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The New College Institute: an Institutional Analysis of the Creation of an Organization of Higher Education in the Commonwealth of Virginia

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Virginia Commonwealth University VCU Scholars Compass Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 2009 The New College Institute: An Institutional Analysis of the Creation of an Organization of Higher Education in the Commonwealth of Virginia Edward Bowman Virginia Commonwealth University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd Part of the Public Affairs, Public Policy and Public Administration Commons © The Author Downloaded from https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/1746 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at VCU Scholars Compass. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of VCU Scholars Compass. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE NEW COLLEGE INSTITUTE: AN INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE CREATION OF AN ORGANIZATION OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Virginia Commonwealth University. by EDWARD L. BOWMAN B.S. James Madison University, 1988 M.S. Virginia Commonwealth University, 1998 M.Ed. University of Virginia, 2008 Director: William C. Bosher, Jr. Distinguished Professor of Public Policy and Education VCU Center for Public Policy L. Douglas Wilder School of Government and Public Affairs Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Virginia May 2009 ii Acknowledgement I extend my sincere appreciation and thanks to all of the citizens, students, educators and elected representatives in the Martinsville and Henry County Virginia communities whose voices populate this narrative and bring it to life. It is my hope that the New College Institute will fulfill the achievement of their desires. Special thanks to Dr. Barry Dorsey and Dr. Leanna Blevins, stewards of the New College Institute and visionary leaders of the new public organization. I am grateful for the mentoring and support provided by Dr. William Bosher who fostered my affective commitment to this research wherein the re-telling of a dramatic organizational identity narrative was made possible. I would also like to thank Dr. David John Farmer, my advisor at Virginia Commonwealth University who encouraged me to write beyond the margins of the page. None of this was possible without unconditional support and involvement from my family, who suffered and exalted in equal measure with this writer‟s educational dreams set backs and accomplishments. Finally, this work represents a symbolic commitment to my future and the future dreams a father can give to his son and daughter. Malcolm and Rachel have witness my transition through education with an innocent sacrifice that they cannot at present understand. Education changes lives and transforms relationships. It is my hope that one day they will recall the collective sacrifices we all made to transform our own lives through education, commitment and patience. iii Table of Contents Page Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................. ii List of Tables .................................................................................................................. viii List of Figures .................................................................................................................... ix Abstract ..................................................................................................................... x Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 1 The New College Institute ............................................................................ 1 The Legislative History of NCI and the Policy Process ............................... 4 Purpose of the Study ................................................................................... 18 Theoretical Framework: Education and Institutions .................................. 18 Methods: Organizational Narratives, Story-Telling and Sense Making ..... 19 NCI is a Story with Symbolic Purpose and Meaning ................................. 22 NCI is a Story of Legitimacy ...................................................................... 25 Research Questions..................................................................................... 27 Significance of the Study ............................................................................ 29 2 SOUTHSIDE VIRGINIA ............................................................................... 31 Southside Virginia: The Site for a New College ........................................ 31 Why Martinsville-Henry County as the Site for a New College ................ 31 The Nature of Public and Private Goods in Higher Education ................... 41 iv Theory and Perspectives ............................................................................. 44 Institutionalization: Organizational Identity and Legitimacy ..................... 44 A Political Theory of Organizations ........................................................... 49 Neo-liberalism ............................................................................................ 55 3 PUBLIC POLICY AND INSTITUTIONS ..................................................... 61 Institutional Theories of Organizations ...................................................... 64 Philip Selznick: A Theory of Organizations ............................................... 66 Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann: The Social Construction of Reality ... .............................................................................................................. 68 Institutions and Institutionalization: A Framework for Understanding ...... 72 Is Education an Institution? ........................................................................ 73 Institutionalization as a Type of Knowledge .............................................. 74 The Effects of Higher Education as an Institution and the Process of Legitimization ....................................................................................... 78 Organizational Legitimacy ......................................................................... 79 Legitimacy Defined .................................................................................... 80 Institutional Studies on Organizational Legitimacy ................................... 81 Summary of Studies on Organizational Legitimacy ................................... 88 Legitimacy and the New College Institute ................................................. 89 Politics and Higher Education .................................................................... 95 The Politics of Structural Choice ................................................................ 95 Education and Politics .............................................................................. 100 Neo-Liberalism ......................................................................................... 102 v Neo-liberal Ideology ................................................................................. 102 Neo-Liberalism, Governance and Citizenship .......................................... 104 Southside Virginia .................................................................................... 108 The Individual and Neo-Liberal Ideology ................................................ 110 4 METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................ 115 Qualitative Design: Using Historical Method and Narrative Inquiry ....... 115 Qualitative Studies .................................................................................... 118 Retrospective Methods ............................................................................. 119 Narratives as Stories ................................................................................. 121 Narrative Interpretation ............................................................................ 123 Case Study Methods ................................................................................. 126 Interviews ................................................................................................. 129 Design in Use............................................................................................ 131 Limitations ................................................................................................ 133 Validity: Narrative and Case Studies ........................................................ 135 Triangulation ............................................................................................ 137 5 THE HISTORY OF THE NEW COLLEGE INSTITUTE (RE- CONSTRUCTED) .................................................................................... 139 Interviews ................................................................................................. 139 The Founding Narrative ............................................................................ 143 Dr. Carrier and the New College of Virginia ........................................... 144 Senator Hawkins: The Need for a College in South Central Virginia...... 150 vi Governor Gerald Baliles and the Harvest Foundation .............................. 153 The New College Institute: Building the „and, and, and‟ Connections .... 162 Opportunity and Access............................................................................ 162 And Social Problems ...............................................................................
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