DOCSLIB.ORG

The Invention of International Crime: a Global Issue in the Making, 1881

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Invention of International Crime: a Global Issue in the Making, 1881 The Invention of International Crime September 17, 2009 16:4 MAC/TIIC Page-i 9780230_238183_01_previii This page intentionally left blank The Invention of International Crime A Global Issue in the Making, 1881–1914 Paul Knepper University of Sheffield, UK September 17, 2009 16:4 MAC/TIIC Page-iii 9780230_238183_01_previii © Paul Knepper 2010 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6-10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2010 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN-13: 978–0–230–23818–3 hardback This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. 10987654321 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 Printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham and Eastbourne September 17, 2009 16:4 MAC/TIIC Page-iv 9780230_238183_01_previii Contents List of Figures vi Acknowledgements vii Introduction 1 1 Technology of Change 12 2 World Empire 43 3 Alien Criminality 68 4 White Slave Trade 98 5 Anarchist Outrages 128 6 The Criminologists 159 Conclusion 188 Notes 194 Bibliography 225 Index 247 v September 17, 2009 16:4 MAC/TIIC Page-v 9780230_238183_01_previii List of Figures 1.1 Routes out of England via London, 1912 20 3.1 Nationality of Foreign-Born Prisoners in England, 1899–1903 84 4.1 Countries and Colonies Entered into the International Agreement for the Suppression of White Slave Traffic, 1907 115 5.1 Attempts to Assassinate Political Leaders, 1897–1902 131 vi September 17, 2009 16:4 MAC/TIIC Page-vi 9780230_238183_01_previii Acknowledgements Contributions to this book came from a number of people in different forms. Staff at several archives, libraries and special collections helped me locate documents: the British Library; National Archives (Kew); Lon- don Library; Women’s Library (London); National Library of Ireland; National Library of Malta; National Archives of Malta; Goldstein-Goren Diaspora Research Centre, University of Tel Aviv Library; Hartley Library, University of Southampton; Brotherton Library, University of Leeds; John Rylands Library, University of Manchester; as well as the University of Sheffield. The organisers of the 4th North South Criminology Confer- ence at Dublin Institute of Technology gave me the first opportunity to present the ideas developed here. Philippa Grand at Palgrave Macmillan made a number of helpful suggestions leading to clearer presentation of material. Colleagues in the Department of Sociological Studies and the Centre for Criminological Research at the University of Sheffield provided encouragement and advice at key moments. Finally, I would like to thank Cathryn Knepper: book writing would be a lot less fun otherwise. vii September 17, 2009 16:4 MAC/TIIC Page-vii 9780230_238183_01_previii This page intentionally left blank Introduction We live in the age of international crime. No longer is crime an issue for large cities or even national governments. Identity theft, illegal immigration, drug trafficking, terrorist attacks, human trafficking and financial fraud range across continents and hemispheres. News analysts, politicians and professors encourage us to grasp an internationalist view, to understand why crime belongs on the list of the world’s problems. Owing to modern technologies of communication and transportation, it seems clear that political instability, social divisions, pockets of poverty and ethno-religious conflicts anywhere jeopardise the security of peo- ple everywhere. Like climate change, turbulence in financial markets and public health threats, crime cannot be tackled by one government alone because our world has become so interconnected. But, perhaps we overestimate the novelty of our situation. Without a sense of his- tory, it is difficult to see things in perspective. When did awareness of international crime begin? Where do we look to find the beginning? More than 50 years ago, ‘[c]rime had clearly emerged within UN rhetoric as a social issue’. The United Nations’ interest began in 1947 when the Economic and Social Council placed crime on its agenda of social issues to be addressed. The council requested a report from the Social Commission on the prevention and treatment of offenders along with suggestions for ‘international action’. Three years later, the General Assembly passed a resolution for convening every five years a world congress on the prevention of crime and treatment of offenders. The first congress, in 1955, took place in Geneva with 521 delegates from 62 countries. UN measures concerning crime unfolded within the broader framework of ‘social defence’ which stressed the threat of crime to economic and social development. Crime was considered an imped- iment to world trade and as such ‘a social danger with international 1 September 17, 2009 12:56 MAC/TIIC Page-1 9780230_238183_02_int01 2 The Invention of International Crime consequences’. Yet crime was an international issue even before this. UN interest in crime after the