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1 Swing: Components for Graphical User Interfaces GUI Computer Science and Engineering The Ohio State University Swing: Components for Graphical User Interfaces Computer Science and Engineering College of Engineering The Ohio State University Lecture 24 GUI: A Hierarchy of Nested Widgets Visual (Containment) Hierarchy Computer Science and Engineering The Ohio State University Computer Science and Engineering The Ohio State University Top-level widgets: outermost window (a container) Frame, applet, dialog Intermediate widgets: allow nesting (a container) General purpose Panel, scroll pane, tabbed pane, tool bar Special purpose Layered pane Atomic widgets: nothing nested inside Basic controls Button, list, slider, text field Uneditable information displays Label, progress bar, tool tip Interactive displays of highly formatted information Color chooser, file chooser, tree For a visual (“look & feel”) of widgets see: http://java.sun.com/docs/books/tutorial/uiswing/components Vocabulary: Widgets usually referred to as “GUI components” or simply “components” History Class Hierarchy: Component Computer Science and Engineering The Ohio State University Computer Science and Engineering The Ohio State University Java 1.0: AWT (Abstract Window Toolkit) Operations common to Platform-dependent implementations of widgets nonmenu-related GUI Java 1.2: Swing widgets java.lang More than 60 (public) Most widgets written entirely in Java methods! Object More portable Drawing the widget Main Swing package: javax.swing paint(): draw the whole java.awt Defines various GUI widgets widget Component Extensions of classes in AWT repaint(): schedule the Many class names start with “J” widget to be redrawn, will result in framework Includes 16 nested subpackages calling… javax.swing.event, javax.swing.table, javax.swing.text… update(): modifies part of Basic GUI widgets include widget, or just calls JFrame, JDialog paint() for full refresh JPanel, JScrollPane, JTabbedPane, JToolBar Appearance of widget JButton, JRadioButton, JCheckBox, JTextField, JSlider setvisible(): determine whether widget will be JLabel, JToolTip visible on screen JColorChooser, JFileChooser setLocation() extends Dealing with user events 1 Class Hierarchy: Container Basic Hierarchy: JComponent Computer Science and Engineering The Ohio State University Computer Science and Engineering The Ohio State University A widget that can Base class for all include other widgets Visual nesting java.lang Swing widgets, java.lang Contained widgets Object except top-level Object are called “children” containers (ie But not children as in java.awt java.awt behavioral subtypes Component applet, frame, Component Methods for dialog) managing contained java.awt java.awt widgets Container Container add: adds components to container javax.swing setLayout: specifies JComponent the layout manager that helps container position and size contained components extends extends Part of JComponent Hierarchy JLabel Computer Science and Engineering The Ohio State University Computer Science and Engineering The Ohio State University A JLabel object provides text JComponent instructions or information on a GUI Displays a single line of read-only text, an image, or both JFileChooser AbstractButton JLabel JPanel . See Example code JToggleButton JButton Output One thing to be empasized: JCheckBox JRadioButton If you do not explicitly add a GUI component to a container, the GUI component will not be displayed when the extends container appears on the screen An Interactive GUI Component Handling Events Computer Science and Engineering The Ohio State University Computer Science and Engineering The Ohio State University To make an interactive GUI program, GUI is event driven you need: Event handling occurs as a loop: GUI program is idle Components User performs an action, for example: Buttons, windows, menus, etc. Moving the mouse, clicking a button, closing a window, typing in a text box, selecting an item EtEvents from a menu, … Mouse clicked, window closed, button clicked, Such an action generates an event etc. The event is sent to the program, which Event listeners (implement an interface) responds Code executes, GUI updates and event handlers (methods) GUI program returns to being idle Listen for events to be trigged, and then Many event types defined in perform actions to handle them java.awt.event and javax.swing.event 2 Part of AWTEvent Hierarchy Handling Events Mechanism Computer Science and Engineering The Ohio State University Computer Science and Engineering The Ohio State University Three parts of the