Tamburawa and tried to encourage increased investment by Water Works commenced in 1986 with capacity the governments and donor bodies on water of 9.6 million liters (of water) and then it was project. The State is also a beneficiary of upgraded to supply 20 Million litres, and New foreign aids. From early 1970, Kano state Tamburawa water treatment plants has the government has tried to invest considerable capacity to supply 150 million liters of water to amount of money on improving the water the Kano city and its surrounding environs. situation in the state. Also it is estimated by Some of the Kano state dams located in the state some water bodies that Kano would free from are , , Thomas water shortage for the rest of the 20th century dam, Watari dam, and Kussalla dam (Abaje et and well into 21st century. al, 2012; Biswan, 1978). The two larger rivers

Annals of Geographical Studies V1 ● I1 ● 2018 90 Portable Water Distribution Problems in Kano Municipal, Nigeria: Implications for Urban Agriculture found in Kano contain water throughout the year minimum of 15°.8c although sometimes during and most of the streams are seasonal in nature. the harmattan it falls down to as low as 10°c. It Tiga and Challawa dams are among the largest has two seasonal periods, which consist of four dams in Africa. These two dams were constructed to five months of wet season and along dry by in the 1970s. These season lasting from October to April (Adamu et rivers are dammed to stored huge amount of al, 2013; KNSN, 2005). water in surface reservoirs for various purposes. The vegetation of Kano state is the semi-arid STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM savanna. The sudan savanna is sandwitched by the sahel savanna in the north and the guinea With urban industrialization, social development savanna in the south. The savanna has been and population increase water consumption is described as the zone that provides opportunity growing. At the same time water pollution and for optimal human attainment. This is because it improper utilization are causing depletion of the is rich in faunal and floral resources, it is water resource. The daily average water use per suitable for both cereal agriculture and livestock resident of Kano municipal L.G.A. is greater rearing, and the environment is relatively easy than national average which is 35 gallon in for movement of natural resources and (1998-2001). Already the consumption greater manufactured goods (Adamu et al, 2013; than 50 is grossly inadequate. Kano is now one Holmberg, 1991). The natural vegetation of the of the top five largest cities in Nigeria with a Kano state has been modified as result of population of about 9,383,682 million people several centuries of human activities such as census 2006. Thus it is surprising that Kano bush cleaning and burning for cultivation and municipal is facing serious shortage problem of hunting as well as animal grazing (Kankara & portable water supply. Yet, there is water in the Adamu, 2013; Daifun, 1996). Tiga reservoir, again Challawa Gorge Dam has been proposed. Can we assume that there will be Topography and Soil no shortfall at all? Presently can it be said that Kano state falls mostly within the guinea the Tiga Dam does not have sufficient water for savanna zones bodering it on the south it is a greater Kano. semi-arid region (see figure 2) Two prominent SCOPE AND LOCATION OF THE STUDY AREA hills: Dala and Gwauran dutse are the main features. In the natural state, the soils formed on Kano is located on the north-central part of the crystalline acid rocks occupy about two fifth of high plains of northern Nigeria on an elevation the state to the south, south west and south east, of 473M above sea level. Kano municipal is a the brown and reddish brown soil and lotosols Local Government area within the Kano urban occur in the north half; the brown and reddish area in Kano state. It`s headquarters are in Kofar soils are in the north eastern corner; and the kudu, in the south of the city. It has an area of juvenile and hydromorphic soils occur along the 17km2 and a population of 365,525 (NPC, 2006; alluvial channel complexes (Adamu et al, 2013; KSGN, 1990) The Kano municipal Local CNN, 1998). The soil largely reflects the Government areas has co-ordinates 11° 57` 07`` influence of parent materials. Intensive use of N 8° 32`25`` E / 11°.95194N 8°.54028E (see the soils and addition of manure and chemicals figures 1 & 2) fertilizers have altered their character, profile, Climate and Vegetation structure and chemical characteristics (Kavanagh, 1967) Climate of the area determines the amounts of water available both on the surface and sub- Population and Economic Activities surface at any given time within a year. Climate Indigenes of Kano state are predominantly also controls the regimes and other Hausa but there are considerable number of ̊characteristics of the rivers. In order to meet the Fulani`s and non-hausa speaking group from challenges of acute water shortage construction north living in the walled city. The 2006 census of dams were planned in 1969. By 1985 more estimated to be 9,383,682 million people and than 24-25 earth dam have been constructed. study area has a population of 365,525 people. Kano is in tropical wet and dry type of climate (NPC, 2006) (i.e AW Koppen’s). Continentality and latitudinal Kano state has been a commercial area and position of Kano determines mostly by climate agriculture-driven state, which is known for the condition of the area. The temperature of Kano production of groundnuts as well as for its solid usually ranges between a maximum of 33°c and mineral deposit. The state has more than 18,684