Second World War followed efforts during the interwar period taken by the League of Nations.1 The League of Nations, which existed from 1919 until 1938, had sev- eral technical organisations which had to do with aspects of crime. These included permanent advisory committees on opium and other dangerous drugs, distribution of obscene literature and the white slave trade. The means by which young women entered into the international sex trade attracted the League’s attention from 1921 when it called the first international meeting on ‘white slavery’. Following this meeting, the League Council created an advisory committee to become known as the Advisory Committee on the Traffic in Women and Children. White slavery was one of the leading social issues of the 1920s as evidenced by widespread interest in the League’s activities. The League’s 1927 Report of the Special Body of Experts on Traffic in Women and Children became an international bestseller (for a policy document) when its original print run of 5000 sold out within weeks. About this same time, Evelyn Waugh published his first novel, Decline and Fall, a comic satire about the white slave trade. Waugh could evoke humour out of such a grim subject matter because his readers were so familiar, perhaps even weary, of the anti-trafficking campaign.2 About the same time, police forces in Europe placed crime on the international agenda. The collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in the wake of the Great War worried police in Vienna. The inter- mingling of peoples from the former Habsburg territories and social dislocation resulting from the conflict encouraged the ‘migration of criminals’ and the ‘development of transfrontier crime’. Police in the United States also worried about the international situation. In their attempt to enforce laws related to Prohibition, they contended with an unprecedented increase in organised crime involving operatives who made use of European connections.3 Mathieu Deflem shows how the threat of international crime supplied the police with a rationale for transnational cooperation. To justify the need for collaboration across national borders, the International Criminal Police Commission (ICPC) insisted that a new class of criminals had appeared in the wake of rapid social change and technological progress following the Great War. International police cooperation, enabled by the latest technologies for communication and transportation, presented an essential defence against this new generation of criminals: swindlers and forgers, hotel and railway thieves, white slave traders and drug traffickers. At the ICPC’s Vienna congress of 1923, participants advocated measures to September 17, 2009 12:56 MAC/TIIC Page-2 9780230_238183_02_int01 Introduction 3 expedite extradition procedures and pursued communication through telegraph and radio.4 Crime was, then, already an international issue by the 1920s. There are some good reasons for situating the internationalisation of crime from a moment in the nineteenth century. Inklings of global- isation can be seen in mid-century, when the ‘revolutionary change’ introduced by railways brought about a radical shift in behaviour and mentality.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Globalization & Crime
    Franko-3604-Prelims.qxd 9/19/2007 12:19 PM Page i Globalization & Crime Franko-3604-Prelims.qxd 9/19/2007 12:19 PM Page ii Key Approaches to Criminology The Key Approaches to Criminology series celebrates the removal of traditional barriers between disciplines and brings together some of the leading scholars working at the intersections of different but related fields. Each book in the series aids readers in making intellectual connections across subjects, and highlights the importance of studying crime, criminalization, justice, and punishment within a broad context. The intention, then, is that books published under the Key Approaches banner will be viewed as dynamic and energizing contributions to criminological debates. Globalization & Crime – the second book in the series – is no exception in this regard. In addressing topics ranging from human trafficking and the global sex trade to the protection of identity in cyberspace and post 9/11 anxieties, Katja Franko Aas has cap- tured some of the most controversial and pressing issues of our times. Not only does she provide a comprehensive overview of existing debates about these subjects but she moves these debates forward, offering innovative and challenging ways of thinking about familiar contemporary concerns. I believe that Globalization & Crime is the most important book published in this area to date and it is to the author’s great credit that she explores the complexities of transnational crime and responses to it in a manner that combines sophistication of analysis with eloquence of expression. As one of the leading academics in the field – and someone who is genuinely engaged in dialogue about global ‘crime’ issues at an international level, Katja Franko Aas is ideally placed to write this book, and I have no doubt that it will be read and appreciated by academics around the world.
