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3 Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” CorrectionKey=TX-A SECTION 3 Argentina, TEKS 1A, 1B, 2B, 3B, Uruguay, and 4D, 15D, 21A, 21C What You Will Learn… Paraguay Main Ideas 1. European immigrants have If lived there... dominated the history and YOU culture of Argentina. You live in Montevideo, the capital of Uruguay. On weekends you 2. Argentina’s capital, Buenos like to visit the old part of the city and admire its beautiful build- Aires, plays a large role in the country’s government and ings. You also enjoy walking along the banks of the Río de la Plata economy today. and watching fishers bring in their catch. Sometimes you visit the 3. Uruguay has been influenced by its neighbors. parks and beaches along the banks of the river. 4. Paraguay is the most rural country in the region. How do you think the river has influenced Montevideo? The Big Idea Argentina, Uruguay, and Para- guay have been influenced by European immigration, a tradi- UILDING ACKGROUND The southern countries of Atlantic tion of ranching, and large urban B B populations. South America—Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay—have all been influenced by their locations and European culture. Neither Spanish Key Terms and Places influence nor Indian culture is as strong in the southern part of South gauchos, p. 267 America as in other parts of the continent. Buenos Aires, p. 268 Mercosur, p. 268 informal economy, p. 269 Argentina’s History and Culture landlocked, p. 270 Like most of South America, Argentina was originally home to groups of Indians. Groups living in the Pampas hunted wild game, while farther north Indians built irrigation systems for farming. However, unlike most of South America, Argentina has Use the graphic organizer online to very few native peoples remaining. Instead, Argentina’s culture organize your notes on Argentina, has been mostly influenced by Europeans. Uruguay, and Paraguay. Early History The first Europeans to come to Argentina were the Spanish. In the 1500s Spanish conquerors spread from the northern part of the continent into southern South America in search of silver and gold. They named the region Argentina. Argentina means “land of silver” or “silvery one.” 266 CHAPTER 11 DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” CorrectionKey=TX-A Gauchos on the Pampas Gauchos were a popular sub- ject in Argentine art. In this painting from 1820, gauchos gather to watch a horse race. ANALYZING VISUALS Why would horses be important to a gaucho? The Spanish soon built settlements in Argentina remained one of South Argentina. The Spanish monarch granted America’s richest countries throughout the land to the colonists, who in turn built the 1900s. However, the country also struggled settlements. These landowners were also under dictators and military governments given the right to force the Indians living during those years. there to work. Some political leaders, like Eva Perón, During the colonial era, the Pampas were popular. But many leaders abused became an important agricultural region. human rights. During the “Dirty War” in Argentine cowboys, called gauchos (GOW- the 1970s, they tortured and killed many chohz), herded cattle and horses on the accused of disagreeing with the govern- open grasslands. Although agriculture is ment. Both the country’s people and its still important on the Pampas, very few economy suffered. Finally, in the 1980s, people in Argentina live as gauchos today. Argentina’s last military government gave In the early 1800s Argentina fought up power to an elected government. for independence from Spain. A period of violence and instability followed. Many Indians were killed or driven away by B IOGRAPHY fighting during this time. Eva Perón Modern Argentina (1919–1952) Known affectionately as Evita, Eva Perón As the Indians were being killed off, helped improve the living conditions of more European influences dominated people in Argentina, particularly the poor. the region. New immigrants arrived from As the wife of Argentina’s president, Juan Italy, Germany, and Spain. Also, the British Perón, Evita established thousands of hospitals and schools helped build railroads across the country. throughout Argentina. She also helped women gain the Railroads made it easier for Argentina to right to vote. After years of battling cancer, Evita died at age transport agricultural products for export 33. All of Argentina mourned her death for weeks. to Europe. Beef exports, in particular, made Analyzing Why was Eva Perón able to help many people? the country rich. ATLANTIC SOUTH AMERica 267 DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” CorrectionKey=TX-A People and Culture Argentina Today Argentina’s historical ties to Europe still Today many more of Argentina’s people affect its culture. Most of Argentina’s rough- live in Buenos Aires (BWAY-nohs EYE-rayz) ly 40 million people are descended from than in any other city. Buenos Aires is the Spanish, Italian, or other European