91 Annals of Geographical Studies V1 ● I1 ● 2018 Portable Water Distribution Problems in Kano Municipal, Nigeria: Implications for Urban Agriculture square kilometers (7,241 sqmi) of cultivated etc. Kano municipal is more with commercial land and is mostly extensive irrigated state in activities and less cultivated land, the majority the country. Kano state consisted of major of its people are engage in commercial activities market like kwari market, singer market, Sabon almost 70% of its population. gari market, Kurmi market, Dawanau market,

Fig.1 Map of Kano Metroplitant Showing study area. Fig.2 Map of the study area.

Population Questionnaire- open ended questionnaire has been used in conducting this research study. Indigenes of Kano State are predominantly Also hundred numbers of questionnaires have Hausa but there are considerable number of been distributed within the study area. Oral Fulani`s and non-Hausa speaking groups from interview- this source of information has helped North living in the walled city. The 2006 census in making good analysis. Field observation- this estimated that the population of Kano State was field observation has looked into the problems estimated to be 9,383,682 million people and the limiting portable water distribution in the study study area has a population of 365,555. 3.2 area. Population (KSWBM, 1996) On Secondary Data, Relevant literature concerning METHODOLOGY the subject matter and other published data those In this research work of evaluation of potable will help in bringing good information and water distribution problem in Kano State understanding the causes of portable water particularly Kano municipal area, primary data distribution problem in the study area. is the major concern. Primary data for this SAMPLING AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUE research work on potable water distribution problem were sourced from questionnaire, oral Size of Sample interview, and field observation. While the This research work focused on the portable secondary source of data includes the use of water distribution problems in Kano municipal, relevant literature concerning the subject matter the sources of portable water in the study area, and other published data. After successful the nature of distribution and the presence of completion of data collection from the study shortfall and suggestions for addressing the area on potable water distribution problem, issues. The size of this sample is determined by descriptive statistics were used to analyze the population size, degree of precision and type collected data. The total water demand in Kano of sampling design. 78: 76: 79: 59: 40: 52 municipal is obtained by finding the product of respectively. Krecie and Magon (1995) sample population figure of the area and the average size distribution table was adopted to pick the daily per capita water consumption. number respondents from the population picked was 384. The primary source of data includes the use of Sampling Frame questionnaire, oral interview, and field observation. While the secondary source of data The sampling frame is drawn from the includes the use of relevant literature concerning theoretical population to reduce the cost, cover a the subject matter and other published data. greater scope, speed, accuracy and accessibility