    [Show full text]
  • The Pacific Coast and the Casual Labor Economy, 1919-1933
    © Copyright 2015 Alexander James Morrow i Laboring for the Day: The Pacific Coast and the Casual Labor Economy, 1919-1933 Alexander James Morrow A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2015 Reading Committee: James N. Gregory, Chair Moon-Ho Jung Ileana Rodriguez Silva Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Department of History ii University of Washington Abstract Laboring for the Day: The Pacific Coast and the Casual Labor Economy, 1919-1933 Alexander James Morrow Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Professor James Gregory Department of History This dissertation explores the economic and cultural (re)definition of labor and laborers. It traces the growing reliance upon contingent work as the foundation for industrial capitalism along the Pacific Coast; the shaping of urban space according to the demands of workers and capital; the formation of a working class subject through the discourse and social practices of both laborers and intellectuals; and workers’ struggles to improve their circumstances in the face of coercive and onerous conditions. Woven together, these strands reveal the consequences of a regional economy built upon contingent and migratory forms of labor. This workforce was hardly new to the American West, but the Pacific Coast’s reliance upon contingent labor reached its apogee after World War I, drawing hundreds of thousands of young men through far flung circuits of migration that stretched across the Pacific and into Latin America, transforming its largest urban centers and working class demography in the process. The presence of this substantial workforce (itinerant, unattached, and racially heterogeneous) was out step with the expectations of the modern American worker (stable, married, and white), and became the warrant for social investigators, employers, the state, and other workers to sharpen the lines of solidarity and exclusion.
    [Show full text]
  • National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Information Exchange for Marine Educators Archive of Educational Programs, Activ
    National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Information Exchange for Marine Educators Archive of Educational Programs, Activities, and Websites A to G Environmental and Ocean Literacy Environmental literacy is key to preserving the nation's natural resources for current and future use and enjoyment. An environmentally literate public results in increased stewardship of the natural environment. Many organizations are working to increase the understanding of students, teachers, and the general public about the environment in general, and the oceans and coasts in particular. The following are just some of the large-scale and regional initiatives which seek to provide standards and guidance for our educational efforts and form partnerships to reach broader audiences. (In the interest of brevity, please forgive the abbreviations, the abbreviated lists of collaborators, and the lack of mention of funding institutions). The lists are far from inclusive. Please send additional entries for inclusion in future newsletters. Background Documents Developing a Framework for Assessing Environmental Literacy NAAEE has released Developing a Framework for Assessing Environmental Literacy, developed by researchers, educators, and assessment specialists in social studies, science, environmental education, and others. A presentation about the framework and accompanying documents are available on this website. http://www.naaee.net/framework Executive Order for the Stewardship of Our Oceans, Coasts, and Great Lakes President Barak Obama signed an Executive Order establishing the National Ocean Council. The Executive Order established for the first time a comprehensive, integrated national policy for the stewardship of the ocean, our coasts, and Great Lakes, which sets our nation on a path toward comprehensive planning for the preservation and sustainable uses of these bodies of water.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Silent Arrival': the Second Wave of the Great Migration and Its Affects on Black New York, 1940-1950
    City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 2013 The 'Silent Arrival': The Second Wave of the Great Migration and Its Affects on Black New York, 1940-1950 Carla J. Dubose-Simons The Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/2231 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] THE ‘SILENT ARRIVAL’: THE SECOND WAVE OF THE GREAT MIGRATION AND ITS AFFECTS ON BLACK NEW YORK, 1940-1950 by CARLA J. DUBOSE-SIMONS A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty in History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, The City University of New York. 2013 ii ©2013 Carla J. DuBose-Simons All Rights Reserved iii This manuscript has been read and accepted by the Graduate Faculty in History in satisfaction of the Dissertation requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. ______________________ ___________________________________________ Date Judith Stein, Chair of Examining Committee ______________________ ___________________________________________ Date Helena Rosenblatt, Executive Officer Joshua Freeman _____________________________________________ Thomas Kessner ______________________________________________ Clarence Taylor ______________________________________________ George White ______________________________________________ The City University of New York iv ABSTRACT THE ‘SILENT ARRIVAL’: THE SECOND WAVE OF THE GREAT MIGRATION AND ITS AFFECTS ON BLACK NEW YORK, 1940-1950 By Carla J. DuBose-Simons Advisor: Judith Stein This dissertation explores black New York in the 1940s with an emphasis on the demographic, economic, and social effects the World War II migration of blacks to the city.
