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PDF Download ANTHROPOS 111.2016: 395 – 414 Miḻāvu – göttliches Perkussionsinstrument im südindischen Sanskrit-Drama Kūṭiyāṭṭam Karin Bindu Abstract. – The ritual context of the Kerala’s Sanskrit genre of dern der Nampyār-Kaste, den Perkussionisten der drama, Kūṭiyāṭṭam, demands the exclusive use of percussionists miḻāvu (Trommel). Laut Moser (2008: ​4, 24) haben of sacral and secular miḻāvu drums in kūṭiyāṭṭam, naṅṅyār- and diese Kasten bis ins 11. Jahrhundert voneinander cākyār kūttu performances as well as orchestral temple music. The classification of the anthropomorphic “divine” instrument unabhängige Formen der Darstellung praktiziert. miḻāvu goes back to the book “Nāṭya Śāstra” of Bharatamuni Die performative Praxis des kūṭiyāṭṭam im südindi- around 2,000 years ago. Eight private and governmental train- schen Bundesstaat Kerala wird dabei von den ma- ing centers in Kerala, e.g., the “Kerala Kalamandalam,” offer habharatabhattatiri, den Erzählern des “Mahabha- methodic mixed forms between traditional Guru-Shishya and contemporary training methods for the literally nearly unmen- rata” in Keralas Tempeln, hergeleitet. tioned copper drum miḻāvu. Sociocultural criteria, such as affilia- Ein dritter Aspekt des Zusammenspiels ergibt tion to training centers, age differences, training’s level, gender, sich durch die musikalische Koordination von fünf and a variety of tasks related to the context of performance prac- Instrumenten (pañchavādyam), die ich in weiterer tice form a complex network of close relationships, difficulties, Folge noch genauer anführen werde. Der vierte As- and responsibilities between traditional mi āvu percussionists of ḻ pekt basiert auf dem Zusammenspiel zwischen Per- Nampyār caste, students from other castes, gurus, and kūṭiyāṭṭam actors of both sexes. [India, Sanskrit, theatre, drum percussion] formerInnen und Gottheiten: Zu Beginn jeder kū- ṭi yāṭṭ am- und kūttu-Performance spielt einer der Karin Bindu, Dr. (Universität Wien), seit 1996 als Perkussionis- beiden miḻāvu-Perkussionisten mit konzentrierter tin sowie als Kultur- und Sozialanthropologin in den Bereichen Exaktheit eine Solophrase namens mi ā vo chap- Erziehung, Kunst und Kultur tätig. – Als Dozentin und Prakti- ḻ kerin beschäftigt sie sich in erster Linie mit den Musikrhyth- pe dut tal in der Bühnenmitte. Diese bezweckt die men in verschiedenen Kulturräumen (Indien, Trinidad, Orient Vertreibung der Dämonen (asuras) sowie die dar- und Westafrika) und führt wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zu auf folgende Einladung der Gottheiten (devas) an Aspekten ritueller Kommunikation, Bewusstsein und Emotio- den Ort des Geschehens. Devas dienen dabei laut nen durch. – Der regionale Schwerpunkt ihrer Forschungen sind P. K. N. Nambiar, dem Senior Maestro der mi āvu, Trinidad und Kerala. Die 2012 erstellte Dissertation behandelt ḻ “Aspekte der Produktion und Kommunikation südindischer talas als “security guards” zur sicheren Begleitung der im Kūṭiyāṭṭam” (Wien 2013). – Siehe auch Zitierte Literatur. Per for mance (Bindu 2013: ​312). Die wechselseitige Reaktion des Publikums auf dargestellte Emotionen der Bühnencharaktere – unterstützt durch die