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Information to Users Phylogeography Of Moose (Alces Alces): Genetic Signatures Of Population History Item Type Thesis Authors Hundertmark, Kris Joseph Download date 02/10/2021 21:43:18 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/11122/8614 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy suiMiiitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6a x 9* black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. ProQuest Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. PHYLOGEOGRAPHY OF MOOSE (Alces alces): GENETIC SIGNATURES OF POPULATION HISTORY A DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of the University of Alaska Fairbanks in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY By Kris Joseph Hundertmark, B.S.. M.S. Fairbanks, Alaska May 2002 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 3041551 UMI’ UMI Microform 3041551 Copyright 2002 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. Ail rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. PHYLOGEOGRAPHY OF MOOSE (Alces alces): GENETIC SIGNATURES OF POPULATION HISTORY By Kris Joseph Hundertmark RECOMMENDED: thJUUJU j L C ~rv y - Advisory Committee Co-chair .r: Advisorrisoiy CortHnittee Co-charr Department Chair, Biology a id Wildlife APPROVED: CT)UJbtdcJ^ Dean, College of Science, Engineering and Mathematics Deap'of the Graduate School - 2 - £ / Date Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. iii ABSTRACT Through analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences, I examined phylogeographic relationships among moose{Alces alces) from Europe, Asia, and North America and inferred historic population trends explaining present-day structure of genetic variance. Diversity of nucleotide composition in cytochromeb was low worldwide, with no variation detected among North American moose. The North American lineage was more closely related to European than to Asian lineages, indicating a recent colonization of North America and refuting the theory of eastern and western races of moose. An analysis of the control region provided greater resolution, which revealed similar yet more detailed patterns, including detectable variation within North America subspecies. Patterns of genetic variation among regional populations identified central Asia as the source of extant lineages of moose. Moreover, a recent coalescence was indicated, with the most recent common ancestor dating to the last ice age. Two historic expansions of moose populations were detected: an initial expansion in Eurasia coincident with an interstade of the last ice age, and a second expansion in eastern Asia and North America following the end of the last ice age. Data indicate a low effective population size in Eurasia during the peak of the last ice age followed by population and range expansion, likely facilitated by climate change. Haplotypes within North America formed a star phylogeny, indicative of recent expansion. Nucleotide and haplotype diversity were greatest in central North America and least in peripheral populations (Alaska, Colorado, and eastern North America). My data indicate a pattern of colonization consistent with a large central population providing founders for peripheral Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. populations, perhaps resulting from leptokurtic dispersal. Low diversity in Alaska indicated a bottleneck subsequent to colonization and recent population expansion. Establishment of regional populations through small numbers of founders combined with selection pressure for smaller body size likely led to morphological differentiation among regional populations and likely was adequate for rapid development of subspecies. Nucleotide and haplotype diversity were low in southeastern Alaska, but were high in neighboring areas of British Columbia; there was little sharing of haplotypes occurred despite close proximity, indicating recent admixture of separate colonizing populations. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. V TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................................ ix LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................... xiii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.................................................................................................. xvii INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................... I CHAPTER I: GENETIC RELATIONSHIPS DEDUCED FROM CYTOCHROME-b SEQUENCES AMONG MOOSE..........................................................................................6 ABSTRACT................................................................................................................ 6 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................7 STUDY AREAS ......................................................................................................... 8 MATERIALS AND METHODS..............................................................................9 RESULTS................................................................................................................... 11 DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................12 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS........................................................................................ 15 REFERENCES...........................................................................................................15 CHAPTER 2: MITOCHONDRIAL PHYLOGEGRAPHY OF MOOSE {Alces alces): LATE PLEISTOCENE DIVERGENCE AND POPULATION EXPANSION .............25 ABSTRACT.............................................................................................................. 25 INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................26 MATERIALS AND METHODS............................................................................30 Tissue Collection and Population Identification.......................................30 DNA Amplification......................................................................................30 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Data Analysis ................................................................................................32 Phylogenetic relationships.............................................................. 32 Inter- and intrapopulation variation............................................... 33 Historic demography.......................................................................34 RESULTS...................................................................................................................35 Sequence Variation ..................................................................................... 35 Phylogenetic Relationships ......................................................................... 36 Inter- and Intrapopulation Variation .......................................................... 37 Historic Demography...................................................................................38 DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................... 39 Historic Effective Size ................................................................................ 43 Characteristics of Moose Lineages ............................................................45 Paleoecoiogical Factors Affecting Phylogeography of M oose...............46 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS........................................................................................48
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