DOCSLIB.ORG

Romanticism in Brazil and Argentina by Marcelo Freddi Lotufo BA, State

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Romanticism in Brazil and Argentina by Marcelo Freddi Lotufo BA, State The Possible Nation: Romanticism in Brazil and Argentina By Marcelo Freddi Lotufo B.A., State University of Campinas, December 2009 M.A., Brown University, May 2014 Dissertation A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Comparative Literature at Brown University Providence, Rhode Island May 2017 © Copyright 2017 by Marcelo Freddi Lotufo The dissertation by Marcelo Freddi Lotufo is accepted in its present form by the Department of Comparative Literature as satisfying the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Date ____________ _____________________________________________________ Professor Luiz Fernando Valente, Advisor Recommended to the Graduate Council Date ____________ _____________________________________________________ Professor Michelle Clayton, Reader Date ____________ _____________________________________________________ Professor Esther Whitfield, Reader Approved by the Graduate Council Date ____________ _____________________________________________________ Professor Andrew G Campbell, Dean of the Graduate School CURRICULUM VITAE Marcelo has received his M.A. also from Brown and a B.A. from the State University of Campinas, Brazil. Marcelo has published articles in several peer reviewed academic journals such as Hispania, Elipsis, Itinerários, Remate de Males, and Latin American Literary Review. He has published reviews of poetry and literary criticism at the journal Brasil/Brazil. He has also published a selection of poems by the New York based poet John Yau and has a forthcoming translation of Rosmarie Waldrop’s Driven to Abstraction to be published in Brazil in August 2017. He has also published fiction at the literary journal Rascunho. iii AKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank the committee for walking me through this process. And specially Prof. Valente for serving as the committee’s director. I also thank the department of Comparative Literature, the Graduate School and the Center for Latin American Studies at Brown University for the support they offered me throughout this project. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction: 1 Chapter 1. Literary Criticism and Nation Building: Norberto de Sousa Silva and Juan Maria Gutierrez 11 Chapter 2. Between Salón and Institute: Juan Bautista Alberdi and Gonçalves de Magalhães 56 Chapter 3. Novel and Equality: José Mármol and Joaquim Manuel Macedo 108 Chapter 4. Nature Tableaux, Politics and Poetry: Gonçalves Dias and Esteban Echeverría 162 Chapter 5. Myth and Nation: National Symbols in Sarmiento, Hernandez and Alencar 213 Conclusion 248 Bibliography 254 v LIST OF IMAGES Page Image 1 Floresta Brasileira (1853), Manuel Araujo de Porto ALegre 211 Image 2 Intérieur d’une Forêt du Brésil (c.1819), Jean Baptiste de Clarac 211 Image 3 Valée de La Serra do Mar (1834), Jean Baptiste Debret 212 vi INTRODUCTION Romanticism in Latin America has been closely related to debates on nation building: Antonio Candido, Afrânio Coutinho, David Viñas, Beatriz Sarlo, Carlos Altamirano, and Doris Sommer, to stay with a few known names, all paid attention to the role of the romantic generations for nation building after the victory of the continent’s independence movements; and how the development of romantic aesthetics after colonialism was central for creating each country’s national identity and unity. This study follows on their footsteps, but proposing both a reconsideration of nation building under contemporary discussions of the relationship between aesthetics and politics – particularly those done by Jacques Rancière – and a comparative framework that pays attention in an equal measure to Brazil and Argentina. As posited by Antonio Candido, the nineteenth century was both the moment when Latin America gained political independence from the Iberian metropolises, but also the moment when a local literary tradition began to be structured in systematic terms in the continent. That is, for the first time, literature found in Latin America an environment conducive to its development, with writers, readers, and the circulation of books. It was also around this time that a sense of local continuity and influence started to be felt in Latin America’s literature, with authors referencing those that had come before them in their now independent countries, and thus forming the basis for their national literary traditions. A national literary system and the nation, that is, came into being around the same time. 1 It is not by chance, then, that both Eric Hobsbawm’s and Terence Ranger’s The Invention of Tradition, and Benedict Anderson’s Imagined Communities, consider the relationship between literature and nation building a central aspect for the rise of the modern nation state and, most specifically, of nationalism. For Hobsbawn and Ranger, literature and the arts in general were central for the creation of national symbols and myths that could transcend