Annals of Geographical Studies V1 ● I1● 2018 92 Portable Water Distribution Problems in Kano Municipal, Nigeria: Implications for Urban Agriculture the sampling frame covered six major divisions variance (AVOVA) test 0.05 or 0.01 significant (Zango, Shahuchi, Yakasai, Sheshe, Gandu, and levels. Zaitawa). Population density of geographical RESULT AND ANALYSIS location covering the 4 cardinal points are the criteria considered while selecting the sample From the questionnaire data on the family size areas, they provide a vital information covering was determined for the study area. Table 1 show every corner of the Kano municipal. that all the people in all the six wards have large family sizes containing 32% (with family size The questionnaires have been distributed above 11) only 16% have less than 5 members according to the number of population of each in the family. selected sample area. Shahuchi has the highest population in the selected sample area with Family Sizes and Number of Respondents per population number of 40681 and number of Ward questionnaires administered are 79, follow by It`s clear that when there is water shortage or the others selected sample areas as follow: inadequate water supply the area will be badly Gandu with population of 40271, number of affected with Zango and zaitawa being the worst administered questionnaires are 78, Zaitawa in the study area. with population of 39119, number of The table below shows the family size and administered questionnaires 76, Sheshe with number of respondent per and their figures. population of 30779, number of administered Table 1. Family Size and Number of Respondent Per questionnaires 59, Zango with population of Ward 27196, number of administered questionnaires Family size Number of respondents Percentages % 52, Yakasai with population of 20650, number Family below 5 64 16.67 of administered questionnaires 40. 6-10 80 20.28 11-20 108 28.13 Sample Design 20 above 142 36.98 The questionnaires designed involve both closed Total 384 100.00 ended and opened ended questions in the opened Source: Field survey, 2015. ended the respondent is given room to provide The above table show that 16.67 of family size his own answers the closed ended are the below 5 have respondent, 20.28 of family size options provided for the respondent to pick. 6-10 have respondent the questionnaire, 28.13 There are four types of response scale for closed of family size 11-20 have respondent and also ended questions as provided below: 36.98 of family size 20 and above have respondent the questionnaire. Which show that  Dichotomous family of 20 and above have more respondent  Norminal-polytomous the questionnaire.  Ordinal polytomous Table 2. Main Source of Water Supply.  Bounded or Continous Main Source of Water Numberof Percentages Questionnaires were administered in the six Supply (Centralized) respondents (%) Tap in home 153 39.84 sample areas. Gandu, Zaitawa, Sheshe, Zango, Tap nearly 109 28.39 Shahuchi and Yakasai. Were reformed and used Tap far from home 56 14.58 for research. The questionnaires were not Well 37 9.64 equally distributed because differences in their Others 29 7.55 population. The 384 were administered in the Total 384 100.00 ratio of 6: 5: 4: 3: 2: 1: from high to low Source: Field survey, 2015. respectively. Systematic stratified sampling was used along to select every 5th house hold in each The above table shows that less 40% is served sample area. with tap water in the house, so, the situation in the area is that 28% of the sampled population TECHNIQUES OF DATA ANALYSIS have to depend on tap water nearby, 10% of The data analysis were done by using the population in the sample area have depend on descriptive statistics. Table’s frequency and well as their source of water supply, 15% of the percentages were used in the analysis the date population have depend on tap far from home as generated from the field. Inferential statistics is their source of water supply, 7% of the used in testing the hypothesis. Analysis of population have other source as their source of water supply. However, this pie chart have