    [Show full text]
  • 12 Family-Friendly Nature Documentaries
    12 Family-Friendly Nature Documentaries “March of the Penguins,” “Monkey Kingdom” and more illuminate the wonders of our planet from the safety of your couch. By Scott Tobias, New York Times, April 1, 2020 https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/01/arts/television/nature-documentaries-virus.html?smid=em- share Jane Goodall as seen in “Jane,” a documentary directed by Brett Morgen. Hugo van Lawick/National Geographic Creative Children under quarantine are enjoying an excess of “screen time,” if only to give their overtaxed parents a break. But there’s no reason they can’t learn a few things in the process. These nature documentaries have educational value for the whole family, while also offering a chance to experience the great outdoors from inside your living room.Being self-isolated makes one happy to have a project — plus, it would feel good to write something that might put a happy spin on this situation we are in, even if for just a few moments. ‘The Living Desert’ (1953) Disney’s True-Life Adventures series is a fascinating experiment in edu-tainment, an attempt to give nature footage the quality of a Disney animated film, with dramatic confrontations and silly little behavioral vignettes. There are more entertaining examples than “The Living Desert” — the 1957 gem “Perri,” about the plight of a female tree squirrel, is an ideal companion piece for “Bambi” — but it was the company’s first attempt at a feature-length documentary and established a formula that would be used decades down the line. Shot mostly in the Arizona desert, the film marvels over the animals that live in such an austere climate while also focusing on familiar scenarios, like two male tortoises tussling over a female or scorpions doing a mating dance to hoedown music.
    [Show full text]
  • LIFE MEMBERSHIP for OUR PATRON ‘My Cup Runneth Over’ Was the Delighted Response by Our Land It Was
    1788 AD Magazine of the Fellowship of First Fleeters Inc. ACN 003 223 425 PATRON: Her Excellency, Professor The Honourable Marie Bashir AC CVO Governor of New South Wales Volume 45, Issue 2 46th Year of Publication April/May 2014 To live on in the hearts and minds of descendants is never to die LIFE MEMBERSHIP FOR OUR PATRON ‘My cup runneth over’ was the delighted response by our land it was. We are indeed blessed, she added, through the patron, Her Excellency Professor The Honourable Marie efforts of those who have gone before. Bashir, AC CVO Governor of new South Wales, on being In referring, also, to those who have come from across the awarded Honorary Life Membership of the Fellowship at the seas to add to the mix, Professor Bashir gave us some Australia Day Luncheon in Sydney on 25th January this year. interesting anecdotes from her own family treasury. Her President Ian Palmer indicated that the presentation was own people could trace their lineage back to the first suggested by our Southern Highlands Chapter and it Phoenicians, those intrepid seafarers who, two millennia needed a tweak in the by-laws to create this new category ago were trading Tyrean purple cloth for Cornish tin. Closer of membership. He then went on to say, ‘We have a deep to the present day, her father, a University of Beirut affection and respect for this woman. She is a student of medical graduate, was sent to Australia by his parents to history and has been a regular attendee at our Australia Day put a stop to a romantic attachment of which they did not lunches.
    [Show full text]
  • TV Listings SATURDAY, APRIL 5, 2014
    TV listings SATURDAY, APRIL 5, 2014 04:15 Storage Hunters 05:20 Scrapheap Challenge 06:10 Extreme Forensics 07:25 Fish Warrior 04:40 Game Of Pawns 06:10 What’s That About? 07:00 I Was Murdered 08:20 Swamp Men 05:05 How Do They Do It? Turbo 07:00 Human Body: Ultimate Machine 07:25 I Was Murdered 09:15 World’s Weirdest: Funny Farms Specials 07:55 Freaks Of Nature 07:50 I Was Murdered 10:10 Moray Eels: Alien Empire 06:00 One Man Army 08:20 Freaks Of Nature 08:15 I Was Murdered 11:05 One Ocean 00:45 Monsters Inside Me 07:00 The Big Brain Theory 08:45 What’s That About? 08:40 Murder Shift 12:00 Hooked 01:35 Untamed & Uncut 00:30 Crime Stories 07:50 Ben Earl: Trick Artist 09:40 What’s That About? 09:30 Murder Shift 12:55 Betty White Goes Wild! 02:25 Shamwari: A Wild Life 01:30 My Ghost Story 08:40 Mythbusters 10:30 What’s That About? 