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A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of Warwick Permanent WRAP URL: http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/79692 Copyright and reuse: This thesis is made available online and is protected by original copyright. Please scroll down to view the document itself. Please refer to the repository record for this item for information to help you to cite it. Our policy information is available from the repository home page. For more information, please contact the WRAP Team at: [email protected] warwick.ac.uk/lib-publications Second-hand Memories of the Communist Era: The First Postsocialist Generation in Romania by Daniel Hanu A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Sociology University of Warwick, Department of Sociology September 2015 In memory of our recent past i TABLE OF CONTENTS List of figures ........................................................................................................... vi Acknowledgements ................................................................................................ viii Declaration ............................................................................................................... ix Abstract ..................................................................................................................... x 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................... 1 PART 1 Theoretical and methodological frameworks ...................................... 14 2. Theory ................................................................................................................ 15 2.1. Introduction ...................................................................................................... 15 2.2. Defining social memory ................................................................................... 17 2.3. The relationship between memory and history ................................................ 23 2.4. Nostalgia: A problematic stance towards the past ........................................... 29 2.5. Intergenerational transmission of memories .................................................... 36 2.6. Memories based on second-hand experience ................................................... 38 2.7. Memory emplacement ..................................................................................... 46 2.8. Memory embodiment ....................................................................................... 51 2.9. Conclusion ....................................................................................................... 54 3. Methods .............................................................................................................. 56 3.1. Introduction ...................................................................................................... 56 3.2. Adopting an ethnographic approach ................................................................ 57 3.3. Interviewing as co-production of knowledge .................................................. 61 3.4. Practical aspects of the research process ......................................................... 64 3.5. Analysis and writing up ................................................................................... 76 3.6. Ethics and power relationships ........................................................................ 80 3.7. Reflections on identity ..................................................................................... 88 3.8. Conclusion ....................................................................................................... 94 PART 2 Collective and collected memories ........................................................ 96 4. Discursive constructions of the past ................................................................ 97 4.1. Introduction ...................................................................................................... 97 4.2. Overview of discursive representations of the past in Romania ...................... 98 ii 4.3. Young people’s perceptions of the postsocialist Romanian discursive field...... 102 4.3.1. Reaction to the discursive field ............................................................... 103 4.3.2. Young people’s preferred approach to the past ...................................... 107 4.4. Public discourses ............................................................................................ 109 4.4.1. Justifications for anticommunism ........................................................... 112 4.4.2. Technologies of memory: Conveyors of public discourses .................... 114 4.4.2.1. Mass media ...................................................................................... 116 4.4.2.2. Films ................................................................................................ 118 4.4.2.3. Written texts ..................................................................................... 123 4.4.2.4. The educational system .................................................................... 125 4.4.2.5. Museums and prisons ....................................................................... 128 4.4.2.6. Summer Schools .............................................................................. 136 4.5. Nostalgia as alternative discourse .................................................................. 138 4.6. Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 144 5. Mnemonic socialisation .................................................................................. 146 5.1. Introduction .................................................................................................... 146 5.2. The role of inter- and intra- generational transmission of memories ............. 149 5.3. What is being transmitted?............................................................................. 150 5.3.1. Silences ................................................................................................... 155 5.3.2. Stance of families towards the communist era ....................................... 161 5.4. Situating of memory transmission ................................................................. 166 5.5. Triggers of memory transmission .................................................................. 170 5.6. Value ascribed to personal narratives ............................................................ 173 5.7. ‘Significant others’ and peer memory transmission ...................................... 176 5.8. How do young people make sense of the past? ............................................. 180 5.9. Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 191 PART 3 Living Memories: The interplay between past and present ............. 194 6. Sensorial engagement with the past through the built environment ......... 195 6.1. Introduction .................................................................................................... 195 6.2. Urban planning in socialist Romania ............................................................. 198 6.3. Unintentional urban memory ......................................................................... 200 6.3.1. Mass housing under communism............................................................ 201 6.3.1.1. Deconstructing ‘communist’ blocks of flats .................................... 201 iii 6.3.1.2. Blocks of flats and second-hand memories ..................................... 217 6.3.1.3. Valorification of the unintentional memoryscape ............................ 220 6.3.2. The transport system: Vehicles of memory transmission ....................... 224 6.3.3. Scattered material remnants of the communist era ................................. 227 6.4. Intentional urban memory .............................................................................. 234 6.4.1. Statues, monuments and memorials ........................................................ 235 6.4.2. Reminders of the past: Emblematic buildings ........................................ 240 6.5. Erasing cultural memory ................................................................................ 248 6.5.1. Demolitions, removals and the traces of a lost city ................................ 249 6.5.2. Names one should forget: Toponymy in the postsocialist memoryscape ... 256 6.6. Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 260 7. Sensorial engagement with the past through material culture ................... 262 7.1. Introduction .................................................................................................... 262 7.2. The mnemonic character of the material culture of everyday life ................. 264 7.3. Unwanted traces of the communist era: Laces, ornaments and rugs ............. 273 7.4. Preserving the past ......................................................................................... 278 7.5. Living the past................................................................................................ 284 7.6. Nostalgic paraphernalia ................................................................................. 290 7.7. Material culture as technology of memory .................................................... 293 7.8. Conclusion
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