Safety Reports Series No.38

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Safety Reports Series No.38 This publication has been superseded by SSG-46. Safety Reports Series No.38 Applying Radiation Safety Standards in Radiotherapy Jointly sponsored by This publication has been superseded by SSG-46. IAEA SAFETY RELATED PUBLICATIONS IAEA SAFETY STANDARDS Under the terms of Article III of its Statute, the IAEA is authorized to establish or adopt standards of safety for protection of health and minimization of danger to life and property, and to provide for the application of these standards. The publications by means of which the IAEA establishes standards are issued in the IAEA Safety Standards Series. This series covers nuclear safety, radiation safety, transport safety and waste safety, and also general safety (i.e. all these areas of safety). The publication categories in the series are Safety Fundamentals, Safety Requirements and Safety Guides. Safety standards are coded according to their coverage: nuclear safety (NS), radiation safety (RS), transport safety (TS), waste safety (WS) and general safety (GS). Information on the IAEA’s safety standards programme is available at the IAEA Internet site http://www-ns.iaea.org/standards/ The site provides the texts in English of published and draft safety standards. The texts of safety standards issued in Arabic, Chinese, French, Russian and Spanish, the IAEA Safety Glossary and a status report for safety standards under development are also available. For further information, please contact the IAEA at P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria. All users of IAEA safety standards are invited to inform the IAEA of experience in their use (e.g. as a basis for national regulations, for safety reviews and for training courses) for the purpose of ensuring that they continue to meet users’ needs. Information may be provided via the IAEA Internet site or by post, as above, or by e-mail to [email protected]. OTHER SAFETY RELATED PUBLICATIONS The IAEA provides for the application of the standards and, under the terms of Articles III and VIII.C of its Statute, makes available and fosters the exchange of information relating to peaceful nuclear activities and serves as an intermediary among its Member States for this purpose. Reports on safety and protection in nuclear activities are issued in other publications series, in particular the Safety Reports Series. Safety Reports provide practical examples and detailed methods that can be used in support of the safety standards. Other IAEA series of safety related publications are the Provision for the Application of Safety Standards Series, the Radiological Assessment Reports Series and the International Nuclear Safety Group’s INSAG Series. The IAEA also issues reports on radiological accidents and other special publications. Safety related publications are also issued in the Technical Reports Series, the IAEA-TECDOC Series, the Training Course Series and the IAEA Services Series, and as Practical Radiation Safety Manuals and Practical Radiation Technical Manuals. Security related publications are issued in the IAEA Nuclear Security Series. This publication has been superseded by SSG-46. APPLYING RADIATION SAFETY STANDARDS IN RADIOTHERAPY This publication has been superseded by SSG-46. This publication has been superseded by SSG-46. SAFETY REPORTS SERIES No. 38 APPLYING RADIATION SAFETY STANDARDS IN RADIOTHERAPY JOINTLY SPONSORED BY THE EUROPEAN SOCIETY FOR THERAPEUTIC RADIOLOGY AND ONCOLOGY INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, INTERNATIONAL LABOUR OFFICE, INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MEDICAL PHYSICS, PAN AMERICAN HEALTH ORGANIZATION, AND WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY VIENNA, 2006 This publication has been superseded by SSG-46. COPYRIGHT NOTICE All IAEA scientific and technical publications are protected by the terms of the Universal Copyright Convention as adopted in 1952 (Berne) and as revised in 1972 (Paris). The copyright has since been extended by the World Intellectual Property Organization (Geneva) to include electronic and virtual intellectual property. Permission to use whole or parts of texts contained in IAEA publications in printed or electronic form must be obtained and is usually subject to royalty agreements. Proposals for non-commercial reproductions and translations are welcomed and will be considered on a case by case basis. Enquiries should be addressed by email to the Publishing Section, IAEA, at [email protected] or by post to: Sales and Promotion Unit, Publishing Section International Atomic Energy Agency Wagramer Strasse 5 P.O. Box 100 A-1400 Vienna Austria fax: +43 1 2600 29302 tel.: +43 1 2600 22417 http://www.iaea.org/books © IAEA, 2006 Printed by the IAEA in Austria February 2006 STI/PUB/1205 IAEA Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Applying radiation safety standards in radiotherapy / jointly Sponsored by the International Atomic Energy Agency … [et al.]. — Vienna : International Atomic Energy Agency, 2006. p. ; 24 cm. — (Safety reports series, ISSN 1020-6450 ; no. 38) STI/PUB/1205 ISBN 92–0–110904–0 Includes bibliographical references. 1. Radiation — Safety measures — Standards. 