particular conflicts in name of national unity, safeguarding the hegemony of the particular elites that lead the process. For Anderson, literature, together with the press, was central in forming what he defined as “imagined communities;” that is, novels and newspapers were central in creating a sense of community between people that were not in direct relation to one another, helping form particular nations in opposition to others. Following their now canonical works, the main focuses for literary critics studying the period became to understand how literature helped form the social and ideological cohesion necessary for the development of nation states. In other words, literary critics and historians largely focused on the same question of nationalism. Doris Sommer’s Foundational fictions (1991) further specified how Latin American romantic fictions participated in nation building. For Sommer, national narratives were important in so far as they developed “strategies to contain the racial, regional, economic, and gender conflicts that threatened the development of new Latin American nations. After all, these novels were part of a general bourgeois project to hegemonize a culture in formation” (29). For the critic, allegorical texts like Iracema and Amália helped nineteenth-century Latin American creole elites create narratives of unity after their national independence, which allowed for the overcoming of local differences in the name of particular national projects. The encounter between Iracema and Martim, 2 or Amalia and Eduardo, that is, sutured the fragmented social and political fabric of Brazil and Argentina, opening the space for the future political and literary developments of each country and the establishment of liberal nation states after colonization; or, at least, this is the narrative the creole elites of the continent seem to write in these texts. In recent years, however, the work of the French philosopher Jacques Rancière has opened new ways of articulating the relation between literature and nation building. Though the critic has not used the vocabulary that sprung from Hobsbawn’s, Anderson’s, and Sommer’s works, he has largely focused on a similar problem: how communities are formed and the role of the arts in this process. For the nineteenth century, community building largely meant nation building. The French critic, however, does not focus on nationalism per se, or on the actual communities (or nations) projected by certain literary works, but on their limits, on how their borders were defined, and the role literature had in establishing them. For him, the question we should ask was not how the center of these communities remained united, but how they defined who belonged and who did not in them: “la politique est la constitution d’une sphère d’expérience spécifique où certains objets sont posés comme communs et certains sujets regardés comme capables de designer ces objets et d’argumenter à leur sujets” (Politique de La Literature 11). In other words, the central question for Rancière is one of equality; of understanding how we determine who is and who is not an equal. In suggesting we look at how the limits of communities are being defined, he shifts the focus from the group itself, and its discourse of cohesion, to its margins, for they define the symbolic conditions of possibility of our communities; of how egalitarian they can be imagined and built. Furthermore, it is interesting to note that the debate on aesthetics and politics, for Ranciére, needs not to be 3 understood by the subservience of the aesthetic realm to that of the political; the arts are not seen as instruments of hegemony, but as defining elements on the division – and sharing1 – of the world we inhabit. For the critic, artistic language is central on pushing and redefining the assumed limits of our communities, for it constantly looks for new forms of seeing and understanding the world, of organizing how things and peoples relate to one another: “les pratiques artistiques sont des ‘manières de faire’ qui interviennent dans la distribution générale des manières de faire et dans leurs rapports avec des manières d’être et des formes de visibilité” (Le partage du sensible 14). Writers, that is, “utilisent les mots comme des instruments de communication et se trouvent par là engagés, qu’ils veuillent ou non, dans les tâches de la construction d’un monde commun” (13). In his reading of nineteenth-century European literature, Rancière sees a new paradigm of equality – born hand in hand with the French Revolution – spread around Europe, redefining the ways people imagined and
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Redes De Espionaje Y Conspiraciones Durante El Inicio Del Sitio Grande
