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The Distal and Local Volcanic Ash in the Late Pleistocene Sediments Of geosciences Article The Distal and Local Volcanic Ash in the Late Pleistocene Sediments of the Termination I Interval at the Reykjanes Ridge, North Atlantic, Based on the Study of the Core AMK-340 Alexander Matul 1,* , Irina F. Gablina 2, Tatyana A. Khusid 1, Natalya V. Libina 1 and Antonina I. Mikhailova 2 1 Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia 2 Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119107 Moscow, Russia * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 18 June 2019; Accepted: 29 August 2019; Published: 30 August 2019 Abstract: We made the geochemical analysis of the volcanic material from the sediment core AMK-340 (the Russian research vessel “Akademik Mstislav Keldysh” station 340), the central zone of the Reykjanes Ridge. Two ash-bearing sediment units within the interval of the Termination I can be detected. They correlate with the Ash Zone I in the North Atlantic Late Quaternary sediments having an age of 12,170–12,840 years within the Younger Dryas cold chronozone and 13,600–14,540 years within the Bølling–Allerød warm chronozone. The ash of the Younger Dryas unit is presented mostly by the mafic and persilicic material originated from the Icelandic volcanoes. One sediment sample from this unit contained Vedde Ash material. The ash of the Bølling–Allerød unit is presented mostly by the mafic shards which are related to the basalts of the rift zone on the Reykjanes Ridge, having presumably local origin. Possible detection of Vedde Ash could help to specify the timing of the previously reconstructed paleoceanographic changes for the Termination I in the point of the study: significant warming in the area might have occurred as early as 300 years before the end of the conventional Younger Dryas cold chronozone. Keywords: tephra in marine sediments; Ash Zone I in North Atlantic; tephrochronology of Termination I 1. Introduction Tephrochronology is a widely used tool for dating and correlating the marine and terrestrial sediment sequences, especially within the Quaternary [1]. Recent detailed mineralogical and geochemical studies of volcanic material revealed a high-resolution Late Pleistocene and Holocene chronostratigraphy for the North Atlantic [2–4]. Icelandic volcanoes are the major source of the ash in the marine sediments of the Nordic Seas and North Atlantic [5]. Extensive studies of the Icelandic soil, lake, and shelf sediments documented >150 tephra layers within the late glacial and Holocene time [6]. Thornalley et al. [7] detected numerous ash-bearing marine sediment layers south of Iceland within the last deglacial and Holocene time. Such data help to refine the regional and local sediment stratigraphy and synchronize the paleoclimatic archives between the distal oceanic and land regions. Numerous studies of the Late Pleistocene tephra layers in the North Atlantic domain exhibited a complicated mineral/geochemical composition of the ash material accumulated in the marine sediments during the Termination I between approximately 18 and 11 ka (e.g., [8–10]). Different processes influence the deposition of the specific ash layers: single eruption or closely-timed chain of eruptions in one locality, Geosciences 2019, 9, 379; doi:10.3390/geosciences9090379 www.mdpi.com/journal/geosciences Geosciences 2019, 9, 379 2 of 18 Geosciences 2019, 9, 379 2 of 18 eruptionsdispersal in by one the locality, atmospheric dispersal and by oceanic the atmosphe flows, icebergric and andoceanic sea-ice flows, rafting, iceberg and and reworking sea-ice rafting, by the andbottom reworking currents by and the bioturbationbottom currents [11]. and bioturbation [11]. OurOur study’s study’s aim aim is is to get additional information onon thethe occurrenceoccurrence and and composition composition of of the the tephra tephra in inthe the North North Atlantic Atlantic sediments sediments at the at transitionthe transition from from the last the glacial last glacial period period to the Holocene.to the Holocene. The position The positionof the sediment of the sediment core AMK-340 core AMK-340 (the Russian (the research Russian vessel research “Akademik vessel “Akademik Mstislav Keldysh” Mstislav station Keldysh” 340) stationis in the 340) central is in zonethe central of the Reykjaneszone of the Ridge Reykjanes with a Ridge local sourcewith a oflocal the source eruptive of material.the eruptive Therefore, material. we Therefore,tried to recognize we tried the to di ffrecognizeerent sources the ofdifferent the volcanic sources ash, of local the or volcanic distal ones. ash, Geochemical local or distal analysis ones. of Geochemicalthe volcanic shardsanalysis using of the scanning volcanic electron shards using microscopy scanning will electron help to revealmicroscopy the specific, will help well-known to reveal thetephra specific, layers well-known like Vedde Ashtephra which layers can like be aVedde good markerAsh which for acan refinement be a good of marker the core for stratigraphy a refinement and ofchronology the core stratigraphy of the local and paleoceanographic chronology of the changes. local paleoceanographic changes. 