93 Annals of Geographical Studies V1 ● I1 ● 2018 Portable Water Distribution Problems in Kano Municipal, Nigeria: Implications for Urban Agriculture shown that the main source of water supply in water All year round. That is means the highest the study area is mainly tap water in home that number of the sample population have the has the percentage of about 40%. availability of water only during the wet season. Table 3. Regularity of Tap Water Per Day. (Rainy season). Table 5. Seasonal Scarcity of Water Regularity of tap Number of Percentages water (Per day) respondents (%) Seasonal scarcity Number of Percentages Morning 172 44.79 of water respondents % Evening 61 15.89 Wet 40 10.42 Night 151 39.32 Dry 328 85.42 Total 384 100.00 All year round 16 4.17 Source: field survey, 2015 total 384 100.00 Source: field survey, 2015. The above table indicate that people of this area have to abandon their work and activities in the The above table show that adequacy of water morning to go and fetch water or they spend the from the source are low during the dry season, day without water in their houses. However, this but a fairly better in wet season, this is because pie chart clearly shows that more than half 45% during the wet season water is accumulated in of the respondents have access to portable water the reservoirs such as dams lake e.t.c. and water during the morning time. is recharged into the underground to rise the volume of well and bore holes. According to the This could be because at that time most of those data gathered people of the sample areas have that are well served with water retired and so water supply below their demands, this may be water can flow to the scarcity areas. related to the population or family size require Furthermore from the pie chart is clear that large volume of water for their domestic uses those that have water during the evening and and vice versa. The bar graph show that 10.42% night hours are very small 16% in the evening of the sample population are experiencing the and 39% in the night of the respondents. The scarcity of water during the wet season, 85.42% supply is given at morning. The study also show of the population are experiencing their scarcity that only very few families can afford good of water during the dry, and only 4.17% of the potable water such as tap water in the house population are experiencing their scarcity of (private) or bore hole. However other sources of water All year round. potable water supply carry with it many social Moreover areas like Zango, Shahuci and economic and health problems. Among them are Yakasai which have large size of family demand time and energy wastage, continuous spending portable water more than that of Gandu area. money and infection of water related disease Table 6. Does the Water Meet Your Daily Need e.g. cholera and typhoid. Based on the Throughout the Year? observation carried out, on the regularity of Does the Water Meet Number of Percentages portable water being supply to different ward in Your Daily Need Respondents % the verities. Some receives the water during the Throughout the Year? morning or afternoon while others only have Yes 7 1.82 receives during the night time. No 377 98.18 Total 384 100.00 Table 4. Availability of Water Source: field survey, 2015. Availability of Number of Percentages The above table show that the water didn’t meet water respondents (%) the demand of 98.18% of the sample population, Wet 347 90.36 Dry 26 6.77 and 1.82% the water meet their demand All year round 11 2.86 throughout the year of the sample population. Total 384 100.00 Means the water didn’t meet the demand of the majority of the respondent throughout the year. Source: field survey, 2015 Table 7. Use of Alternative Source of Water. The above table show that 90.36% of the Alternative Number of population in the sample area have the Percentages % availability of water during the wet season, Source of Water. Respondents 6.77% of the population have the availability of Boreholes 37 3.64 water during the dry season and only 2.86% of Well 106 27.60 the sample population have the availability of Vendor 215 55.99 Others 26 6.77

Annals of Geographical Studies V1 ● I1● 2018 94 Portable Water Distribution Problems in Kano Municipal, Nigeria: Implications for Urban Agriculture