    Redes de espionaje y conspiraciones durante el inicio del Sitio Grande. Montevideo, 1843 https://doi.org/10.15446/achsc.v46n2.78220 Espionage Networks and Conspiracies at the Beginning of the Great Siege of Montevideo, 1843 Redes de espionagem e conspirações durante o início da Guerra Grande. Montevidéu, 1843 Nicolás Duffau* Universidad de la República Sistema Nacional de Investigadores Montevideo, Uruguay Mario Etchechury Barrera** Investigaciones Socio-históricas Regionales (ishir) Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas conicet)( Rosario, Argentina * [email protected] ** [email protected] Artículo de investigación Recepción: 30 de junio del 2018. Aprobación: 29 de octubre del 2018. Cómo citar este artículo Nicolás Duffau y Mario Etchechury Barrera, “Redes de espionaje y conspiraciones durante el inicio del Sitio Grande. Montevideo, 1843”, Anuario Colombiano de Historia Social y de la Cultura 46.2 (2019): 237-259. achsc * Vol. 46 N.° 2, jul. - dic. 2019 * issn 0120-2456 (impreso) - 2256-5647 (en línea) * colombia * págs. 237-259 Entrega CE.indd 237 30/05/19 11:39 a. m. nicolás duffau y mario etchechury barrera [238] Resumen Entre febrero de 1843 y octubre de 1851, periodo que duró el asedio militar a la ciudad-puerto de Montevideo, en el territorio oriental convivieron dos gobiernos: uno limitado a Montevideo y su línea defensiva y el otro, conocido como del Cerrito, que controló los extramuros de la ciudad y la mayor parte del territorio estatal. El artículo estudia las prácticas políticas “subterráneas” vinculadas al espionaje, la conspiración, la deserción y la circulación de información reservada en el año 1843. Por ello nos centraremos en el accionar de lo que las autoridades montevideanas designaban como conspiradores, complotados, enemigos internos o traidores, quienes, trabajando en la clandestinidad, buscaban desestabilizar al gobierno de la ciudad y facilitar el triunfo del enemigo.
    [Show full text]
  • Sarmiento Frente a La Generacion De 1837
    SARMIENTO FRENTE A LA GENERACION DE 1837 POR WILLIAM KATRA University of Wisconsin, La Crosse I. EL ACTIVISMO SOCIAL En los primeros meses de 1838, Sarmiento, un ambicioso joven pro- vinciano de veintisiete afios, escribi6 dos cartas a Juan Bautista Alberdi, pidiendo consejos y critica acerca de su primera -y la que result6 tam- bi6n su tltima- composici6n po6tica, que lievaba el titulo <<Canto a Zonda>> 1. La fama de Alberdi, s61o dos afios mayor que Sarmiento, ya se habia extendido a travds de las provincias. Era conocido quizis como el mis apto entre los integrantes j6venes del reci6n creado Sal6n Literario, en la distante ciudad de Buenos Aires, quienes se dedicaban al mejora- miento de las costumbres e instituciones sociopoliticas de la patria. Al- berdi gozaba de cierta fama de poeta debido a la difusi6n de su rimada composici6n costumbrista Memoria descriptiva sobre Tucumdn (1834), en la cual son retratados los paisajes y las costumbres de su provincia natal. Tambidn es posible que Sarmiento lo conociera como pensador fi- los6fico, por su Fragmento preliminar del estudio del Derecho (1837), y como escritor satirico, por sus articulos costumbristas publicados bajo el 1En los papeles de Sarmiento no sobrevive ningin borrador de este poema ni evidencia de este intercambio de cartas. Segtn Ricardo Rojas, El profeta de la pam- pa, vida de Sarmiento (Buenos Aires: Losada, 1945), pp. 111-113, las dos cartas escritas por Sarmiento a Alberdi se conservan en el archivo de 6ste, pero no se ha preservado ninguna de las cartas escritas por Alberdi. En Juan Bautista Alberdi, Es- critos pdstumos de J.
    [Show full text]
  • Country of Women? Repercussions of the Triple Alliance War in Paraguay∗
    Country of Women? Repercussions of the Triple Alliance War in Paraguay∗ Jennifer Alix-Garcia Laura Schechter Felipe Valencia Caicedo Oregon State University UW Madison University of British Columbia S. Jessica Zhu Precision Agriculture for Development April 5, 2021 Abstract Skewed sex ratios often result from episodes of conflict, disease, and migration. Their persistent impacts over a century later, and especially in less-developed regions, remain less understood. The War of the Triple Alliance (1864{1870) in South America killed up to 70% of the Paraguayan male population. According to Paraguayan national lore, the skewed sex ratios resulting from the conflict are the cause of present-day low marriage rates and high rates of out-of-wedlock births. We collate historical and modern data to test this conventional wisdom in the short, medium, and long run. We examine both cross-border and within-country variation in child-rearing, education, labor force participation, and gender norms in Paraguay over a 150 year period. We find that more skewed post-war sex ratios are associated with higher out-of-wedlock births, more female-headed households, better female educational outcomes, higher female labor force participation, and more gender-equal gender norms. The impacts of the war persist into the present, and are seemingly unaffected by variation in economic openness or ties to indigenous culture. Keywords: Conflict, Gender, Illegitimacy, Female Labor Force Participation, Education, History, Persistence, Paraguay, Latin America JEL Classification: D74, I25, J16, J21, N16 ∗First draft May 20, 2020. We gratefully acknowledge UW Madison's Graduate School Research Committee for financial support. We thank Daniel Keniston for early conversations about this project.