10:20 Murder Shift 13:50 How Human Are You? 02:50 Shamwari: A Wild Life 02:30 Britain’s Darkest Taboos 09:30 Dual Survival 11:20 What’s That About? 11:10 Murder Shift 14:45 America The Wild 03:15 Tanked 03:30 When Life Means Life 10:20 Bear Grylls: Escape From Hell 12:10 What’s That About? 12:00 Disappeared 15:40 Great Migrations 04:05 Treehouse Masters 04:30 Private Crimes 11:10 Yukon Men 13:00 How Tech Works 12:50 Extreme Forensics 16:35 Wild Amazon 04:55 Animal Cops Philadelphia 05:00 Beyond Scared Straight 12:00 Gold Divers: Under The Ice 13:30 Sci-Trek 13:40 Extreme Forensics 17:30 Bears Of Fear Island 05:45 Animal Clinic 06:00 The First 48 12:50 Gold Divers: Under The Ice 14:20 Sci-Trek 14:30 Extreme Forensics
    [Show full text]
  • Nat Geo Wild Program Schedule February
    Page 1 of 5 Nat Geo Wild Program Schedule February (ET) 月曜日 2018/01/29 火曜日 2018/01/30 水曜日 2018/01/31 木曜日 2018/02/01 金曜日 2018/02/02 土曜日 2018/02/03 日曜日 2018/02/04 (ET) 4 04:00 Swamp Lions 04:00 Safari Brothers[Meerkat 04:00 Triumph of Life「The Mating 04:00 Cesar To The Rescue 4 Madness] Game」 2[Caged And Confused] 5 05:00 Tiger Man of Africa「#3 05:00 Safari Brothers[Leopard 05:00 Animals Gone 05:00 Animals Gone Wild[Believe It 5 Growing Pains」 Spotting] Wild[Ambushed] Or Not] 6 06:00 Ultimate Animal 06:00 Africa's Lost Eden 06:00 Living Edens「BORNEO: An 06:00 Incredible Dr Pol Season 6 Countdown[#3 Swarms] Island in the Clouds」 4[Ruff Day At The Office] 7 07:00 Ultimate Animal 07:00 African Mega Flyover 07:00 Living Edens「KAKADU: 07:00 Dr. K's Exotic Animal ER 7 Countdown[#4 Smelliest] Australia's Ancient Wilderness」 2[H2o No! ] 8 08:00 Wild Case Files 2[#2 Kruger 08:00 Swamp Lions 08:00 Living Edens「SOUTH 08:00 Dr. K's Exotic Animal ER 8 Killers] GEORGIA ISLAND:Paradise of 2[Let Me Clear My Goat] Ice」 9 09:00 Wild Case Files[#5 Alien 09:00 Tiger Man of Africa「#3 09:00 Living Edens 09:00 America's National 9 Squid Invasion] Growing Pains」 「CANYONLANDS: America's Wild Parks[Yellowstone] West」 10 10:00 information 10:00 information 10:00 Nordic Wild [Ultimate 10:00 Dangerous Encounters 10 Survivors] 「Countdown Crocs」 10:30 SNAKE WRANGLERS 10:30 SNAKE WRANGLERS 「SWIMMING WITH SEA SNAKES」 「SERPENTS OF THE SEA」 11 11:00 Cesar To The Rescue 11:00 Cesar To The Rescue 11:00 Wild Congo[King Kong's Lair] 11:00 Unlikely Animal Friends 3[#3 11 2[Loaded
    [Show full text]
  • National Geographic Channel at 15
    SPONSORED CONTENT/AD AGE BREAKING BOUNDARIES National Geographic Channel Marks 15 Years With Bold New Content Opportunities By Julie Liesse erhaps no other cable network has ever arrived on the scene with a brand as powerful and distinctive as National Geographic Chan- nel did in 2001. In 15 years on the air, now reaching 90 million homes in the U.S. and more than 440 million around the world, National Geographic PChannel has both reflected and expanded on the heritage of the 128-year-old National Geographic Society. It’s reflected that heritage with classic science and adventure series and documentaries—as well as spinoff channels Nat Geo WILD and Nat Geo MUNDO—while expanding the brand with new nonfiction offerings such as “Breakthrough,” “Brain Games” and “StarTalk,” and scripted events, including “Saints & Strangers” and the Emmy-nominated “Killing Jesus.” Now the network is preparing to raise the ante with a major commitment to top-flight programming to draw in even more viewers while opening the door to expanded tie-in opportunities for marketers looking to partner with the well-respected brand. This newest stage coincides with the expanded role of 21st Century Fox. Fox and National Geographic Society have been partners for 18 years in owning and operating National Geographic Channels around the globe. But the cre- ation of National Geographic Partners, a joint venture 73% owned by Fox and 27% owned by the National Geographic Society, will allow the TV networks to capitalize on the combined National Geographic and Fox portfolio
    [Show full text]
  • NGC Japan -January 2011