Total 384 100.00 the problem to the government, 2.86% of the Source: Field survey, 2015. respondent do nothing about the situation, and The above table show that 55.99% of the 1.82% of the respondent take other response to respondent are using vendors as their alternative the problem now, 0.00% of the sample source of water supply, 27.6% are using well, population change their location which means 3.64% are using boreholes as their source of more than half of the respondent bear the water supply, only 6.77% of the respondent are situation as their response to the problem in the using other source as their source of water past. supply. Table 10. Effort of Kano State Water Boards to Mitigate the Problems. The domination well in the area of study could Effort of Kano State be because the area is more of traditional with Number of Percentages Water Boards to lot of low income people. Well are very popular Respondents % in extracting water and they have been in use for Mitigate the Problems. long time , so they are numerous the use of Subsided the water rate 6 1.56 boreholes is also becoming popular and water More boreholes 32 8.33 from deep covered wells and boreholes are Maintenance 205 53.39 Others 141 36.72 suitable for human consumption (Olofin, 1991). Total 384 100.00 The reason behind the small use of borehole could be, because they are expensive to Source: Field Survey, 2015. construct and require heavy machines. It is shown from the above table it shows that Table 8. How Have People Including Your-Self 53% of the population suggested that KSWB’S Responded To This Problem In The Past? effort is on the maintenance of the old equipment’s and sources of water supply like People Including Your- Number of Percentages Self Responded to this dam and others while the rest 37% are mainly respondents % Problem in the Past those that recognize KSWB’S effort in trying to Change location 1 0.26 public enlightenment campaign, maintenance of Report to the government 31 8.07 old equipment and others. Areas like Zango, Bear it 305 79.43 Shahuchi, and Yakasai where the population is Nothing 34 8.85 dense, have been assisted by hand pump well Others 16 4.17 which is constructed by KSWB. But this type of Total 384 100.00 well does not last longer in the area because of Source: field Survey, 2015. mismanagement by the people and poor maintenance by the KSWB, 8 of the respondent The above table show that 79.43% of the have suggested the KSWB to construct more respondent have bear the situation as their boreholes and 2% have suggested the response, 8.85% of the respondent do nothing government and KSWB to subsided the rate of about the situation, 8.07% of the respondent water. have report the problem to the government, 0.26% of the sample population change their According to the questionnaire about how best location and 4.17% of the respondent take other can this be achieved the respondent suggested response to the problem, which means more that the solution is on the neck of the than half of the respondent bear the situation as government, (usually more than half) of about their response to the problem in the past. 53% see that as only as the only way out of the Table 9. How are you Responding to the Problem Now? problem. How You Responding to Number of Percentages Table 11. What Other Alternative Source Do You the Problem now? Respondents % Want Government to Improve for You? Change location 0 0.00 Other Alternative Report to the government 93 24.22 Source of Water Number of Percentages Bear it 273 71.09 Supply Do You Want Respondents (%) Nothing 11 2.86 the Government to Others 7 1.82 Improve for you? Total 384 100.00 Borehole 153 39.84 Source: field survey, 2015. Well 136 35.42 Pound/stream 0 0.00 The above table shows that 71.09% of the Others 95 24.74 respondent bear the situation now as their Total 384 100.00 response, 24.22% of the respondent have report

95 Annals of Geographical Studies V1 ● I1 ● 2018 Portable Water Distribution Problems in Kano Municipal, Nigeria: Implications for Urban Agriculture

Source: field survey, 2015. freedom (4).Thus, there is significant difference The above table show that 39.84% of the in source of portable water in the study area. respondent suggested that construction of more This indicates that majority of the people in the boreholes as the possible solution to the problem, selected sample area have tap in their home or 35.42% have suggested that construction of well nearby. is the best way to address the problem, 24.74% Table 14. Effort of Kano State Water Boards to of the respondent suggested that construction of Mitigate the Problems other alternative source of water supply like Effort of Kano State Numberof Percentages vendors and others as the solution to the problem Water Boards to Respondents (%) and only 0.00% of the respondent believe Mitigate the Problems. pound/stream are not the way of addressing the Subsided the water rate 6 1.56 problem. From the questionnaire information More boreholes 32 8.33 show that construction of more boreholes as the Maintenance 205 53.39 best way of addressing the problem and all the Others 141 36.72 respondent have believe that pound/stream are Total 384 100.00 not the way of mitigating the problem. Source: Field survey, 2015. Table 12. Who is to solve the Problem? As a rule, once the calculated value is greater Who is to Solve the Number of Percentages than the table value you reject the null Problem? Respondents % hypothesis and accept the alternative .Since the Government 250 65.10 calculated value (5.004) is greater than the table Government/People 100 26.04 value (2.759) the null hypothesis is rejected at Community 34 8.85 lower probability level α 0.05 with degree of Total 384 100.00 freedom (4) . Source: Field survey, 2013. Thus, there is significant relationship on effort Also from the above table, the respondents in eradicating the problem of portable water recognize the importance of combine force distribution in Kano municipal and there is need between the community and government in for maintenance of the water board and mitigating the problem. About 26% of the equipment from the both parties government respondents ask for community and government and community. participation as for instance self-half group in Table 15. How are you responding to the Problem solving the problem. There is a need for people Now? to ensure that the problems is solved, this is How are You accounted for about 9% of the response. And Number of Percentage Responding to the also the government effort is more of Respondents (%) importance in mitigating the problem which Problem Now? show that 65% of the response has believe that Change Location 0 0.00 Report to the government 93 24.22 government effort is the best way in mitigating Bear it 273 71.09 the problem Nothing 11 2.86 Table 13. Main Source of Water Supply. Others 7 1.82 Total 384 100.00 Main Source of Water Number of Percentages Supply (centralized) Respondents (%) centre Source: Field Survey, 2015. Tap in home 153 39.84 As a rule, once the calculated value is greater Tap nearly 109 28.39 than the table value you reject the null hypothesis Tap far from home 56 14.58 and accept the alternative .Since the calculated Well 37 9.64 value (4.039) is greater than the table value Others 29 7.55 (3.009) the null hypothesis is rejected at lower Total 384 100.00 probability level α 0.05 with degree of freedom Source: Field survey, 2015. (3). As a rule, once the calculated value is greater Thus, there is significant relationship in than the table value, you reject the null adaptation of the problem of portable water hypothesis and accept the alternative .Since the distribution in Kano municipal. This indicates calculated value (3.342) is greater than the table that majority of the population bear the situation value (2.759) the null hypothesis is rejected at follow by those who report it to the government. lower probability level α 0.05 with degree of