    [Show full text]
  • Network Map of Knowledge And
    Humphry Davy George Grosz Patrick Galvin August Wilhelm von Hofmann Mervyn Gotsman Peter Blake Willa Cather Norman Vincent Peale Hans Holbein the Elder David Bomberg Hans Lewy Mark Ryden Juan Gris Ian Stevenson Charles Coleman (English painter) Mauritz de Haas David Drake Donald E. Westlake John Morton Blum Yehuda Amichai Stephen Smale Bernd and Hilla Becher Vitsentzos Kornaros Maxfield Parrish L. Sprague de Camp Derek Jarman Baron Carl von Rokitansky John LaFarge Richard Francis Burton Jamie Hewlett George Sterling Sergei Winogradsky Federico Halbherr Jean-Léon Gérôme William M. Bass Roy Lichtenstein Jacob Isaakszoon van Ruisdael Tony Cliff Julia Margaret Cameron Arnold Sommerfeld Adrian Willaert Olga Arsenievna Oleinik LeMoine Fitzgerald Christian Krohg Wilfred Thesiger Jean-Joseph Benjamin-Constant Eva Hesse `Abd Allah ibn `Abbas Him Mark Lai Clark Ashton Smith Clint Eastwood Therkel Mathiassen Bettie Page Frank DuMond Peter Whittle Salvador Espriu Gaetano Fichera William Cubley Jean Tinguely Amado Nervo Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay Ferdinand Hodler Françoise Sagan Dave Meltzer Anton Julius Carlson Bela Cikoš Sesija John Cleese Kan Nyunt Charlotte Lamb Benjamin Silliman Howard Hendricks Jim Russell (cartoonist) Kate Chopin Gary Becker Harvey Kurtzman Michel Tapié John C. Maxwell Stan Pitt Henry Lawson Gustave Boulanger Wayne Shorter Irshad Kamil Joseph Greenberg Dungeons & Dragons Serbian epic poetry Adrian Ludwig Richter Eliseu Visconti Albert Maignan Syed Nazeer Husain Hakushu Kitahara Lim Cheng Hoe David Brin Bernard Ogilvie Dodge Star Wars Karel Capek Hudson River School Alfred Hitchcock Vladimir Colin Robert Kroetsch Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai Stephen Sondheim Robert Ludlum Frank Frazetta Walter Tevis Sax Rohmer Rafael Sabatini Ralph Nader Manon Gropius Aristide Maillol Ed Roth Jonathan Dordick Abdur Razzaq (Professor) John W.