2. Radiotherapy — Safety measures — Standards. I. International Atomic Energy Agency. II. Series. IAEAL 06–00417 This publication has been superseded by SSG-46. FOREWORD The International Basic Safety Standards for Protection against Ionizing Radiation and for the Safety of Radiation Sources (BSS) cover the application of ionizing radiation for all practices and interventions and are, therefore, basic and general in nature. Users of radiation sources have to apply these basic requirements to their own particular practices. This requires a degree of ‘interpretation’ by the user, which can result in varying levels of regulatory compliance and inconsistencies between applications of the BSS to similar practices. In this context, the preamble of the BSS states that: “The [regulatory body] may need to provide guidance on how certain regulatory requirements are to be fulfilled for various practices, for example in regulatory guideline documents.” In order to guide the user to achieve a good standard of protection and to achieve a consistent national approach to licensing and inspection, some countries have developed practice specific regulatory guidance, while others have practice specific regulations. For obvious reasons, national regulatory guidance is tailored to a country’s own legislation and regulations. This can lead to problems if the guidance is used in other States without appropriate modification to take local requirements into account. There would therefore appear to be scope for producing internationally harmonized guidance, while bearing in mind that the ultimate responsibility for the regulatory documents rests with the State. Some regions have taken the initiative of preparing guidance to facilitate the regional harmonization of regulatory control of certain common practices (e.g. radiotherapy). A number of draft regulatory guidance documents for the main practices involving the use of ionizing radiation have already been prepared. This initiative indicates that there is a global demand for such documents. In particular, it is felt that countries participating in the IAEA’s technical cooperation model project on Upgrading Radiation and Waste Safety Infrastructure would benefit significantly from the availability of practice specific guidance. Member States could then more readily develop their own guidance tailored to their own requirements and needs. This idea led to the development of the present report. The Action Plan on the Radiological Protection of Patients, approved by the IAEA General Conference in September 2002, requires that “The practice- specific documents under preparation should be finalized as guidance rather than regulations, and they should include input from professional bodies, from international organizations and from authorities with responsibility for radiation protection and medical care.” Following this request, the only This publication has been superseded by SSG-46. mandatory statements of this report are quotations from the BSS, including requirements. There are certain BSS requirements that, when applied to specific practices, can be fulfilled mainly through one practical solution. In these cases, the regulatory body may need to use a ‘should’ statement, which implies that licensees should choose this solution or, if another option is intended, an equivalent level of safety should be provided. In other cases, there may be more than one option. In these cases the regulatory body would just mention or describe them. This guidance is intended for both regulators and users of radiation sources in radiotherapy. Regulators may use it for reviewing applications for authorization and during the inspection of facilities. Registrants/licensees may wish to follow the guidance in order to comply with BSS requirements or equivalent national requirements. Experts recruited on IAEA missions to advise on the implementation of the BSS for the practice of radiotherapy are expected to use this regulatory guidance report rather than their own national guidance. Working safely, with a quality assurance programme, is important and contributes to gaining overall confidence and credibility in the practice of radiotherapy. This report has been prepared by the IAEA with the contributions of the Pan American Health Organization, the International Labour Office, the World Health Organization, the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology and the International Organization
Recommended publications
  • Internal Radiation Therapy, Places Radioactive Material Directly Inside Or Next to the Tumor
    Brachytherapy Brachytherapy is a type of radiation therapy used to treat cancer. It places radioactive sources inside the patient to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. This allows your doctor to use a higher total dose of radiation to treat a smaller area in less time. Your doctor will tell you how to prepare and whether you will need medical imaging. Your doctor may use a computer program to plan your therapy. What is brachytherapy and how is it used? External beam radiation therapy (EBRT) directs high-energy x-ray beams at a tumor from outside the body. Brachytherapy, also called internal radiation therapy, places radioactive material directly inside or next to the tumor. It uses a higher total dose of radiation to treat a smaller area in less time than EBRT. Brachytherapy treats cancers throughout the body, including the: prostate - see the Prostate Cancer Treatment (https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info/pros_cancer) page cervix - see the Cervical Cancer Treatment (https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info/cervical-cancer-therapy) page head and neck - see the Head and Neck Cancer Treatment (https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info/hdneck) page skin breast - see the Breast Cancer Treatment (https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info/breast-cancer-therapy) page gallbladder uterus vagina lung - see the Lung Cancer Treatment (https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info/lung-cancer-therapy) page rectum eye Brachytherapy is seldom used in children. However, brachytherapy has the advantage of using a highly localized dose of radiation. This means that less radiation is delivered to surrounding tissue. This significantly decreases the risk of radiation-induced second malignancies, a serious concern in children.
