Kutiyattam: Living Heritage,’ Submitted by the Undersigned Research Team Was Carried out Under My Supervision

KutyatamLiving Heritage March 2016 Discover India Program 2015-16 List of Students Name Responsibilities Signature Aravind Finance and 1. Chandrasekaran On-Field Interviews 2. Arnav Jha Head of Content Writing Group Leader and 3. Arundhati Singh Head of Videography Content Writing and 4. Ayesha Selwyn On-Field Interviews 5. Daveed Kuruvilla Content Writing Logistics and 6. Delnaz Kabrajee Photography Photography and 7. Heet Shah Videography Transcriptions and 8. Kavya Pande On-Field Interviews in Delhi Head of Photography 9. Pallavi Rajankar and Design 10. Siddhant Jain Videography Finance and 11. Simran Khanna On-Field Interviews i Authentication Certificate This is to certify that the work incorporated in this report, titled ‘Kutiyattam: Living Heritage,’ submitted by the undersigned Research Team was carried out under my supervision. The information obtained from other sources has been duly acknowledged. Name Signature 1. Aravind Chandrasekaran 2. Arnav Jha 3. Arundhati Singh 4. Ayesha Selwyn 5. Daveed Kuruvilla 6. Delnaz Kabrajee 7. Heet Shah 8. Kavya Pande 9. Pallavi Rajankar 10. Siddhant Jain 11. Simran Khanna Name of Faculty Mentor: Professor Neeta Sharma Signature Date: 2 March 2016 ii Acknowledgments It would not have been possible to carry out this research project without the guidance and support of a number of people, who extended their valuable assistance in the preparation and completion of our study. We would like to take this opportunity to thank FLAME University for giving us the opportunity to carry out such extensive research at an undergraduate level. We would also like to thank Dr. Neeti Bose, Chair of the Discover India Program, and the entire DIP committee, for their guidance in the process of discovering India through our own lens. We extend our heartfelt gratitude to our mentor, Professor Neeta Sharma, for her constant support and advice throughout the research process. Our study would not have been successful without her. We would also like to thank our report mentor, Dr. Ashutosh Potdar, for his guidance. We are grateful for the advice we received before going on field from Dr. Poonam Gandhi, Dr. Shubhda Arora, Dr. Santosh Kumar, Dr. Viraj Shah, Prof. Kunal Ray and Dr. Chandrika Parmar. The sessions they conducted were extremely helpful in conducting this study. Our research would not have been possible without the help provided to us by all our respondents on field. We express our gratitude to Mr. Vinod Narayanan, Mr. Chandradasan, Dr. K. G. Paulose, Dr. Sudha Gopalakrishnan, Mr. Gopi Krishnan, and the students of the Kerala Kalamandalam, for giving us their valuable insights and helping us in our research process. Lastly, we would like to extend our sincerest thanks to the practitioners of Kutiyattam, who welcomed us into their home and temple spaces. We extend immense gratitude to Margi Madhu Chakyar, Mr. G Venu, Mrs. Kapila Venu, Mr. Sooraj Nambiar, Mrs. Nirmala Paniker, and Mrs. Usha Nangiar, who enabled us to catch a glimpse of their lives through the art form. iii Table of Contents List of Students i Authentication Certificate ii Acknowledgments iii Index of Figures v Abstract 1 Chapter 1: Overview 2-15 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Research Question 8 1.3 Aims and Objectives 8 1.4 Research Methodology 9 1.5 Limitations of the Study 10 1.6 List of Interviewees 12 Chapter 2: Literature Review 16-21 2.1 Georgraphical Aspect of Kuityattam 17 2.2 Origin and Historical Understanding of Kutiyattam 17 2.3 Social Aspect of Kutiyattam 18 2.4 Political and Economic Aspect of Kutiyattam 19 Chapter 3: History 22-39 3.1 Travel Through the Pages 22 3.2 A Testament to Time 27 3.3 The Show Must Go On 33 Chapter 4: Performance 39-56 4.1 All the World’s a Stage 39 4.2 Taking Centre Stage 50 Chapter 5: Conclusion 57 Bibliography I Glossary V iv Index of Figures Title Page Image 1: Performance by Margi Madhu Chakyar at Kerala Varma Kodai 2 Image 2: Mizhavu players at Kerala Kalamandalam 2 Image 3: Map marking Kerala in India 6 Image 4: Map of Kerala 6 Image 5: Mr. G. Venu 15 Image 6: Mrs. Kapila Venu 15 Image 7: Mr. Sooraj Nambiar 15 Image 8: Mrs. Nirmala Paniker 15 Image 9: Dr. K.G. Paulose 15 Image 10: Mr. Vinod Narayanan 15 Image 11: Mr. Chandradasan 15 Image 12: Students of Calicut University 15 Image 13: Koothambalam at Vadakumnatham Temple 16 Image 14: Wall Carvings at Kerala Kalamandalam of Positions from the Natya 16 Sastra Image 15: Performance by Margi Madhu Chakyar at Kerala Varma Kodai 22 Image 16: Vadakumnathan Temple, one of the few that has a koothambalam 22 Image 17: Beginning of a Kutiyattam Performance 27 Image 18: Mizhavu, the main accompanying percussion instrument in a 27 Kutiyattam performance Image 19: Madhava Chakyar Smaraka Koodiyattom Research Centre and Art 31 Gallery Image 20: Performance by Margi Madhu Chakyar at Kerala Varma Kodai 33 Image 21: Kutiyattam Demonstration at Kerala