    [Show full text]
  • Sarau Jasanf 04 (Corrigido).Pdf
    UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL FLUMINENSE INSTITUTO DE LETRAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ESTUDOS DE LITERATURA MESTRADO EM LITERATURA BRASILEIRA E TEORIA DA LITERATURA JANDER ANTONIO SÁ DE ARAUJO A POÉTICA DO SARAU EM A MORENINHA: LITURGIA E SEMIOSE NITERÓI 2012 Jander Antonio Sá de Araujo A Poética do Sarau em A Moreninha: Liturgia e Semiose Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- graduação em Estudos de Literatura da Universidade Federal Fluminense como requisito para obtenção do título de Mestre. Área de concentração: Literatura Brasileira e Teoria da Literatura. Linha de Pesquisa: Perspectivas Intersemióticas e Estudo de Tradução. Orientador: Professor Doutor Pascoal Farinaccio. NITERÓI 2012 A663 Araujo, Jander Antonio Sá de. A poética do sarau em A Moreninha: liturgia e semiose / Jander Antonio Sá de Araujo. – 2012. 116 f. ; il. Orientador: Pascoal Farinaccio. Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto de Letras, 2012. Bibliografia: f. 101-106. 1. Macedo, Joaquim Manoel de, 1820-1882. A Moreninha. 2. Costumes sociais. 3. Século XIX. 4. Poesia. 5. Aristocracia. 6. Mulher na sociedade. 7. Mulher na literatura. I. Farinaccio, Pascoal. II. Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Letras. III. Título. CDD 306.4 1. 371.010981 Jander Antonio Sá de Araujo A Poética do Sarau em A Moreninha: Liturgia e Semiose Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- graduação em Estudos de Literatura da Universidade Federal Fluminense como requisito para obtenção do título de Mestre. Área de concentração: Literatura Brasileira
    [Show full text]
  • Travessuras De Um Narrador Romântico
    Travessuras de um narrador romântico Joelma Santana Siqueira Universidade Federal de Viçosa Resumo: A partir de uma breve discussão sobre as teorias do romantismo alemão, o presente artigo propõe uma leitura do romance A moreninha (1844), de Joaquim Manuel de Macedo, como exercício de escrita lúdica, em que se podem observar paralelos entre as travessuras da personagem que dá título à obra e as travessuras do personagem-autor. Palavras-chave: Romantismo, Ironia romântica, A moreninha. No ensaio “Aspectos do romantismo alemão”, Anatol Rosenfeld discute a existência de duas gerações no romantismo alemão: a primeira relacionada ao pré-romantismo e a segunda ao romantismo propriamente dito e que deve muito à primeira. Além da presença de duas gerações que interagem, depreende-se de suas palavras que o romantismo alemão se formou lentamente, mas foi principalmente o pré-romantismo que repercutiu de modo vigoroso no exterior “através de obras goethianas como o romance Os padecimentos do jovem Werther, o drama medieval Goetz von Berlichingen e um fragmento do que mais tarde iria ser o Fausto, para não falar da peça Os bandoleiros, de 1 Schiller”. Observando que há um “certo espírito comum impregnando tanto o Sturm und Drang, como o romantismo alemão”, o crítico esclarece que o 1. ROSENFELD. Texto/contexto I, p. 149. 191 O eixo e a roda: v. 22, n. 2, 2013 romantismo alemão propriamente dito “assemelha-se em certos traços bem mais aos desenvolvimentos posteriores da literatura européia, ligados a Baudelaire, ao 2 simbolismo e à décadence literária
    [Show full text]
  • The Argentine 1960S
    The Argentine 1960s David William Foster It was the time of the Beatles, of high school studies, of “flower power,” of social ist revolution, of a new French movie house, of poetry, of Sartre and Fanon, of Simone de Beauvoir, of Salinger and Kerouac, of Marx and Lenin. It was all of that together. It was also the time of the Cuban Revolution, which opened our hearts, and it was the time of a country, Argentina, which took the first steps to ward vio lence that was to define our future (Fingueret 20-21). El cine es una institución que se ha modificado tanto que ya perdió su carácter de “región moral”. Las salas de cine hasta los primeros años de la década del sesen- ta eran lugares de reunión social donde la gente iba a estar como en un centro de reunión social, un club o un café del que se era habitué....Las antiguas salas tenían personalidad propia y algunas cum plían otras funciones que aquellas para las que habían sido creadas; en tiempo de represión sexual, eran frecuen- tadas por parejas heterosexuales que se besaban y mas- turbaban. Los homosexuales tenían su espaci en cier- tas salas llamadas “populares” no frecuentadas por familias, y en mu chos casos sus espectadores eran varones solos. “Hacer el ajedrez” se decia en el argot de los habitués, en esos cines, a cambiarse cons - tantemente de butaca en busca de la compañía ade- cuada (Sebreli 344).1 In Argentina, it was the best of times, and it was the worst of times.