Annals of Geographical Studies V1 ● I1● 2018 96 Portable Water Distribution Problems in Kano Municipal, Nigeria: Implications for Urban Agriculture

SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS • Disbursing enough money to water resources sector so as to improve water supply. Main Sources of Portable Water in the Study Area • Improving electricity supply and providing alternative sources of power to supplement Findings using Anova single ratio showed that electricity in order to pump the water to the there is a significant variation in source of consumers. portable water in the study area. • Regular maintenances of existing water The calculated value was 3.342, while the T- supply facilities. critical at 0.05 level of significant is 2.759; • Individuals and organization must paid their meaning that there is significant variation in monthly water due so that the water board source of portable water distribution in the study will have enough fund to efficiently supply area. As a result, the uses of alternative sources water to the state, of water in the form of hand dug wells, • Training of man power. The Kano state water boreholes, water vendors, and even streams are board and state ministry of water resources indispensable. The findings also reveal that should embark on the training of man power water scarcities are critical in the months of by organizing seminar, workshop to increase February-April. 85.2% of the respondents said their skills in water resources engineering, that the amount of water supply does not meet water resources management, hydrology and their need throughout the year. other related fields, This is true as the researcher during his field • Public enlighten campaign should be observation saw long queues of people, mostly embarked in the mass media against misuse male and female children, searching for water in and over consumption of water, destruction public taps and boreholes; while some resort to of public properties and maintaining of buying from water vendors in which the source existence water supply facilities, of the water is always doubtful. • Alternative sources of water supply should This finding corresponds to the CNN (1998) be provided through construction of more estimation that currently only about 50% of the water treatment plants, boreholes, well and urban and 20% of the semi-urban population solar powered driven water supply system. have access to reliable water supply of DISCUSSION acceptable quality (Abaje et al, 2012). The distribution of Portable water in Kano Besides, Kano has the number of dams with municipal encountered with a lot of problems. more than 26 reservoirs constructed across its These problems are can be financial or main rivers. otherwise. These includes These dams were constructed as a result of the Power Supply drought that occurred or between 1968 and The power is very necessary for efficient 1973. The Dams in the State include Challawa working of water treatment plants machinery. Gorge Dam, Tiga Dam, Thomas, Watari Dam, There is irregular electrical power supply from and Kussalla Dam. Tiga and Challawa Dams are Nigerian power holding company which among the largest dams in Africa. hampers the smooth operation of water supply Tiga dam was constructed in Kano State in the system. The power supply is erratic and can year 1974. It is 6 km long and constructed along hardly last for 10 hours, despite the fact that river Kano with carrying capacity of water board has some arrangement with power holding company. As a result of power failure to 1,974,000,000 m3 from its catchment area of 6553 km2. The Dam was constructed mainly to run the machinery, pumping installation provide water for Kano river irrigation project, mechanism are not functioning well, as a result of this the water board resort to use diesel as an Kano city water supply, year round grazing and for fisheries production and tourist attraction. alternative to supplement power but the cost of diesel is very high too, this drastically affect SUGGESTED SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM water supply. To alleviate the above mentioned problems Insufficient Fund related with water supply situation in Kano Lack of enough capital to efficiently run the metropolitan there are needs for stakeholders, water sector in Kano state is a serious problem. community and individuals to work together in The government budgetary allocation to water order to in achieving the following: sector is not enough and the tax and monthly