    [Show full text]
  • Training for Radiation Emergencies: First Responder Operations
    TRAINING FOR RADIATION EMERGENCIES: FIRST RESPONDER OPERATIONS STUDENT TEXT Developed by THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF FIRE FIGHTERS ® Alfred K. Whitehead Vincent J. Bollon General President General Secretary-Treasurer Copyright © 1998 International Association of Fire Fighters 1750 New York Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20006 THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF FIRE FIGHTERS ® Alfred K. Whitehead Vincent J. Bollon General President General Secretary-Treasurer Bradley M. Sant, Director Hazardous Materials Training The IAFF acknowledges the Hazardous Materials Training staff: Kimberly Lockhart, Michael Lucey, Diane Dix Massa, A. Christopher Miklovis, Carol Mintz, Michael Schaitberger, Scott Solomon, Linda Voelpel Casey, and consultants Jo Griffith, Eric Lamar, and Margaret Veroneau for their work in developing this manual. In addition, the IAFF thanks Paul Deane,Tommy Erickson, and Charlie Wright for their contributions to this project. Notice This manual was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors nor their employees, make any warranty, expressed or implied, or assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represent that its use would not infringe upon privately-owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof.
    [Show full text]
  • Standards for Radiation Oncology
    Standards for Radiation Oncology Radiation Oncology is the independent field of medicine which deals with the therapeutic applications of radiant energy and its modifiers as well as the study and management of cancer and other diseases. The American College of Radiation Oncology (ACRO) is a nonprofit professional organization whose primary purposes are to advance the science of radiation oncology, improve service to patients, study the socioeconomic aspects of the practice of radiation oncology, and provide information to and encourage continuing education for radiation oncologists, medical physicists, and persons practicing in allied professional fields. As part of its mission, the American College of Radiation Oncology has developed a Practice Accreditation Program, consisting of standards for Radiation Oncology and standards for Physics/External Beam Therapy. Accreditation is a voluntary process in which professional peers identify standards indicative of a high quality practice in a given field, and which recognizes entities that meet these high professional standards. Each standard in ACRO’s Practice Accreditation Program requires extensive peer review and the approval of the ACRO Standards Committee as well as the ACRO Board of Chancellors. The standards recognize that the safe and effective use of ionizing radiation requires specific training, skills and techniques as described in this document. The ACRO will periodically define new standards for radiation oncology practice to help advance the science of radiation oncology and to improve the quality of service to patients throughout the United States. Existing standards will be reviewed for revision or renewal as appropriate on their third anniversary or sooner, if indicated. The ACRO standards are not rules, but rather attempts to define principles of practice that are indicative of high quality care in radiation oncology.
    [Show full text]
  • Radiation Burn / Dermatitis, Chemical Burn & Necrobiosis Lipodica Case Studies
    Radiation Burn / Dermatitis, Chemical Burn & Necrobiosis Lipodica Case Studies By: Jeanne Alvarez, FNP, CWS, Independent Medical Associates, Bangor, ME Radiation Burn / Dermatitis Case Study 1: 63 year old female S/P lumpectomy with chemotherapy and radiation to the breast. She developed a burn to the area with noted dermatitis at the completion of radiation treatments. Area was very painful and blistered. Hydrofera Blue radiation dressing was applied and held in place with netting. There was significant pain reduction reported within hours of application. Wounds healed in 17 days of starting therapy. Started Healed in 17 Days Radiation Burn / Dermatitis Case Study 2: 85 year old male S/P excision of Squamous cell carcinoma of the right temple x 2, the second excision prompted the surgeon to treat area with radiation. The radiation caused the patient’s skin to burn and develop a dermatitis surrounding the wound. Started Hydrofera Blue on patient and he healed in 83 days. Started Healed in 83 Days Chemical Burn Necrobiosis Lipodica Case Study 1: 57 year old male spraying Case Study 1: 48 year old female with wounds on shins. Wounds present for 3 years. insecticide containing the cyhalothrin, Treated at wound care center and given diagnosis of pyoderma gangrenosum, tried came into contact with hands and arms. multiple treatments resulting in thick black and flesh colored eschar which festered and Flushed area with water after contact. drained on regular basis. Wounds did not resemble pyoderma gangrenosum, debrided Within 24 hours of exposure, developed eschar and obtained biopsy, which provided diagnosis of necrobiosis lipodica. Work-up for painful 10/10 blisters.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of County-Level Radiation Oncologist Density on Prostate Cancer Mortality in the United States
    Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases (2012) 15, 391 -- 396 & 2012 Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved 1365-7852/12 www.nature.com/pcan ORIGINAL ARTICLE The impact of county-level radiation oncologist density on prostate cancer mortality in the United States S Aneja1 and JB Yu1,2,3 BACKGROUND: The distribution of radiation oncologists across the United States varies significantly among geographic regions. Accompanying these variations exist geographic variations in prostate cancer mortality. Prostate cancer outcomes have been linked to variations in urologist density, however, the impact of geographic variation in the radiation oncologist workforce and prostate cancer mortality has yet to be investigated. The goal of this study was to determine the effect of increasing radiation oncologist density on regional prostate cancer mortality. METHODS: Using county-level prostate cancer mortality data from the National Cancer Institute and Centers for Disease Control as well as physician workforce and health system data from the Area Resource File a regression model was built for prostate cancer mortality controlling for categorized radiation oncologist density, urologist density, county socioeconomic factors and pre-existing health system infrastructure. RESULTS: There was statistically significant reduction in prostate cancer mortality (3.91--5.45% reduction in mortality) in counties with at least 1 radiation oncologist compared with counties lacking radiation oncologists. However, increasing the density of radiation oncologists beyond 1 per 100 000 residents did not yield statistically significant incremental reductions in prostate cancer mortality. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of at least one radiation oncologist is associated with significant reductions in prostate cancer mortality within that county. However, the incremental benefit of increasing radiation oncologist density exhibits a plateau effect providing marginal benefit.
    [Show full text]
  • Ionizing Radiation Mediates Dose Dependent Effects Affecting the Healing Kinetics of Wounds Created on Acute and Late Irradiated Skin
    Article Ionizing Radiation Mediates Dose Dependent Effects Affecting the Healing Kinetics of Wounds Created on Acute and Late Irradiated Skin Candice Diaz 1,2, Cindy J. Hayward 1,2, Meryem Safoine 1,2, Caroline Paquette 1,2, Josée Langevin 3, Josée Galarneau 3, Valérie Théberge 4, Jean Ruel 5,6 , Louis Archambault 6,7,8 and Julie Fradette 1,2,6,* 1 Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval (LOEX), Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada; [email protected] (C.D.); [email protected] (C.J.H.); [email protected] (M.S.); [email protected] (C.P.) 2 Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada 3 Department of Radiation Oncology, Cégep de Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC G1V 1T3, Canada; [email protected] (J.L.); [email protected] (J.G.) 4 Department of Radiation Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec–Université Laval, Québec, QC G1R 2J6, Canada; [email protected] 5 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; [email protected] 6 Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC G1E 6W2, Canada; [email protected] 7 Department of Physics, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada 8 Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l’Université Laval, Québec, QC G1R 2J6, Canada * Correspondence: [email protected] Citation: Diaz, C.; Hayward, C.J; Abstract: Radiotherapy for cancer treatment is often associated with skin damage that can lead to Safoine, M.; Paquette, C.; Langevin, J.; incapacitating hard-to-heal wounds.
    [Show full text]
  • Denture Technology Curriculum Objectives
    Health Licensing Agency 700 Summer St. NE, Suite 320 Salem, Oregon 97301-1287 Telephone (503) 378-8667 FAX (503) 585-9114 E-Mail: [email protected] Web Site: www.Oregon.gov/OHLA As of July 1, 2013 the Board of Denture Technology in collaboration with Oregon Students Assistance Commission and Department of Education has determined that 103 quarter hours or the equivalent semester or trimester hours is equivalent to an Associate’s Degree. A minimum number of credits must be obtained in the following course of study or educational areas: • Orofacial Anatomy a minimum of 2 credits; • Dental Histology and Embryology a minimum of 2 credits; • Pharmacology a minimum of 3 credits; • Emergency Care or Medical Emergencies a minimum of 1 credit; • Oral Pathology a minimum of 3 credits; • Pathology emphasizing in Periodontology a minimum of 2 credits; • Dental Materials a minimum of 5 credits; • Professional Ethics and Jurisprudence a minimum of 1 credit; • Geriatrics a minimum of 2 credits; • Microbiology and Infection Control a minimum of 4 credits; • Clinical Denture Technology a minimum of 16 credits which may be counted towards 1,000 hours supervised clinical practice in denture technology defined under OAR 331-405-0020(9); • Laboratory Denture Technology a minimum of 37 credits which may be counted towards 1,000 hours supervised clinical practice in denture technology defined under OAR 331-405-0020(9); • Nutrition a minimum of 4 credits; • General Anatomy and Physiology minimum of 8 credits; and • General education and electives a minimum of 13 credits. Curriculum objectives which correspond with the required course of study are listed below.