    [Show full text]
  • Bibliography
    BIBLIOGRAPHY GENERAL ISSUES RELIGIONS AND PHILOSOPHY FIORANI, ELEONORA. Friedrich Engels e il materialismo dialettico. Feltrinelli Editore, Milano 1971. 272 pp. L. 3000. Engels's Anti-Diihring, Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy and Dialectics of Nature are the writings most elaborated upon by the author, who, refuting efforts to draw a line between Marx and Engels as regards their later followers, stresses Engels's contribution to Marxism. She argues that his contribution to dialectical materialism is still important for a clarification of topical issues, and makes some comments on the vicissitudes of diamat in the USSR. A chronology of Engels's life and an annotated bibliography are appended. HARTMANN, KLAUS. Die Marxsche Theorie. Eine philosophische Unter- suchung zu den Hauptschriften. Walter de Gruyter & Co, Berlin 1970. xii, 593 pp. DM 78.00. The author of this learned study undertakes a re-appraisal of Marx's theory from a purely philosophical angle. He criticizes Popper's theses (and lack of understanding of Hegelianism), but his own refutation of Marxian views brings him closer to Popper's. It is denied that a dialectical process going on in reality could justifiably be made to fit in the chain of historical necessity. Besides Marx's more philosophical writings all his major works, especially Capital, come up for discussion. Interesting are the comments on Marxist and non-Marxist evaluations of our time (Sartre, Habermas etc.). WILDERMUTH, ARMIN. Marx und die Verwirklichung der Philosophic. Martinus Nijhoff, Den Haag 1970. xii, 852 pp. (in 2 vols.) Hfl. 90.00. "The synthetic unity [of inter-subjective and object-related communications] constitutes the indissoluble process of the 'social movement', the total process of human self-reproduction.
    [Show full text]
  • De Miguel Cané (P.)
    Italia en los Apuntes de viaje de Miguel Cané (P.) Beatriz Curia UNIVERSIDAD DE BUENOS AIRES - CONICET LA OBRA DE MIGUEL Cané (P.), uno de los más destacados integrantes de la generación argentina de 1837, permanece hoy casi desconocida. Su labor periodística intensa determina que sea en los periódicos donde debe rastrearse su nada exigua producción literaria-novelas, narraciones, artículos de costumbres, ensayos-dispersa y en gran medida nunca reeditada. Cané es tal vez entre los hombres del 37 quien más atracción experimentó por Italia y su cultura. «En el espíritu de mi padre-puntualiza su hijo Miguel, el autor de Juvenilia-, aun antes de viajar y desenvolver su inteligencia en la atmósfera europea, la nueva literatura francesa compartía su cariño y su entusiasmo con la italiana de todos los 1 tiempos. Amaba la Italia como un proscripto» . Particular interés reviste en este sentido una libreta de apuntes de viaje, manuscrita, conservada en el Archivo General de la Nación (Buenos Aires), en cuyo análisis se centra esta ponencia2. Aunque no puede ignorarse el peso de Mazzini3 y la Joven Italia en la configuración del Credo de la Joven Argentina y en el pensamiento de sus integrantes, es ya moneda corriente en los estudios sobre nuestro siglo XIX resolver en la fácil fórmula de jóvenes afrancesados la compleja relación que tuvieron con los diversos países europeos los miembros de la generación de 183 7. Verdad es, por un lado, que admiraron a buena parte de los románticos franceses y adhirieron fervorosamente al socialismo utópico. Por otro, no es menos cierto que la pasión por Italia y su cultura palpitante en la obra de Cané es 4 única en el contexto de su generación .
