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Indigenous Peoples of South Africa

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Indigenous Peoples of South Africa Indigenouspeoples of SouthAfrica: Current trends Projectfor the Rightsof Indigenous andTribal Peoples October1999 lnternationalLabour Office Geneva lndigenouspeoples of 'SouthAfrica: Current trends Projectfor the Righaof Indigenous and TribalPeoples October1999 InternationalLabour Office Ceneva Copyrighr@ InternationalLabour Organization 1999 Nevertheless'sh p'blications of the InternationalLabour office enjoy copyight underProtocol 2 of the universal copyright Convention. may reproducedytry{.iuq6n?u:1"i-:::91':lg" ;;;;'il;;,h;m { *::":Y.:ili:1f9:*:-?$}:-"f"',f,Tli"i"":cH-l2l I ililililir, iipiJili"i ri,Ja u" madero rhe hrblicarions Bureau (Rights and Permissions), International Labour office, iZ, S*itzcrdna. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. Licensing Age191' 90 TottenhamCoun l;;"r, institutionsand other usersregistered in the United Kingdom with the Copyright g center, 222 Roscwood Drive, Da r-"ia"i ivip OLp (Fax: lil 631 5-500),in the United StateJwith the Copyright Clearance may makepbotocopies r're oi-szl (Fu', * i szg zsO 44'10),or in othercounrries with associatedReproduction Rights organizations, accordanccwith the licences issued to thern for this purpose' tsBN92-2-l I ltTl-t Firstpublblud 1999 prescntationof The designationsemployed in ILO publications,which are in conformity with United Nations practice,,and the the legal thereind6 not imply iheixpression of any opinion whatsoeveron the pari of the Intemational Labour Office concerning any country,area-oi teiritory or of its authorities,or concerningthe delimitation of its fronriers. and The responsibilityfor opinionsexpressed in signed arricles,stludies and other contributionsrests solely with their authors' doesnot constitutean endorsementby the InternationalLabour Office of the opinions expressedin them. Labour Referenceto namesof firms and commercial products and processesdoes not imply their endorsement by the International and any failure to mentiona particularfirm, commercialproduct or processis not a sign of disapproval. from ILO Publicati Itpr publicationscan be obrained through major bookscllersor ILO local offrces in many countries, or direct of chargefrom Internarionafl,abour Office, CH-l2l I Geieva iL,swirzerland. Cataloguesor lists of new publications are availablefree abovead&ess. PrirEd by ttc lrrsmriood l$or OffE, Ocrcvr, [email protected] Preface The Project for the Promotionof ILO Policy on Indigenousand Tribal Peopleswas establishedin 1996,with the specificobjective of promotinggeneral awareness of the ILO's work on indigenousand tribal peoples.It aimsto encouragethe application of relevantstandards in this respect,particularly the ILO's lndigenousand Tribal PeoplesConvention, 1989 (No. 169),thus enhancingdialogue between governments and indigenousand tribal peoples,and increasingthe capacitygf thosepeoples to participatein and take responsibilityfor developmentprocesses directly affectingthem. The SouthAfrican Constitutionof 1996is premisedon the equaliryof all citizensof South Africa. It indicatesa govemrnentalpolicy which is in manyways diametrically opposed to ttrose of a previousera during which legalizedracial discriminationpermeated all aspectsof South African life. Amongthe mostvulnerable and impoverishedgroups in SouthAfrica are the Khoi San,on which the Projecthas focused its work in SouthAfrica. The Sanhave faced a multipliciry of social and economicproblems, which have worsenedin recent years due to increasing competition from governmentsand multinationalcompanies for land which was formerly occupiedand managed by the San.This hasresulted in a disruptionof traditionaleconomies and hashad a drasticeffect on the healthand nutrition of the San.These problems are compounded by the detrimentalimpact of the apartheidregime on the cultural identity of the Sanand their ability to takepart in the educationalsystem. The Projecthas collaborated with the SouthAfrican Sanlnstitute (SASDand the lndigenous Peoplesof Africa Co-ordinatingCommittee (IPACC) to producethis publication. It is hopedthat theprovision of valuabledemographic, cultural and economicinformation will form a basisfor a nationalproject which will be aimedat improving the socio-economicsituation of indigenous peoplesin SouthAfrica as well ascontributing towards their capability to defendtheir righs and culftres. It will alsoprovide the SouthAfrican Governmentwith a valuabletool with which to addressthe nationalsituation. Until now, the Projecthas been involved in capacitybuilding to enablelocal managemenr of projects,and the promotionof genderawareness and land rights, among other issuesin South Africa. In 1998, the Project, in collaborationwith the ILO Area Office in Pretoria and the Departrnentfor