97 Annals of Geographical Studies V1 ● I1 ● 2018 Portable Water Distribution Problems in Kano Municipal, Nigeria: Implications for Urban Agriculture due paid by consumers to the board is not Kano State Government should ensure the enough to cater for high electricity bill, high regular supply of water in good quality which is cost of chemical and other miscellaneous of great importance. expenses in the sector as such potable water In view of what has been said government at supply at full capacity is not realize. local, state and national level should embark on Lack of Autonomy using all available resources when and where necessary to ward. Implementing the above The Kano State Water Board, Water Resources proposed suggestions of possible solutions as Engineering and Construction Agency part and parcel of combating acute shortage of (WRECA) and Ministry of Water Resources portable water. have no total freedom to exercise their power in the water sector and recruitment but rather there However, the researcher is quite optimistic that are some interruption from the higher authority this study despite its shortcoming will set a as such they are not capable to meet their stage for further research in this very delicate expectations. There are also problems with field of specialization. regards to government policies and political instability, when a particular government started RECOMMENDATIONS a project another government will bring a new Water supply development will still not keep policy when steps in without completion the pace with population growth in third world previous projects. This is seriously dragging the countries provision of portable water means the water resources agency in Kano state backward quality of water is improve, reliability is high, in achieving its goal. quality has been improved and its distance from the consumer may have been reduced. Poor Maintenance of Facilities The water supply facilities are poorly maintain The fact that those problems is pipe borne water in the state, exposes pipes can be seen in some regulates (distribution) are militating against the places, and old age of the water tanks and other adequacy of water supply for social wellbeing of distribution facilities which mostly were in used municipal community of Kano, every sector in for more than 50 years many tanks and the society be it government, public or politically distribution mains are leaking due to over aging oriented have and have not citizens are hereby as result of its leads to the losses of large recommended to join hands both socially, quantity of water and also most of these pipes culturally, financially or whatever it is toward use in conveying water are undersize because finding lasting solution to the painful problems. they are laid several years when the water demand is not much as its now and uncontrolled Among the suggestions made by the population growth and migration into Kano city. respondents includes sinking of more boreholes Also many mains are over extended beyond and hand pump wells in a strategic locations their design capacity due to rapid population particularly where the demand is high but with growth. Similarly the main pipes for water less supply. Since population is rapidly distribution were exposed to surface hence they increasing in uneven distribution there is need can easily get damaged. Others are lack of for the policy makers to understand the nature proper maintenance, inadequate skill personnel and rate of increase, so as to supply the water to effectively manage the system. based on the demand per wards or area, within CONCLUSION Kano municipal reliable population data will enable engineer and planner to have fairly For any research to be precise and accurate projection as how much water is comprehensive measures for solution of the problems encountered in the research findings required at any point in time. and prevention of future occurrence of problem Others respondents suggested on public is significant. Otherwise the study may be of enlighten campaigns, mass media are to be fully little meaning. In conclusion, the vitality of utilized so that they propagate rules and water as an element of the natural environment regulations for the resources profection to public cannot be over-emphasized. It is a basic heighten public awareness and water save. This necessary of life without which life would have would have created a sense of discipline in the been impossible therefore no amount of capital use of water to discourage mis-use. committed to the provision of this vital commodity should be regarded as social Beside, researcher(s) of poor water distributions overhead by the concerned authority. Hence, investigated and come up with other possible

