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Women's Organizations and Democracy in South Africa

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Women's Organizations and Democracy in South Africa Women’s Organizations and Democracy in South Africa women in africa and the diaspora Series Editors stanlie james aili mari tripp Women’s Organizations and Democracy in South Africa Contesting Authority Shireen Hassim The University of Wisconsin Press The University of Wisconsin Press 1930 Monroe Street Madison, Wisconsin 53711 www.wisc.edu/wisconsinpress/ 3 Henrietta Street London WC2E 8LU, England Copyright © 2006 The Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System All rights reserved 13542 Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hassim, Shireen. Women’s organizations and democracy in South Africa : contesting authority / Shireen Hassim. p. cm.—(Women in Africa and the diaspora) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-299-21380-3 (cloth: alk. paper) ISBN 0-299-21384-6 (pbk.: alk. paper) 1. Women in politics—South Africa. 2. Women and democracy—South Africa. 3. Feminism—South Africa. 4. Women—South Africa—Societies and clubs. 5. South Africa—Politics and government—20th century. I. Title. II. Series. HQ1236.5.S6H37 2005 306.2´082´0968—dc22 2005011887 For samir and aisha, with love Contents Preface ix Abbreviations xiii Introduction: Autonomy and Engagement in the South African Women’s Movement 3 1. Contesting Ideologies: Feminism and Nationalism 20 2. The Emergence of Women as a Political Constituency: 1979 –90 47 3. The ANC in Exile: Challenging the Role of Women in National Liberation 85 4. The Return of the ANC Women’s League: Autonomy Abrogated 116 5. From Mothers of the Nation to Rights-Bearing Citizens: Transition and Its Impact on the South African Women’s Movement 129 vii viii Contents 6. Political Parties, Quotas, and Representation in the New Democracy 170 7. One Woman, One Desk, One Typist: Moving into the Bureaucracy 210 8. Autonomy, Engagement, and Democratic Consolidation 246 Appendix A: The Women’s Charter for Effective Equality 269 Appendix B: Structure and Components of the National Gender Machinery 279 Notes 281 Bibliography 319 Index 341 Preface This book is based on archival research, secondary sources, interviews, and participant-observation. It contributes to existing scholarship on both so- cial movements and gender in South Africa by developing a narrative about the trajectory of women’s politics within the national liberation movement in the last two decades of the twentieth century. To do this I have brought together scattered and somewhat parochial reports, articles, and testimo- nies from the pages of alternative media such as Speak, Work in Progress, and Agenda. I am indebted to the reporting done by the Speak collective, especially Shamim Meer and Karen Hurt, who were committed to letting women speak their own words. Their work over many years has created an invaluable archive that has preserved women’s voices, both individual and organizational, for future scholars to use. Without this magazine’s short re- ports on organizations and their activities, and its interviews with politi- cally active women at the local level, researchers would have great difficulty reconstructing the tenor of gender politics in the 1980s. ix x Preface Few scholarly studies of women’s organizations cover the gender pol- itics of the 1980s and 1990s in South Africa. Pingla Udit’s dissertation is a notable exception, although she did not benefit from access to archives and she was studying a different period. Articles by Gay Seidman1 and Sheila Meintjes2 provide useful but brief overviews of the period. In addition, I benefited from perceptive articles by four astute participant-observers: Leila Patel on the Federation of South African Women,3 Gertrude Fester on the United Women’s Organisation in the Western Cape (UWO),4 Nozizwe Routledge-Madlala on the Natal Organisation of Women (NOW),5 and Sheila Meintjes6 on UWO and NOW. In my effort to gain deeper insight into the women’s organizations discussed in chapter 2, I was fortunate to be able to consult a range of archives, several of which were not available to researchers before South Africa adopted democracy in 1994. However, the records were not all in good order or condition, and this limited the extent to which I could offer documentary evidence of particular events and deci- sions. The standard of record keeping reflected the repressive conditions of the 1980s. The archives of the UWO are meticulous for the first five years. Thereafter the states of emergency and the general disruption of the orga- nization resulted in irregular record keeping, and then a fire in the office in 1986 destroyed some records. Compared to UWO’s, the archives of NOW and the Federation of Transvaal Women (FEDTRAW) are thin. NOW did not keep proper records because its leaders considered this a security risk, particularly as police continually raided the office and confiscated minutes and financial records. The last NOW executive had lost track