event-handling EventObject mechanism Event source: the GUI component with which the AWTEvent user interacts Event object: encapsulated information about the ActionEvent TextEvent occurred event Event listener: an object that is notified by the AdjustmentEvt ComponentEvt ItemEvent event source when an event occurs, and provides responds to the event ContainerEvt WindowEvent ActionEvent FocusEvent InputEvent PaintEvent JButton ActionListener extends ContainerEvt FocusEvent Programmer Tasks JTextField and JPasswordField Computer Science and Engineering The Ohio State University Computer Science and Engineering The Ohio State University Implement an event listener Single-line areas for text Can be editable (user enters text from keyboard) A class X that implements one (or more) of or not the event listener interfaces Password field does not show individual interface ActionListener { characters void actionPerformed (ActionEvent e); When the user types data into them and } presses the Enter key: interface FocusListener { An event occurs (ActionEvent) void focusGained (FocusEvent e); All registered listeners (ActionListeners) receive void focusLost (FocusEvent e); the event } Argument to method actionPerformed includes text from field Register an instance of X with component See: java.awt.Container has methods for adding Example code listeners Output void addFocusListener (FocusListener f) Buttons Part of JComponent Hierarchy Computer Science and Engineering The Ohio State University Computer Science and Engineering The Ohio State University A button is a component the user clicks to trigger a specific action JComponent There are several types of buttons, all are subclasses of AbstractButton Command button: Class JButton, generates ActionEvent JFileChooser AbstractButton JLabel JPanel . Toggle button: Has on/off or true/false values Check boxes: A group of buttons in which more than one can be JToggleButton JButton selected, generates ItemEvent Radio buttons: A group of buttons in which only one can be selected, JCheckBox JRadioButton generates ItemEvent See: Example code Output extends 3 More Components… Computer Science and Engineering The Ohio State University Computer Science and Engineering The Ohio State University JComboBox: A drop-down list from which the user can make a selection Generates an ItemEvent JLis t: A list supporting both single and multiple selection Generates a ListSelectionEvent Layout Management Layout Management with Panels Computer Science and Engineering The Ohio State University Computer Science and Engineering The Ohio State University Layout refers to how components are arranged in the Problem with container BorderLayout: The button is stretched to fill the entire southern region of the frame If you add another button to the southern region, it just displaces the first button Solution: use additional This positioning is determined by a layout manager panels Buttons in the above example are managed by the flow layout Act as containers for manager, which is the default layout manager for a panel interface elements and can themselves be arranged The default manager lines the components horizontally until inside a larger panel there is no more room and then start a new row of components Use flow layout by default After resizing the container, the layout manager reflows the components automatically To fix the BorderLayout problem The default is to center the components in each row, but this can JPanel p = new JPanel(); be overridden with left or right alignment 1. Create a new panel p.add(button1); panel.setLayout(new FlowLayout(FlowLayout.LEFT)); 2. Add each element to the panel p.add(button2); Other managers: for a visual (“look & feel”) index see 3. Add the panel to the larger P.add(button3); http://java.sun.com/docs/books/tutorial/uiswing/layout/visua container frame.add(panel, l.html BorderLayout.SOUTH); Supplemental Reading Summary Computer Science and Engineering The Ohio State University Computer Science and Engineering The Ohio State University A visual index to the Swing Containment hierarchy Components Containers (frame, applet, dialog) http://java.sun.com/docs/books/tutorial/u Components (panel, scroll pane, tabbed iswing/components pane,…) Con tr ol s (button, te xt fie ld, labe l, …) CtiCreating a GUI with JFC/SiJFC/Swing Event-driven programming http://java.sun.com/docs/books/tutorial/u Register handlers with components iswing/index.html Events are passed from components to Building a User Interface handlers http://java.sun.com/developer/onlineTrain Layout ing/new2java/divelog Look and feel? 4.
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