ver- Einleitung stärkenden Klänge der miḻāvu – stellen einen fünf- ten Aspekt des Zusammenspiels dar. In der Landessprache Keralas bedeutet kūṭiyāṭṭam Geschichten aus den indischen Nationalepen “Zusammenspiel”. Der Begriff umfasst sowohl das “Maha bharata” und dem “Ramayana” bilden die Zusammenspiel von männlichen und weiblichen Inhalte der kūṭiyāṭṭam-Aufführungen, wobei in der DarstellerInnen der Cākyār- und Naṅṅyār-Kasten heutigen Zeit für die Performances nur jeweils ein als auch die gemeinsame Performance mit Mitglie- Aus zug aus einem Akt eines Dramas gewählt wird. https://doi.org/10.5771/0257-9774-2016-2-395 Generiert durch IP '170.106.202.8', am 30.09.2021, 17:54:13. Das Erstellen und Weitergeben von Kopien dieses PDFs ist nicht zulässig. 396 Karin Bindu Während im kūṭiyāṭṭam mehrere DarstellerInnen manity” ausgezeichnet. Das Hauptinstrument der auf der Bühne agieren, handelt es sich bei kūttu- kūṭiyāṭṭam-Performances stellt die kupferne Trom- Aufführungen um Soloperformances der Naṅṅyār mel miḻāvu dar, die in gegenwärtigen Publikatio- (naṅṅ yār kūttu) oder der Cākyār (cākyār kūttu). Da- nen über indische Musikinstrumente kaum erwähnt rin werden Themen aus den Epen und literarische wird. Klassifizierungen des Instrumentes gehen auf Kompositionen (prabandhas) erzählt, die vor allem das “Nāṭya Śāstra” zurück, das vor zweitausend von Mellapattur Narayana Bhattatiripad, einem be- Jahren geschrieben wurde (Bharatamuni). Die miḻ ā- rühmten Poeten aus Kerala aus dem 16. Jahrhundert vu gilt als anthropomorphes deva vadyam, als gött- verfasst wurden. Diese prabandhas enthalten Epi- liches Instrument mit menschlichen Eigenschaften. soden aus der Mythologie Indiens. Darsteller des Miḻāvu-Perkussionisten kommunizieren und koor- cākyār kūttu adoptieren das Kostüm des vidushakas dinieren spezifische tālas (rhythmisch-musikali- (Tricksters) und demonstrieren damit auf der Bühne sche Zyklen) mit kuḻitāḷam (Zimbel) Spielerinnen, ihre enorme Kraft der Kommunikation. Dabei spie- dem iṭakka-Perkussionisten, den Bewegungen der len sie alle Rollen, die im Stück vorkommen, selbst. AkteurInnen, und auch mit den devas (Gottheiten) Ihre Rollen beinhalten auch moralische Verantwor- selbst. Sie werden zu Beginn jeder Performance tung, sie tragen laut Pisharoty (1994: ​113) sozusa- nach der perkussiven Solophrase des Perkussionis- gen das Bewusstsein der Gesellschaft ihrer Zeit. ten und nach dem Eintreffen der übrigen MusikerIn- Die Präsentationen von kūṭiyāṭṭam- und kūttu- nen mit speziellen Rhythmen und Liedern gepriesen Per formances mit all ihren Regeln und beschreiben- (Bindu 2013: ​15, 18). Bei der iṭakka handelt es sich den Abläufen sind handschriftlich auf Palmblätter um ein sanduhrförmiges, beidseitig bespanntes Per- geschrieben worden, die auch heute noch gemein- kussionsinstrument, das durch Zusammendrücken sam mit den attaprakaram- und kramadipika- der Spannriemen mit einem Stick gespielt me lo- Büh nen anwei sun gen von den jeweiligen Fami lien diöse Klänge produziert. Tempelpriester verwen- sorg sam gehütet und in matrilinearer Erb folge wei- den die iṭakka zur Begleitung sakraler Melodien. tergegeben werden. Gopal Venu – Darsteller, Autor Laut Panchal (1984: ​62) bilden alle soeben ge- und