Annals of Geographical Studies V1 ● I1● 2018 98 Portable Water Distribution Problems in Kano Municipal, Nigeria: Implications for Urban Agriculture solutions that can reduce the rate of causalities united nation water conference Part I and II. of the problem. Among others are recycling Pergaman press oxford 1978. method of the already used water from [5] CNN (1998): Report on Global problem of industries and residence the water from such water supply, on a program around the world. places is to go back to the water works as raw 12th March 1998. water, located and then re-distributed. This [6] Daifun Y. (1996): Distribution of Water Supply method is being in application in many in Dada Local Government, Kano State. Unpublished BSc Dissertation, Department of developed nation like Japan. Geography B.U.K Kano. Pricing system is another solution whereby [7] Holmberg. J. (1991): problem of water on a every house or industries using a meter flat rate journal depending the future, a guide to suitable encourage wastages, but pays should be based Development. on the consumption rate. For instance domestic [8] Kankara, I. A. and Adamu, G. K. (2013). should pay less than industries and then Aquifer and Isotope Concentrations and Hydro- commercial. geochemical Character of Funtua Northeast Crystalline Basement. Journal of Advanced Generally inadequate or irregularity of portable Technology, Engineering Research, Physics water in our cities is partly a question of and Geosciences. Vol. 1 Issue 1, May 1, 2013 insufficient technological expertise but question [9] Kano State Government of Nigeria, (1990), of inadequate financial allocation and misplaced Kano State Environmental Planning and priorities. Protection Agency (KASEPPA) Edict No. 15 of 1990. REFERENCES [10] Kano State of Nigeria, (2005) Kano State [1] Abaje, I.B., Ati, O.F. and Iguisi, E.O. (2012). Economic Empowerment and Development Changing Climatic Scenarios and Strategies for Strategy (executive summary, May 2005) Drought Adaptation and Mitigation in the [11] Kano state water board management (1996): Sudano-Sahelian Ecological Zone of Nigeria. process of water distribution in Kano. In Iliya, M.A., and Dankani, I.M. (Eds). Published text book and Preliminary analysis. Climate Change and Sustainable Development [12] Kavanagh, N.J. (1967) The Demand for Water. in Nigeria(pp 99 – 121). Ibadan: Crown F. Policy Issues and Empirical Evidence. /. Instn Publishers. Water. Engrs 21, no. [2] Adamu, G. K., Kankara, I. A and Rabi’u T., [13] Krecie and Magon, (1995), Population Growth (2013). Groundwater Quality Assessment in the and the Provision of Social Services in Nigeria. Basement Complex Areas of Kano State The Benin Social Science Series for Africa. Nigeria. American Journal of Engineering University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria. Research (AJER), e-ISSN: 2320-0847, P-ISSN: ISBN: 978-2027-69-3. 2320-0936, Volume-02, Issue-07, pp-171-175. www.ajer.org. [14] National Population Commission. (2006) Gender and sustainable development, Nigeria [3] Baba J.M. (1987): Urban Population Growth Population Census 1991 Analysis. and Problems of Water Supply in Nigeria. [4] Biswan, A.K. (1978), Resources and Needs, [15] Olofin E.A (1991). Prospect and problems of water resource in Northern Nigeria. Planning assessment of the world water situation in water Research and Statistics. (2013). Production demand and management proceeding. The Data for Greater Kano Production.

Citation: Kankara and Farouk," Portable Water Distribution Problems in Kano Municipal, Nigeria: Implications for Urban Agriculture", Annals of Geographical Studies, , vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 90-99, 2018. Copyright: © 2018 Kankara and Farouk. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

99 Annals of Geographical Studies V1 ● I1 ● 2018