Kalamandalam 33 Image 22: Koothambalam at Kerala Kalamandalam 39 Image 23: Kutiyattam Demonstration at Kerala Kalamandala 39 Image 24: Student and Teacher at Kerala Kalamandalam 42 Image 25: Kutiyattam Demonstration at Kerala Kalamandalam 45 Image 26: Performance by Margi Madhu Chakyar at Kerala Varma Kodai 45 Image 27: Costume Gallery 50 at Madhava Chakyar Smaraka Koodiyattom Research Centre and Art Gallery v Image 28: Sita in Performance by Margi Madhu Chakyar at Kerala Varma 50 Kodai Image 29: Death of Jatayu in Performance by Margi Madhu Chakyar at Kerala 54 Varma Kodai Image 30: Musicians in Performance by Margi Madhu Chakyar at Kerala 54 Varma Kodai Image 31: Mr. Sooraj Nambiar conducting a workshop on Kutiyattam mudras 57 Image 32: Jatayu in Performance by Margi Madhu Chakyar at Kerala Varma 57 Kodai Image 33: Demonstration by Sandra, student of Nirmala Paniker 60 Image 34: End of Performance by Margi Madhu Chakyar at Kerala Varma 60 Kodai vi Abstract Kutiyattam is the oldest surviving art form in existence. Although it is a theatre form from Kerala, it uses the Sanskrit language in its performances. While looking for a topic to investigate for the Discover India Program, these were the aspects of the art form that caught our attention. The rich history and the painstakingly elaborate nature of Kutiyattam got us interested in it. We were curious about how an art form so deep-rooted and intricate would be viewed in the modern era. We also found out about the UNESCO declaration that proclaimed it as ‘A Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage,’ and this only heightened our excitement to look into its growth. Our research was based on the transformations that the art form has undergone over the years. Owing to the fact that Kutiyattam is an art form, and that we had scarce knowledge on the topic even after secondary research, we decided to interview people who were well- versed with it, using open-ended questions in semi-formal interviews. Doing so enabled us to ask about the specific queries while being able to find out new information on the topic in detail. During the trip to Kerala, our group visited Thrissur and Cochin. We interviewed six performers and four scholars, attended a performance and witnessed two demonstrations. We concluded that Kutiyattam is essentially still evolving. It is still in the process of finding the right balance between the old and the new. In attempting to attract a broader audience, Kutiyattam has had to reduce the older elements of its origin, of which easing the caste restrictions and taking the performances outside the temples are only a small part. 1 Chapter 1: Overview Image 1: Performance by Margi Madhu Chakyar at Kerala Varma Kodai Image 2: Mizhavu players at Kerala Kalamandalam 2 Chapter 1.1 Introduction The term ‘Kutiyattam’ is one telling of its own brand and historicity. The prefix ‘Kuti’ in Malayalam stands for combined or together and the suffix ‘Attam’ stands for acting. Thus, Kutiyattam quite literally means Combined Acting. The validity of this term shall be examined in detail further on, but at this juncture it is necessary to establish an initial understanding of what exactly is Kutiyattam. Kutiyattam in the simplest sense is a Sanskrit theatre tradition that originated in Kerala in uncertain antiquity; an estimate of 1500 years in the second millennium BC is a generally accepted one. Sanskrit is not simply a language of conveyance for this theatre tradition, but rather its single most defining feature, one that has not only dictated its origins but also holds stake to its immediate future (Gopalakrishnan 2011). The performance It has been mentioned above that the term Kutiyattam or Combined Acting is reflective of the brand and historicity of the art form. What that implies is that not only is the performance a culmination of several divergent theatre forms and performing arts that were assimilated by the dominant Brahmin class at the time and since, but also that this amalgamation has become a recognizable identity of Kutiyattam itself. Kutiyattam as discussed in various sources is a performing art with a practice of heredity wherein the performers are taken only from two tribes- men from the Chakyar caste and women from the Nambiar caste. The musicians too have caste restrictions; they can only be men from the Nambiar caste (Krishnamurthy 2015). This aspect shall be discussed in detail later and yet what is important to mention at this point is that Kutiyattam also incorporates elements from the Nangiarkoothu, the theatre exclusively performed by the Nangiars, and Prabandha koothu (or Chakyar koothu, as it is otherwise known), the verbal narrative drama of the Chakyars. At the same time it integrates the histrionic aspect of the elaborate acting of the hero and the other main characters based on classical Sanskrit and the verbal narration of the Vidushaka, the comic character, in the regional language of Malayalam (Chiba).

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