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Rozprawa Doktorska WOJSKOWA AKADEMIA TECHNICZNA im. Jarosława Dąbrowskiego WYDZIAŁ NOWYCH TECHNOLOGII I CHEMII ROZPRAWA DOKTORSKA Judyta REĆKO (imiona i nazwisko dyplomanta) Otrzymywanie i badanie koordynacyjnych związków wybuchowych zawierających 4,4’,5,5’-tetranitro-1H,1H’-2,2’- biimidazol (tytuł rozprawy doktorskiej) Nauki chemiczne, Chemia (dziedzina nauki, dyscyplina naukowa) prof. dr hab. inż. Stanisław CUDZIŁO (stopień wojskowy/naukowy, imię i nazwisko promotora pracy) WARSZAWA - 2020r Spis treści Wykaz stosowanych skrótów ................................................................................................. 4 Wprowadzenie ....................................................................................................................... 7 1. Związki koordynacyjne ...................................................................................................... 8 2. Koordynacyjne materiały wybuchowe ............................................................................ 10 2.1. Koordynacyjne materiały wybuchowe zawierające amoniak ....................................... 10 2.2.Koordynacyjne materiały wybuchowe zawierające hydrazynę ..................................... 11 2.3.Koordynacyjne materiały wybuchowe zawierające aminy alifatyczne ......................... 14 2.4. Koordynacyjne materiały wybuchowe zawierające karbohydrazyd ............................ 17 2.5. Koordynacyjne materiały wybuchowe z pochodnymi guanidyny ................................ 19 2.6. Koordynacyjne materiały wybuchowe zawierające imidazol ...................................... 20 2.7. Koordynacyjne materiały wybuchowe zawierające 1,2,4-triazole ............................... 21 2.7.1. Koordynacyjne materiały wybuchowe zawierające 4-amino-1,2,4-triazol ............... 22 2.7.2. Koordynacyjne materiały wybuchowe zawierające 3,4-diamino-1,2,4-triazol ......... 24 2.7.3. Koordynacyjne materiały wybuchowe zawierające 3-hydrazyno-4-amino-1,2,4- triazol .......................................................................................................................... 25 2.8. Koordynacyjne materiały wybuchowe zawierające 1H-tetrazole ................................ 28 2.8.1. Koordynacyjne materiały wybuchowe zawierające 5-aminotetrazol ........................ 29 2.8.2. Koordynacyjne materiały wybuchowe zawierające 1,5-diaminotetrazol .................. 30 2.8.3. Koordynacyjne materiały wybuchowe zawierające 5-nitrotetrazol ........................... 31 2.8.4. Koordynacyjne materiały wybuchowe zawierające 5-cyjano-1H-tetrazol ................ 35 2.8.5.Koordynacyjne materiały wybuchowe zawierające 1H-tetrazole podstawione w pozycji 5 ................................................................................................................. 36 2.8.6. Koordynacyjne materiały wybuchowe zawierające 5-nitroimino-1H-tetrazol .......... 38 2.8.7. Koordynacyjne materiały wybuchowe zawierające 1-metylo-5H-tetrazol ............... 39 2.8.8. Koordynacyjne materiały wybuchowe zawierające 1-bis(1H-tetrazol-5-ilo)metan i jego pochodne .......................................................................................................... 40 2.8.9. Koordynacyjne materiały wybuchowe zawierające N,N-bis(1(2)-H-tetrazolo)aminę .................................................................................................................................... 41 2.8.10. Koordynacyjne materiały wybuchowe zawierające 5,5’-azo[1H-bistetrazol] ......... 43 2.9. Koordynacyjne materiały wybuchowe zawierające pentylenotetrazol ......................... 45 2.10. Koordynacyjne materiały wybuchowe zawierające 1H-pentazol ............................... 46 2.11. Koordynacyjne materiały wybuchowe zawierające 1,2,4,5-tetrazynę........................ 47 2.12. Koordynacyjne materiały wybuchowe zawierające pirydynę .................................... 48 2.13. Koordynacyjne materiały wybuchowe zawierające kwas pikrynowy ........................ 49 2.14. Koordynacyjne materiały wybuchowe zawierające dipikryloaminę .......................... 49 2.15.Koordynacyjne materiały wybuchowe zawierające 2,4,6-trinitrorezorcynę ............... 50 2.16.Koordynacyjne materiały wybuchowe zawierające 5-pikryloaminotetrazol ............... 50 2.17. Podsumowanie ............................................................................................................ 51 3. Wykorzystane techniki badawcze .................................................................................... 53 3.1. Mikroskopia optyczna i elektronowa ............................................................................ 53 3.2. Analiza elementarna ..................................................................................................... 