internationaler Promotor und Leiter des Perfor- nannten Instrumente gemeinsam mit einem Blas- mance-Zentrums “Natana Kairali” in Irinjalakuda instru ment (kuṟuṅ kuḻal), das in früheren kūṭiyāṭṭam- – übersetzt attaprakaram mit “Schauspiel-Hand- Performances verwendet wurde, und der Muschel buch” und kramadipika mit “Produktionshandbuch” saṅkhu, die den Beginn einer Performance ankün- (2002: ​175–178). digt, die pañchavādyam – fünf Instrumente – des Kūṭiyāṭṭam wurde im Jahre 2001 von der kūṭ i yāṭṭ am. Anleitungen zur Verwendung der Mu- UNESCO als “Oral and Intangible Heritage of Hu- sik wie auch zu den Bewegungen der PerformerIn- Abb. 1: Kūṭiyāṭṭam-Performance mit Kalamandalam Artists, Tri- vandrum 2005 (Foto: © Karin Bindu). Anthropos 111.2016 https://doi.org/10.5771/0257-9774-2016-2-395 Generiert durch IP '170.106.202.8', am 30.09.2021, 17:54:13. Das Erstellen und Weitergeben von Kopien dieses PDFs ist nicht zulässig. Miḻāvu – göttliches Perkussionsinstrument im südindischen Sanskrit-Drama Kūṭiyāṭṭam 397 nen und der Bühnenkonstruktion, gleichwie oben anstrengend für die Hände – die Haut an den Fin- erwähnte Klassifizierungen der Instrumente, wur- gern war meist bereits nach 20-minütigem Training zeln im “Nāṭya Śāstra” von Bharatamuni. an verschiedensten Stellen eingerissen. Bei Perfor- Die mangelnde Beschreibung der miḻāvu-Per- mances beobachtete ich, dass auch die männlichen kussio nisten und des von ihnen gespielten Instru- Spieler ihre Finger mit Pflaster schützen mussten. mentes hat mich im Jahre 2004 bewogen, meine Gegenwärtig befinden sich miḻāvu-Perkussionisten Forschungen im Rahmen eines Dissertationspro- im soziokulturellen Spannungsfeld zwischen Vertre- jektes am Institut für Kultur- und Sozialanthropo- terInnen der traditionellen Kasten und kūṭiyāṭṭam- logie der Universität Wien auf diese Perkussionis- KünstlerInnen anderer Kasten, denen die Ausübung ten und der Ausübung ihrer perkussiven Kunst zu der Kunst erst seit siebzig Jahren ermöglicht worden fokussieren. Zahlreiche Publikationen über perfor- ist (Bindu 2013: 40, 112, 125). mative Aspekte des kūṭiyāṭṭam – beispielsweise von Die im kūṭiyāṭṭam verwendeten tālas werden Unni (1977), Panchal (1984), Sarabhai (1994), Nair ge le gent lich in Publikationen genannt, jedoch nicht (1995), Chakyar (1995), Pisharoty (1994), Pau- durch Notation dargestellt. Die einzigen Buch- lose (1998, 2003, 2006), Venu (1989, 2002), Paul ausga ben, die sich inhaltlich zur Gänze der miḻāvu (2005), Paniker (2005), Gramaprakasan (2007) und widmen, existieren bis heute nur in Malayalam, der Moser (2008) – erwähnen dessen Hauptinstrument Landessprache Keralas. Es handelt sich hierbei um nur am Rande. In meiner Forschungsarbeit im Rah- das Buch “Miḻāvu Nampyārūde Kramadipika” des men der Dissertation an der Universität Wien ging Maestros P. K. N. Nambiar und war 2005 in Killi- es mir nicht nur um soziokulturelle Aspekte in der mangalam erschienen, fünf Jahre später folgte in Kunst der Perkussionisten, sondern auch um eine Cheruthuruthy das Werk “Miḻāvoli” seines Schülers detaillierte Beschreibung der miḻāvu, ihrer Spiel- Kalamandalam Eswaranunni, der bis 2014 das mi- technik und Rhythmik, ihrer Funktion als
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