set- country’s capital. It is also the second- tlers. Argentine Indians and mestizos make largest urban area in South America. Sev- up only about 3 percent of the population. eral geographic factors are responsible for Most Argentines are Roman Catholic. the dense pattern of population in and Beef is still a part of Argentina’s culture. around Buenos Aires. These factors include A popular dish is parrilla (pah-REE-yah), the location of most of Argentina’s indus- which includes grilled sausage and steak. try in and around the city, and its location Supper is generally eaten late. on the coast and near the Pampas. The Pampas are the country’s most READING CHECK Generalizing What kind of developed agricultural region. About governments did Argentina have in the 1900s? 11 percent of Argentina’s labor force works in agriculture. Large ranches and farms there produce beef, wheat, and corn for Argentina: Population export to other countries. Argentina’s economy has always been PARAGUAY affected by government policies. In the Tropic of Capricorn 1990s government leaders made economic San Miguel de Tucumán reforms to help businesses grow. Argentina HRW WorldCHILE History r e v joined Mercosur —an organization that wg7fvs_asamap011ba i R Atlantic South America Argentinaá PopulationBRAZIL n promotes trade and economic cooperation 30°S a Locator Córdoba r a FinalMendoza Proof 6/27/05a P among the southern and eastern countries Rosario URUGUAY of South America. By the late 1900s and PACIFIC BBuenos Aires OCEAN ARGENTINA ATLANTIC early 2000s, however, heavy debt and OCEAN government spending brought Argentina 40°S into an economic crisis. N W E 50°W 40°W S 10,000 people 0 300 600 Miles 50°S Argentina‘s Largest Cities 0 300 600 Kilometers 15 Projection: 80°W Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area 60°W 10 (in millions) 5 Place Buenos Aires is home to nearly a thirdMG7FVS of all Argentines. asamap011ca 1. Interpreting Graphs How many times biggerHRW-MS is Buenos Geography Aires Maps Population 0 than Argentina’s second-largest city? Argentina Population Buenos Córdoba Rosario Mendoza San Miguel 2. Analyze What might be a benefit and a drawbackLegend of having Aires de Tucumán most of the country’s population in one area?Replacement Final pass--7/20/05 Cities 268 CHAPTER 11 MG7FVS asamap011a HRW-MS Geography Maps Argentina Population Final pass--6/27/05 DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” CorrectionKey=TX-A Buenos Aires Buenos Aires is a huge, modern city. Its main street is said to be the widest avenue in the world. ANALYZING VISUALS What do the wide street and trees suggest about the people who built this city? The economic crisis caused a political crisis. As a result, during 2001, Argentina’s government changed hands four times as its leaders tried to solve the problems. By 2003 the economy had stabilized some- what, but thousands of people’s lives had changed forever. The crisis caused many people who once had professional careers to lose their jobs and join the informal economy. The informal economy is a part of the economy based on odd jobs that people perform without government regulation through taxes. Today many Argentines are still searching for ways to improve their economy. READING CHECK Comparing and Contrasting What are some similarities and differences between Buenos Aires and the Pampas? People As in Argentina, people of European descent make up the majority of Uruguay’s Uruguay population. Only about 12 percent of the Tucked between Argentina and Brazil lies population is mestizo, Indian, or of African Uruguay. Its capital, Montevideo (mawn- descent. Roman Catholicism is the main tay-vee-DAY-oh), is located on the north religion in the country. Spanish is the shore of the Río de la Plata, not far from official language, but many people also Buenos Aires. Uruguay has always been speak Portuguese because of Uruguay’s influenced by its larger neighbors. location near Brazil. Portugal claimed Uruguay during the More than 90 percent of Uruguay’s colonial era, but the Spanish took over in people live in urban areas. More than the 1770s. By that time, few Uruguayan a third of Uruguayans live in and near Indians remained. A few years later, Montevideo. The country has a high in 1825, Uruguay declared independence literacy rate. In addition, many people from Spain. Since then, military govern- there have good jobs and can afford a ments have ruled Uruguay off and on. In wide range of consumer goods and travel general, however, the country has a strong to Europe. However, many young people tradition of respect for political freedom. leave Uruguay to explore better economic Today Uruguay is a democracy. opportunities elsewhere. ATLANTIC SOUTH AMERica 269 DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” CorrectionKey=TX-A Economy Paraguay Just as Uruguay’s culture is tied to its Paraguay shares borders with Bolivia, neighbors, its economy is tied to the FOCUS ON Brazil, and Argentina.
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