53 2 3.3. Spektroskopia magnetycznego rezonansu jądrowego .................................................. 53 3.4. Spektroskopia w podczerwieni ..................................................................................... 53 3.5. Absorpcyjna spektrometria atomowa ........................................................................... 54 3.6. Analiza termiczna i badania kinetyki rozkładu ............................................................. 54 3.7. Pomiar gęstości kryształu ............................................................................................. 55 3.8. Pomiar ciepła spalania oraz wyznaczenie entalpii tworzenia ....................................... 55 3.9. Obliczenia termochemiczne .......................................................................................... 55 3.10. Wrażliwość na bodźce mechaniczne .......................................................................... 55 3.11. Wrażliwość na iskrę elektryczną ................................................................................ 56 3.12. Wrażliwość na promieniowanie laserowe .................................................................. 56 3.13. Wrażliwość na ogrzewanie przeponowe ..................................................................... 57 3.14. Zdolność do detonacji ................................................................................................. 57 3.15. Prędkość detonacji ...................................................................................................... 57 3.16. Test cylindryczny i określenie zdolności miotających ............................................... 58 3.17. Kruszność .................................................................................................................... 59 3.18. Twardość ..................................................................................................................... 59 3.19. Kaloryczność .............................................................................................................. 59 3.20. Badania balistyczne .................................................................................................... 59 4. Cel i zakres pracy ............................................................................................................. 61 5. Otrzymywanie kompleksów 4,4’,5,5’–tetranitro-2,2’–bi–1H–imidazolu i badanie ich właściwości ................................................................................................................ 62 5.1. Synteza 4,4’,5,5’–tetranitro–2,2’–bi–1H–imidazolu .................................................... 63 5.2. Synteza i identyfikacja kompleksów TNBI .................................................................. 63 5.2.1. Synteza i charakterystyka kompleksu miedziowego TNBI ....................................... 63 5.2.2. Synteza i charakterystyka kompleksu niklowego TNBI ............................................ 69 5.2.3. Synteza i charakterystyka kompleksu kadmowego TNBI ......................................... 71 5.2.4. Synteza i charakterystyka kompleksu kobaltowego TNBI ........................................ 74 5.2.5. Synteza i charakterystyka kompleksu cynkowego TNBI .......................................... 76 5.3. Podsumowanie ........................................................................................................... 81 6. Rozszerzone badania właściwości wybuchowych kompleksów miedziowego i cynkowego TNBI ....................................................................................................... 82 6.1. Zdolność do detonacji ................................................................................................... 82 6.2. Prędkość detonacji ........................................................................................................ 82 6.3. Kruszność CuTNO/Viton ............................................................................................. 83 6.4. Zdolność miotająca CuTNO/Viton ............................................................................... 84 7. Badania możliwości wykorzystania kompleksów TNBI ................................................. 87 7.1. Modyfikatory liniowej prędkości spalania złożonych paliw rakietowych ................... 87 8. Podsumowanie i wnioski ................................................................................................. 97 Literatura .............................................................................................................................. 99 3 Wykaz stosowanych skrótów 1H NMR – spektroskopia magnetycznego rezonansu jądrowego wodoru 13C NMR – spektroskopia magnetycznego rezonansu jądrowego węgla 15N NMR –spektroskopia magnetycznego rezonansu jądrowego azotu 1–MeHAtNO2 – 1–metylo–5–nitriminotetrazol
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