    [Show full text]
  • Radiological Protection Issues in Endovascular Use of Radiation Sources
    IAEA-TECDOC-1488 Radiological protection issues in endovascular use of radiation sources February 2006 IAEA SAFETY RELATED PUBLICATIONS IAEA SAFETY STANDARDS Under the terms of Article III of its Statute, the IAEA is authorized to establish or adopt standards of safety for protection of health and minimization of danger to life and property, and to provide for the application of these standards. The publications by means of which the IAEA establishes standards are issued in the IAEA Safety Standards Series. This series covers nuclear safety, radiation safety, transport safety and waste safety, and also general safety (i.e. all these areas of safety). The publication categories in the series are Safety Fundamentals, Safety Requirements and Safety Guides. Safety standards are coded according to their coverage: nuclear safety (NS), radiation safety (RS), transport safety (TS), waste safety (WS) and general safety (GS). Information on the IAEA’s safety standards programme is available at the IAEA Internet site http://www-ns.iaea.org/standards/ The site provides the texts in English of published and draft safety standards. The texts of safety standards issued in Arabic, Chinese, French, Russian and Spanish, the IAEA Safety Glossary and a status report for safety standards under development are also available. For further information, please contact the IAEA at P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria. All users of IAEA safety standards are invited to inform the IAEA of experience in their use (e.g. as a basis for national regulations, for safety reviews and for training courses) for the purpose of ensuring that they continue to meet users’ needs.
    [Show full text]
  • Of Suvranu Ganguli Supporting the Yttrium-90 Microsphere
    'Page 1 of2 As of: 12/18/17 4:23 PM Received: December 17, 2017 . ' · Status: Pending_Post PUBLIC SUBMISSION Tracking No . .lkl-90ef-jm8z Comments Due: January 08, 2018 Submission Type: API Docket: NRC-2017-0215 Yttrium-90 Microsphere Brachytherapy Sources and Devices Therasphere and SIR-Spheres Comment On: NRC-2017-0215-0001 Yttrium-90 Microsphere Brachytherapy Sources and Devices TheraSphere and SIR-Spheres; Draft Guidance for Comment Document: NRC-2017-0215-DRAFT-0108 Comment on FR Doc# 2017-24129 I - -- Submitter Information /I / 1 / cJ-1)/ 7 p ~ ~A,c!J7?~-- Name: Suvranu Ganguli Address: Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit Street, GRB 298 Boston, MA, 02114 Email: [email protected] Organization: Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School General Comment Dear Nuclear Regulatory Commission, I am a practicing interventional radiologist/oncologist at Massachusetts General Hospital and an Assistant Professor of Radiology at Harvard Medical School, and have been practicing for over 8 years. I have utiilzed Y-90 radioembolization on hundreds of patients over that time, and I am an authorized used for both Sir-Spheres and Theraspheres at my hospital. I have worked closely with Sirtex for may years in treating my patients. I endorse the Sirtex response to the NRC proposed amendment, which is supplied below. Thank you for your consideration, SUNSI Review Complete Template = ADM - 013 E-RIDS= ADM -03 "­ https://www.fdms.gov/fdms/getcontent?objectid=0900006482< Add= A· :!);uJL/eY/ek_&eJ:t-.) 12/18/2017 Page 2 of2 Suvranu Ganguli, MD Attachments Sirtex Response to NRC Proposed Changes Oct 2016 https://www.fdms.gov/fdms/getcontent?objectid=0900006482d22499&format=xml&showorig=false 12/18/2017 SIRThX Sirtex Response to Proposed Changes to the Yttrium-90 Microsphere Brachytherapy Sources and Devices Licensing Guidance Statement to the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • A Framework for Quality Radiation Oncology Care
    Safety is No Accident A FRAMEWORK FOR QUALITY RADIATION ONCOLOGY CARE DEVELOPED AND SPONSORED BY Safety is No Accident A FRAMEWORK FOR QUALITY RADIATION ONCOLOGY CARE DEVELOPED AND SPONSORED BY: American Society for Radiation Oncology (ASTRO) ENDORSED BY: American Association of Medical Dosimetrists (AAMD) American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) American Board of Radiology (ABR) American Brachytherapy Society (ABS) American College of Radiology (ACR) American Radium Society (ARS) American Society of Radiologic Technologists (ASRT) Society of Chairmen of Academic Radiation Oncology Programs (SCAROP) Society for Radiation Oncology Administrators (SROA) T A R G E T I N G CAN CER CAR E The content in this publication is current as of the publication date. The information and opinions provided in the book are based on current and accessible evidence and consensus in the radiation oncology community. However, no such guide can be all-inclusive, and, especially given the evolving environment in which we practice, the recommendations and information provided in the book are subject to change and are intended to be updated over time. This book is made available to ASTRO and endorsing organization members and to the public for educational and informational purposes only. Any commercial use of this book or any content in this book without the prior written consent of ASTRO is strictly prohibited. The information in the book presents scientific, health and safety information and may, to some extent, reflect ASTRO’s and the endorsing organizations’ understanding of the consensus scientific or medical opinion. ASTRO and the endorsing organizations regard any consideration of the information in the book to be voluntary.