2.2. Materials Materials and and Methods Methods TheThe sediment sediment core core AMK-340 AMK-340 was was obtained obtained during during the the 4th 4th cruise cruise of of the the Russian Russian research research vessel vessel “Akademik“Akademik Mstislav Keldysh” [[12]12] inin thethe centralcentral partpart ofof the the Reykjanes Reykjanes Ridge, Ridge, North North Atlantic Atlantic south south of ofIceland Iceland (Figure (Figure1): 1): 58 58°30.6´◦30.60 N, N, 31 31°31.2´◦31.20 W, W, water water depth depth of of 1689 1689 m, m, core core length length 387 387 cm. cm. FigureFigure 1. 1. TheThe geographic geographic position position ofof the the sediment sediment core core AMK-340 AMK-340 (the (the Russian Russian research research vessel vessel “Akademik“Akademik MstislavMstislav Keldysh” Keldysh” station 340).station Source of the340). map isSource (https: //topex.ucsd.eduof the /marine_topomap is / (https://topex.ucsd.edu/marine_jpg_images/topo4.jpg). topo/jpg_images/topo4.jpg). FigureFigure 2 presents some general litho- and biostratigraphic and chronological data on the core AMK-340.AMK-340. More More data data are are presented presented in in [13–15]. [13–15]. The The core core unit unit of of 0–307 0–307 cm cm is is composed composed of of the the white white pelitic calcareous to weakly calcareous (foraminiferal-coccolith) oozes with a CaCO content from pelitic calcareous to weakly calcareous (foraminiferal-coccolith) oozes with a CaCO3 content3 from 10– 25%10–25% to 40–50%. to 40–50%. In the In thelower lower core core unit unit of 307–387 of 307–387 cm, cm, the the sediment sediment color color becomes becomes mainly mainly grey grey with with thinthin alternations ofof greenish-grey, greenish-grey, yellowish-grey, yellowish-grey, and and dark, dark, almost almost black, black, bands. bands. This unit This is enrichedunit is in the diatoms (sometimes up to 10–30%). The CaCO content varies there between 5.5% and 20% [12]. enriched in the diatoms (sometimes up to 10–30%). 3The CaCO3 content varies there between 5.5% andA visual 20% [12]. lithological A visual description lithological of description the core exhibited of the core no signsexhibited of the no volcanic signs of material. the volcanic material. The linear interpolation between four AMS 14C-datings [13] (Figure 2) helped to develop an age model of the core AMK-340, taking into account litho- and biostratigraphy [14,15]. Geosciences 2019, 9, 379 3 of 18 Geosciences 2019, 9, 379 3 of 18 Figure 2. Lithostratigraphy of the AMK-340. Lithological description (a): number 1 is pelitic Figure 2. Lithostratigraphy of the AMK-340. Lithological description (a): number 1 is pelitic calcareous calcareous oozes with a CaCO3 content of >40–50%, number 2 is pelitic weakly calcareous muds with oozes with a CaCO3 content of >40–50%, number 2 is pelitic weakly calcareous muds with a CaCO3 a CaCO3 content of 10–25%, and number 3 is silty-pelitic muds with a CaCO3 content between 5.5% content of 10–25%, and number 3 is silty-pelitic muds with a CaCO3 content between 5.5% and 20% and 20% and an admixture of biogenic SiO2 of up to 10–30% [12]. The green-colored graph (b) is a and an admixture of biogenic SiO2 of up to 10–30% [12]. The green-colored graph (b) is a distribution ofdistribution the radiolarian of the species radiolarianLithelius species spiralis Litheliusgroup spiralis as a marker group of as the a marker temperate of the (non-glacial) temperate conditions(non-glacial) in theconditions North Atlantic in the North [13]. TheAtlantic blue-colored [13]. The graphblue-colored (c) is a distributiongraph (c) is a of distribution the polar planktic of the polar foraminiferal planktic speciesforaminiferalNeogloboquadrina species Neogloboquadrina pachyderma sinistral pachyderma [13 ]sinistral as a glacial [13] as marker. a glacial The marker. dark-blue The dark-blue line (d) isline a distribution(d) is a distribution of the mineral of the grainsmineral in grai thens sediment in the sediment fraction of fraction>100 µ mof [>10013] as μm a marker [13] as ofa marker the ice-rafted of the material.ice-rafted Pinkmaterial. bars arePink the bars samples are the where samples the ash where material the ash was material analyzed. was Black analyzed. dotted Black arrows dotted with 14 captionsarrows with show captions positions show of positions the AMS of (Accelerator the AMS (Accelerator Mass Spectrometry) Mass Spectrometry)14C-dates. VioletC-dates. rectangle Violet indicatesrectangle theindicates Younger the Dryas Younger unit. Dryas unit. TheCalibration linear interpolation of the 14C-datings between in fourthe calendar AMS 14C-datings age data [was13] (Figuremade in2) the helped CALIB to develop 7.1.0 computer an age modelsoftware of theusing core the AMK-340, MARINE13 taking calibration into account scale litho-with andthe standard biostratigraphy reservoir [14 correction,15].
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