    NGC Japan -January 2011 MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT SUN 3.10.17.24.31 4.11.18.25 5.12.19.26 6.13.20.27 7.14.21.28 1.8.15.22.29 2.9.16.23.30 Unbelievable Hour 400 Known Universe 400 Banged Up Abroad 4、Amazing Moments 2、Inside: Afghan ER、Seconds from Disaster 3、 Known Universe → Don't Tell My Mother 2、Mega Breakdown 2、 Great Migrations 430 Air Crash Investigation 6 430 Past disaster TOP5(4ｔｈ～10ｔｈ) Gulf Coast Disaster、Naked Science : Iceland Volcano、My 9/11、Trapped、Seconds from Disaster 3 500 500 Future Scenario TOP5(11ｔｈ～17ｔｈ) 2012: The Final Prophecy、Naked Science 7、Naked Science 5、Is It Real 2、 2210: The Collapse?(～7：00) Space Special(18ｔｈ～24ｔｈ) Wild (R) Engineering Connections、Alien Worlds、Martian Robots、Eclipse、Living on Mars 530 530 Car Special Mega Factories 2、Inside Jaguar 600 Nat Geo Amazing!、 Known Universe、 Apocalypse: The Second World War、 600 Lockdown III、Predator CSI 2 630 630 700 Nat Geo Adventure 700 Long Way Down、World's most Dangerous Drug、Japanese Cowboy、 Nat Geo Amazing! Inside Jerusalem's Holiest、Titanic's Nuclear Secret、Nomads Ski Japan、 730 Boxing Behind Bars、 Crystal Skulls、Dive Detectives、Inside Nirvana 730 New Year SP 1 2 AMERICA'S Sumo Kids DEADLY OBSESSION: Breakout SP 15 SNAKES 800 Breakout 800 「Pittsburgh Six」 Hollywood Voice- over Special 16 Air Crash Eye of the Investigation SP Leopard（～10：00） Science Hour 22 World's Toughest Fixes 2、Naked Science 7、Megastructures:UK Super Train Air Crash Ｉｎｖｅｓｔｉｇ Caught in the Act ａｔｉｏｎ 4「Miracle SP 23 Escape」 Caught In The Act 3「#1」 830 29 Bible's Buried 830 Secrets#1 Trapped
    [Show full text]
  • Spectacular Migrations in the Western U.S
    Elk Migration © J Burrell, WCS Spectacular Migrations in the Western U.S. Keith Aune Senior Conservation Scientist, Wildlife Conservation Society Elizabeth Williams GIS contractor, Williamson GIS, LLC INTRODUCTION Wildlife migration is a spectacular biological phenomenon that can be witnessed by people around the world. It resonates with our own human history and the migration of people across continents and time. The regular migration of animals, especially birds, has aroused the curiosity of humans since our African genesis. All hunting and gathering societies certainly have known about and perhaps depended upon the movement of animals across land or water. Many cave paintings of animals relay ancient knowledge of animal movements. There are several early written references to the periodic movement of birds in the Bible, and other recorded observations of animal migration date back nearly 3,000 years to the times of Homer, Herodotus, and Aristotle. Humanity has long been aware of the spectacle of animal migration but, until now, had limited understanding of the biological and ecological significance of these migrations. Even today, despite diminished connections between man and nature, the annual synchronized movement of millions of animals captivates the public imagination like few other wildlife phenomenon (Berger 2008). Migration is the seasonal movement of animals (individuals, populations) across land or seascapes that may differ by sex, age, or environmental conditions: yet the core pattern of movement returns to a central area, either by individuals or across generations (Berger et al 2010). It is a complex behavior that is governed by a number of traits that have varying degrees of genetic control and context sensitivity (Bolger et al 2007).
    [Show full text]
  • Private Telegraphy
    Private telegraphy: The path from private wires to subscriber lines in Victorian Britain Jean-François Fava-Verde Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Leeds School of Philosophy, Religion and History of Science September 2016 ii The candidate confirms that the work submitted is his own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement © 2016 The University of Leeds and Jean-François Fava-Verde The right of Jean-François Fava-Verde to be identified as Author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. iii Acknowledgements In the first place, I would like to thank my supervisor, Professor Graeme Gooday, for his guidance and encouragement during the production of this thesis. I enjoyed our frank discussions and I am especially grateful to him for sharing his insight into the history of technology. My sincere thanks also to my examiners, Dr Jonathan Topham and Dr Ben Marsden, for their constructive comments on my thesis. It has also been a privilege to work alongside the knowledgeable and friendly members of the telecommunications reading group of the department, especially Dr Michael Kay, Dr John Moyle, and Dr Lee Macdonald, who broadened my vision and provided insights into various themes such as private telephony, telegraphic lines testing or the effect of solar disturbance on telegraphic lines.
    [Show full text]