of the few re- maining documents, but these were eventually tracked down to the Killie Campbell Library in Durban. Record keeping in women’s organizations was also dependent on the extent of middle-class participation. In UWO in particular, the efforts of the historian Anne Mager, who served as secretary, had a tremendous effect on the archives, as all the records were relatively well ordered and she preserved even small scraps of original notes. In addi- tion, my own notes and record of participation in NOW, the United Dem- ocratic Front (UDF), and the Women’s Charter Alliance of Southern Natal were invaluable in reconstructing events and analyzing particular incidents. The South African Historical Archives (SAHA) are located at the Cullen Library at the University of the Witwatersrand. There I had access to the extensive UDF Papers, the FEDTRAW Papers, and the collected papers of Helen Joseph. At the University of Cape Town I was able to consult the newly archived papers of Ray Alexander (Simons), which contained many reports sent by underground activists in the women’s movement and Si- mons’s own notes and assessments of developments based on secret meet- ings. She also kept her own copies, with commentaries, of documents and Preface xi notes from the Women’s Section of the African National Congress (ANC). Her papers, as well as the private notes and papers of Jacklyn Cock, a member of the ANC’s Emancipation Commission, and Sheila Meintjes, a member of the Strategising Group of the ANC Women’s League, helped me to fill in the gaps in the official archives of the ANC, which are stored at the Mayibuye Centre at the University of the Western Cape and the Cullen Library. The Women’s National Coalition (WNC) Archives, located at the organization’s offices in Braamfontein, are substantial but not yet properly organized and appear to be incomplete. Again I was fortunate to be able to supplement the official archives by perusing the private papers of Sheila Meintjes and Catherine Albertyn, key participants in the WNC. I am grate- ful to Jackie, Sheila, and Cathi for their generosity. I supplemented my archival research with interviews with key infor- mants between 1998 and 2000. These were qualitative, open-ended inter- views, some lasting well more than two hours, and almost all interviewees were willing to respond to queries and in some cases read draft chapters after the interviews. I did not attempt to interview a representative sample of participants in women’s organizations but endeavored to obtain a diver- sity of viewpoints. I hope that this broader study will facilitate research on the internal cultures of the organizations; this would necessitate a wider and more representative range of interviews. The timing of this research, a few years after the first democratic elections and within the broader envi- ronment of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), was crucial in that interviewees were willing to speak openly about their participation and their views on developments within the different organizations. I thank all interviewees for their trust and openness in speaking to me. Research on the institutionalization of gender in the new democratic state was facilitated by my work at the Human Sciences Research Council during 1997 and 1998 when I led a project on this topic. With research sup- port from Marit Claasen, Ordelia Nkoenyane and Santha Naiker I was able to interview women in the national machinery in all nine provinces during 1998. I was also able to access internal reports and preliminary assessments of the progress of institutional development. I was fortunate to have the enthusiastic support of good friends. I would like to thank the following people who generously read several draft chap- ters of this book and offered perceptive and encouraging comments: Cathi Albertyn, Jo Beall, Jacklyn Cock, Stephen Gelb, Beth Goldblatt, Amanda Gouws, Natasha Erlank, Cynthia Kros, Tom Lodge, Sheila Meintjes, David Pottie, Gay Seidman, Raymond Suttner, Pingla Udit, Linda Waldman, and Cherryl Walker. John Saul supervised the original thesis on which this book is based, and he brought to the project care, dedication, and a refreshingly xii Preface irreverent eye. Without their faith and generosity of time, spirit, and intel- lectual advice, I would not have completed this book. Of course, all errors are mine. I would like to thank the Faculty of Humanities at the University of the Witwatersrand for two generous grants that allowed me time off from teaching to concentrate on writing. Finally, I would like to thank Bill Freund for believing in me long before I ever imagined an academic career. My most grateful thanks for their many acts of support also go to Adila Hassim, Anice Hassim, Anisa Hoosen, Sheila Meintjes, Sandi Savadier, and Di Stuart and to my parents, Aziz and Zohra Hassim. Above all, I thank Stephen Gelb for his deep and enduring love, for his willing sharing of the joys and burdens of parenting, and for giving me room to be the best I can be.
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