Copyright by Elizabeth Morgan de Marigny 2020 The Dissertation Committee for Elizabeth Morgan de Marigny Certifies that this is the approved version of the following Dissertation: Applications of Behavioral Economics: Understanding the Effects of Roman Conquest on Late Iron Age Castro Culture Ceramic Production Committee: Maria Fatima Wade, Supervisor Rabun Taylor Samuel Wilson Enrique R. Rodríguez-Alegría José Flores Applications of Behavioral Economics: Understanding the Effects of Roman Conquest on Late Iron Age Castro Culture Ceramic Production by Elizabeth Morgan de Marigny Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin August 2020 Acknowledgements I would like to acknowledge all of the support and guidance I received while working on this dissertation research. In particular, I would like to acknowledge my advisor Mariah Wade who has been a teacher, mentor, and friend over the past seven years. The experiences and challenges I faced over the years were met with her patience, support, and love. I am forever grateful to her. In addition, I am immensely thankful for the continued support, inspiration, and guidance provided by my committee members, Rabun Taylor, Sam Wilson, Enrique R. Rodríguez-Alegría, and José Flores. Likewise, I would like to thank the archaeologists and conservators at the Gabinete de Arqueologia of Vila do Conde and from the Citânia de Briteiros who made it possible to conduct this research. I would also like to thank my friends and family who have supported me throughout this adventure. Particularly, I want to thank my mother, India, and grandparents, Betty, William, and Mary, who helped foster my love of archaeology and never stopped believing in me. Finally, I would like to thank my partner Aj for all of his love, support, and essential late night snacks. iv Abstract Applications of Behavioral Economics: Understanding the Effects of Roman Conquest on Late Iron Age Castro Culture Ceramic Production Elizabeth Morgan de Marigny, PhD The University of Texas at Austin, 2020 Supervisor: Maria Fatima Wade Through a comparative analysis of ceramic materials from three archaeological sites, Cividade de Bagunte, Citânia de Briteiros, and Bracara Augusta, this dissertation research explores the effects of Romanization on the production and use of ceramic materials in order to answer three questions: how did Roman cultural traditions related to the use of pottery impact local communities; how did Roman market standards impact local ceramic production; and how did Roman pottery impact the activities of daily life within castro settlements? Located within the littoral northwest region of Iberia, these sites represent three types of economies that are reflected in their material culture. Prior to Roman conquest, castro settlements within this region had their own ceramic traditions that carried meaning and structured the routines of everyday life. However, following Roman conquest, local communities began incorporating Roman pottery into their own ceramic traditions. To answer my questions, I ask more specifically: what influenced these changes, and how did they occur? v Table of Contents List of Tables .......................................................................................................................x List of Figures ................................................................................................................... xii List of Drawings ............................................................................................................. xiiii List of Maps ..................................................................................................................... xiv Introduction ..........................................................................................................................1 Chapter 1: The Castro Culture of Northwest Iberia .............................................................3 Introduction .................................................................................................................3 The Castro Culture: General Remarks ........................................................................5 The Classical Sources: Mediterranean Interactions ....................................................7 The Early Iron Age .....................................................................................................8 The Late Iron Age .....................................................................................................10 The Roman Period ....................................................................................................13 Archaeological Investigations ...................................................................................16 The Early Chronologies ............................................................................................18 New Approaches: Settlement types ..........................................................................24 Conclusion ................................................................................................................26 Chapter 2: Behavioral Economics: Consumption ..............................................................29 Introduction ...............................................................................................................29 Behavioral Economics ..............................................................................................30 Membership Groups .................................................................................................31 Habitus and Fields Theory ........................................................................................33 Nudge Theory ...........................................................................................................35 vi The Impacts of Roman Expansion, Conquest, and Settlement .................................36 Expansion: The Roman Military...............................................................................37 Roman Conquest .......................................................................................................40 The Roman Roads .....................................................................................................43 The Roman Villa .......................................................................................................46 Conclusion ................................................................................................................51 Chapter 3: Behavioral Economics: Production ..................................................................54 Introduction ...............................................................................................................54 Bounded Rationality .................................................................................................55 Identity Economics ...................................................................................................56 Prospect Theory ........................................................................................................57 Behavioral Economics in Antiquity ..........................................................................59 Vertical integration/disintegration ............................................................................60 Case Studies ..............................................................................................................63 Conclusion ................................................................................................................76 Chapter 4: The Ceramic Typology of Cividade de Bagunte ..............................................80 Introduction ...............................................................................................................80 Ceramic Analysis: Methods ......................................................................................81 Terms and Descriptions ............................................................................................83 Laboratory Analyses .................................................................................................90 Vessels ......................................................................................................................93 Discussion ...............................................................................................................127 vii Chapter 5: The Cividade de Bagunte ...............................................................................130 Terms and Definitions ............................................................................................132 The Archaeological Evidence: 2008-2019 .............................................................134 Zone 1 .....................................................................................................................135 Zone 5 .....................................................................................................................144 Chapter 6: The Citânia de Briteiros .................................................................................159 Introduction .............................................................................................................159 Landscape and Settlement History .........................................................................161 Brief History of Archaeology