    [Show full text]
  • List of Presidents of Uruguay
    SNo Name Took office Left office Political party 1 Fructuoso Rivera November 6, 1830 October 24, 1834 Colorado 2 Carlos Anaya October 24, 1834 March 1, 1835 Colorado 3 Manuel Oribe March 1, 1835 October 24, 1838 National 4 Gabriel Antonio Pereira October 24, 1838 March 1, 1839 Colorado 5 Fructuoso Rivera March 1, 1839 March 1, 1843 Colorado 6 Manuel Oribe February 16, 1843 October 8, 1851 National 7 Joaquín Suárez March 1, 1843 February 15, 1852 Colorado 8 Bernardo Berro February 15, 1852 March 1, 1852 National 9 Juan Francisco Giró March 1, 1852 September 25, 1853 National 10 Venancio Flores September 25, 1853 March 12, 1854 Colorado 11 Juan Antonio Lavalleja September 25, 1853 October 22, 1853 Independent 12 Fructuoso Rivera September 25, 1853 January 13, 1854 Colorado 13 Venancio Flores March 12, 1854 August 29, 1855 Colorado 14 Luis Lamas August 29, 1855 September 10, 1855 National 15 Manuel Basilio Bustamante September 10, 1855 February 15, 1856 Colorado 16 José María Plá February 15, 1856 March 1, 1856 Colorado 17 Gabriel Antonio Pereira March 1, 1856 March 1, 1860 Colorado 18 Bernardo Berro March 1, 1860 March 1, 1864 National 19 Atanasio Aguirre March 1, 1864 February 15, 1865 National 20 Tomás Villalba February 15, 1865 February 20, 1865 National 21 Venancio Flores February 20, 1865 February 15, 1868 Colorado 22 Pedro Varela February 15, 1868 March 1, 1868 Colorado 23 Lorenzo Batlle y Grau March 1, 1868 March 1, 1872 Colorado 24 Tomás Gomensoro Albín March 1, 1872 March 1, 1873 Colorado 25 José Eugenio Ellauri March 1, 1873 January
    [Show full text]
  • The Individualist Legacy in Latin America
    REFLECTIONS The Individualist Legacy in Latin America —————— ✦ —————— ALVARO VARGAS LLOSA t is often said that the root of Latin America’s underdevelopment lies in its sta- tist tradition.1 That tradition goes as far back as the pre-Columbian states, under I which masses of laborers toiled for the benefit of the ruling classes; it includes three centuries of corporatist and mercantilist Ibero-Catholic rule; and it has been compounded in modern times by the elitist independent republics. Through a com- bination of institutional arrangements set in place at various times by the governing cliques and cultural values transmitted from generation to generation, Latin Amer- ica’s tradition weighs so heavily against ideas of limited government, the rule of law, and personal responsibility that it would seem that an almost determinist view is jus- tified in regarding liberty as beyond the region’s reach. Yet from the days when Indians in parts of Central America and Mexico used cacao seeds as money to the present-day informal economy, the instinct of the Latin American people is no different from that of the rest of the human species. Nothing suggests that the native cultures, either in their precolonial or in their mestizo forms, could not have responded creatively and successfully to the incentives of liberty had they been allowed to operate under less-oppressive conditions. An individualist spirit has sought to manifest itself in Latin America in all histor- ical periods. This legacy goes as far back as the family units that worked their own land and exchanged goods in ancient times, moving from them to the Jesuits of the School Alvaro Vargas Llosa is a research fellow at The Independent Institute.
    [Show full text]
  • Common Perspectives in Post-Colonial Indian and African Fiction in English
    COMMON PERSPECTIVES IN POST-COLONIAL INDIAN AND AFRICAN FICTION IN ENGLISH ABSTRACT THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Bottor of IN ENGLISH LITERATURE BY AMINA KISHORE DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH ALIGARH MUSLIIVI UNIVERSITY ALIGARH 1995 Abstract The introduction of the special paper on Commonwealth Literature at the Post Graduate level and the paper called 'Novel other than British and American' at the Under Graduate level at AMU were the two major eventualities which led to this study. In the paper offered to the M A students, the grouping together of Literatures from atleast four of the Commonwealth nations into one paper was basically a makeshift arrangement. The objectives behind the formulation of such separate area as courses for special study remained vaguely described and therefore unjustified. The teacher and students, were both uncertain as to why and how to hold the disparate units together. The study emerges out of such immediate dilemma and it hopes to clarify certain problematic concerns related to the student of the Commonwealth Literature. Most Commonwealth criticism follows either (a) a justificatory approach; or (b) a confrontationist approach; In approach (a) usually a defensive stand is taken by local critics and a supportive non-critical, indulgent stand is adopted by the Western critic. In both cases, the issue of language use, nomenclature and the event cycle of colonial history are the routes by which the argument is moved. Approach (b) invariably adopts the Post-Colonial Discourse as its norm of presenting the argument. According to this approach, the commonness of Commonwealth Literatures emerges from the fact that all these Literatures have walked ••• through the fires of enslavement and therefore are anguished, embattled units of creative expression.
    [Show full text]