    [Show full text]
  • Burning of Body: Causes, Stages, Effects, Preventions
    Vol-6 Issue-3 2020 IJARIIE-ISSN(O)-2395-4396 Burning of Body: Causes, Stages, Effects, Preventions Parul Gupta CT University Abstract Burn in one of the most destructive form of trauma. A burned body show many changes in the physical and chemical properties of the body parts. Burn can be caused in different ways: Thermal, Chemical, Electrical, Radiation, Sunburns, Cold burn and Friction burn. There are three stages of Burn which include: First degree, Second degree and Third degree. The burning cause the effects on the physiological as well as psychological factors. We need to take various precautions in order to prevent the injury cause due to the burning. Keywords : Burn , Body , Skin , Injury Burn is one of the most destructive form of trauma. This is a significant cause of injuries which may result in death of the person. This may also cause permanent functional impairment which not only effect the life of the victims but also their families and locality.[2] Most of the deaths are realted to the sepsis from burn wound because it further provide site for many infections. In case of serious injury, there is a need of special resources that minimize morbidity and mortality.[1] The special resources include specialized medical equipment, well educated staff and a well-organized systems for proper maintenance.[2] A burned body show many changes in the physical and chemical properties of the body parts. Depending upon the temperature of exposure heat, the manner of identification matters. In forensics, to examine burned body various techniques are used i.e.Anthropological tests, DNA profiling, Polymerase chain reaction.[3] Figure 1: Burned Vicitm Causes of Burns The burns can be classified on the basis of manner used: [5] [6] Thermal Burns: These Burns are caused due to the excess amount of heat which may occur due to steam, flames, hot water, hot area etc.
    [Show full text]
  • RADIATION ONCOLOGY TRAINING PROGRAM CURRICULUM Page 2 © 2012 RANZCR
    The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists® RADIATION ONCOLOGY TRAINING PROGRAM CURRICULUM Page 2 © 2012 RANZCR. Radiation Oncology Training Program Curriculum Foreward by the Chief Censor incorporates direct clinical management of patients of CURRICULUM all ages, with a uniquely effective treatment modality. INTRODUCTION With the discovery of X-rays in the late 19th century and It is a specialty that will allow you to have meaningful the study of radioactivity by Marie Curie and colleagues interactions with patients and their families, and to be in the early 1900s, came a new era in medicine. The a key player in their overall care. realisation that some types of radiation (X-rays, electrons and gamma rays from radioactive materials) destroy Again, welcome. malignant cells, infinitely expanded our capacity to treat cancer. Over the last 100 years, the full potential of radiation in curing many cancer patients, and relieving distressing symptoms (palliation) for others, has unfolded. This stream of medicine has grown into the modern A/Prof. Sandra Turner specialty of Radiation Oncology. Chief Censor Radiation Oncology Clinicians who specialise in Radiation Oncology play an integral role in the complex multidisciplinary team management of cancer patients. Their practice is strongly underpinned by a detailed knowledge of the biological effects and physics of radiation, of pathology and anatomy as they relate to cancer and its control, and of the application of sophisticated imaging and treatment technologies. Paramount is an extensive understanding of all clinical aspects of cancer management. Radiation Oncologists are trained to be competent beyond their role as clinical and technical experts.
    [Show full text]