ConstitutionalDevelopment of the Governmentof South Africa, hosted a conferenceon the ConstitutionalAccommodation of VulnerableIndigenous Communities in SouthAfrica. An importantoutcome of this conferencewas a resolution,accepted by the South African Government,to give full effect to the provisionsin the 1996Constitution that relarcto issuessuch as equality, citizens' rights and the rightsof indigenouspeoples. Futureinitiatives in this respectare presently bing discussed,and involvementin research within the framework of the South African Government'sReconstruction and Development Programme(RDP) is currentlyunder consideration. The RDP, in collaborationwith the Danish TransitionalAssistance Programme in South Africa, placesits focus on the developmentof democratic institutions, education and land reform and conflict resolution and mediation initiatives,with which the Projecthopes to collaboratein the funrre. I-ee Swepston, HenrietteRasmussen, Chiel Chief TechnicalAdviser, Equalityand HumanRights Projectfor the Righs of CoordinationBranch. Indigenousand Tribal Peoples. E:\WWIN\WP6WE\WPAPER\09286{l .E99 lll Contents heface llt Acknowledgement Acronyns t. Methodologr I Notes from the author I l.l. A noteon spellingconventions 2 2. Who is indigenoru in South Ahica? 3 2.1. What archaeologistsand anthropologistshave to say. 4 2.2. Groups currently identifying themselvesas indigeuous 5 San Oy ethnic group) . 5 Nama (Ktroekhoen) 7 Griqua and lKoranna 9 €oloured, Baster, and revivalist Khoesan l0 AmaMpondomisemd Baroa . ll Afrikaners ll 3. Needsoverwiew of South Aftican indigemus peoples l3 summary of problems hindering socieeconomic and cultural survival of indigenousSouth Africans . l3 3.1. The impactof the disruptionof traditionaleconomies and lossof naturd resourceaccess l3 3.1.1. Impacton healthand nutrition: t4 3.1.2. Impacton work andskills: t4 3.2- The impactof apartheidand colonialpolicies of ethnocideand assimilation l5 3.2.1. Impacton identity l5 3.2.2. lmpact of education. l5 3.2.3. Secondaryimpact of educationalproblems 16 3.3. Socio-political problems l6 3.4.Institutional weakness l6 3.5.Genderissues..... t7 3.5.1. Domesticviolence and substanceabuse l8 4. constitutional and legal concerns of indigenous south Africans and the r€sponseof governnrent departments l9 4.1. Constitutionalissues l9 4.1.1.Language rights 19 E\WFPIN\WF6WE\WPAPER\0928fi I .E99 4.l.2.Traditional leadershipand indigenous law . 4.2.Legal rights and needs 4.2.1. L:nd, water and naturalresource rights . 4.2.2. lntellwtual property rights and contractingcapacity 4.3.Summaryof governmentperformance Agriculture and land affairs Constitutionaldevelopment and provincial affairs National education Environment and tourism Finance: SA Statistics Foreign affain Healtb Justice Warcr affairs and forestry Welfare ...... 5. Economic development and cultural survival: Friends or foe? 5.1. The 4Ghour week versus flexible employment 5.1.1.Ara versuscrafts 5.2. Cultural zurvival Summary of solutions proposed by Nama and San indigenous peoples. 6.1. Combine economicpriorities with culturd resourses 6.1.1. An indigenousdevelopment paradigrn 6.2. Build instinrtionalcapacity 6.3. Include genderawareness in development . 6.4. Prornoteempowennent through education . : . 7. Recommendations . 7.1. Educateand train governmentofficids 7.2. Monitor intergovernmentd cooperation and policy coherence 7.3. Advocatefor a statisticalbaseline 7.4. Build institutiond capacity 7.5. homote international dialogue on economic developmentand culnud survival. Appendix A. Intervieweesand consultations Appendix B. Somecomparative education indicators Appendix C. trGoeand San languagesspoken Appendix D. Resolution: Conferenceheld on 23 and 24 May 1998 H :\WPWD{\WP6WE\WPAPER \OqlE6{l Imagesof contemporary San Life 43 Maps 45 Research and bibliography 46 E\wP*tIItnWp6WE\WpApER\092E641 .E99 vlt Aeknowledgement The II-O Projectfor the Righs of Indigenousand Tribal Peopleswould like to acknowledge the help of socio-linguistMr. Nigel Crawhall for his work on this report, and also thanksthe Idltmus Peoplesof the Africa Coordinating Committeeand the South African San Institute, -lerlrrg fu ant" Nigel o do this research.He has, after much travel and thanl$ o his linguistic Sftt d fte trusfihe has built up with many of the indigenousSouth Africans, acquiredan l=f bfuhnsdfupeopb. He alsohas been able to providehere information about the :. f*d, rHrr -*r availaHe before. with ders interestedin the issue,and hope it will of F.rcr$: H:\XIPWIN\WP6WE\WPAPER\092E64I .899 h Acronyms AFNP AugrabiesFalls National park AIDS AcquiredImmune Deficiency Syndrome CCHDC CapeCulrural Heritage Development Council CPA Communalproperty Association CSS CentralStatistics Service DAcsr Departmentof Arts, curture, scienceand rechnorogy DCD Departrnentof ConstitutionalDevelopment
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