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The Rise and Fall of Communism
The Rise and Fall of Communism archie brown To Susan and Alex, Douglas and Tamara and to my grandchildren Isobel and Martha, Nikolas and Alina Contents Maps vii A Note on Names viii Glossary and Abbreviations x Introduction 1 part one: Origins and Development 1. The Idea of Communism 9 2. Communism and Socialism – the Early Years 26 3. The Russian Revolutions and Civil War 40 4. ‘Building Socialism’: Russia and the Soviet Union, 1917–40 56 5. International Communism between the Two World Wars 78 6. What Do We Mean by a Communist System? 101 part two: Communism Ascendant 7. The Appeals of Communism 117 8. Communism and the Second World War 135 9. The Communist Takeovers in Europe – Indigenous Paths 148 10. The Communist Takeovers in Europe – Soviet Impositions 161 11. The Communists Take Power in China 179 12. Post-War Stalinism and the Break with Yugoslavia 194 part three: Surviving without Stalin 13. Khrushchev and the Twentieth Party Congress 227 14. Zig-zags on the Road to ‘communism’ 244 15. Revisionism and Revolution in Eastern Europe 267 16. Cuba: A Caribbean Communist State 293 17. China: From the ‘Hundred Flowers’ to ‘Cultural Revolution’ 313 18. Communism in Asia and Africa 332 19. The ‘Prague Spring’ 368 20. ‘The Era of Stagnation’: The Soviet Union under Brezhnev 398 part four: Pluralizing Pressures 21. The Challenge from Poland: John Paul II, Lech Wałesa, and the Rise of Solidarity 421 22. Reform in China: Deng Xiaoping and After 438 23. The Challenge of the West 459 part five: Interpreting the Fall of Communism 24. -
The 1959 American National Exhibition in Moscow and the Soviet Artistic Reaction to the Abstract Art”
DISSERTATION Titel der Dissertation “The 1959 American National Exhibition in Moscow and the Soviet Artistic Reaction to the Abstract Art” Verfasserin Mag. Gretchen Simms angestrebter akademischer Grad Doktorin der Philosophie (Dr. phil.) Wien, im Oktober 2007 Studienkennzahl laut Studienblatt: 8606505 Dissertationsgebiet laut Studienblatt: Kunstgeschichte Betreuer: Univ. Doz. Dr. Dieter Bogner TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iii Chapter I. THE AMERICAN SIDE – INTRODUCTION 1 A. SPIRITUAL TRENDS AND THEIR IMPACT ON U.S. ART 9 B. ABSTRACT ART, PATRONS AND ADVANCEMENT 17 C. POLITICS AND ART 29 D. THE AMERICAN NATIONAL EXHIBITION 39 II. THE SOVIET SIDE – INTRODUCTION 53 A. POLITICS IN THE USSR AND ITS IMPACT ON ART 59 B. ARTISTS DEVELOPMENT FROM RUSSIA TO USSR 79 C. THE AMERICAN NATIONAL EXHIBITION 103 D. THE INFLUENCE OF THE AMERICAN NATIONAL SHOW 121 EPILOGUE 133 APPENDIX A: LIST OF WORKS DISPLAYED IN 1959 143 APPENDIX B: FIGURES 147 BIBLIOGRAPHY 179 ABSTRACT IN GERMAN 187 ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH 189 CURRICULUM VITAE 191 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Twelve years ago I happened upon a dissertation which inspired me to write my own Master’s paper which ultimately pointed me in the right direction for this dissertation. My Master’s kept the idea going around in my head: “There must have been an artistic reaction to the 1959 Exhibition in Moscow” until I could begin researching. In this context I would like to thank Liz Wollner-Grandville, who so spontaneously thought of the right person: John Jacobs and his wife, Katja who gave me so much information, enthusiasm, references and people to contact. I would like to thank Jack Masey and Martin Manning for their help in finding the information I needed in the last legs of my work at the State Department on the 1959 Exhibit. -
Dissertation
DISSERTATION Titel der Dissertation “The 1959 American National Exhibition in Moscow and the Soviet Artistic Reaction to the Abstract Art” Verfasserin Mag. Gretchen Simms angestrebter akademischer Grad Doktorin der Philosophie (Dr. phil.) Wien, im Oktober 2007 Studienkennzahl laut Studienblatt: 8606505 Dissertationsgebiet laut Studienblatt: Kunstgeschichte Betreuer: Univ. Doz. Dr. Dieter Bogner TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iii Chapter I. THE AMERICAN SIDE – INTRODUCTION 1 A. SPIRITUAL TRENDS AND THEIR IMPACT ON U.S. ART 9 B. ABSTRACT ART, PATRONS AND ADVANCEMENT 17 C. POLITICS AND ART 29 D. THE AMERICAN NATIONAL EXHIBITION 39 II. THE SOVIET SIDE – INTRODUCTION 53 A. POLITICS IN THE USSR AND ITS IMPACT ON ART 59 B. ARTISTS DEVELOPMENT FROM RUSSIA TO USSR 79 C. THE AMERICAN NATIONAL EXHIBITION 103 D. THE INFLUENCE OF THE AMERICAN NATIONAL SHOW 121 EPILOGUE 133 APPENDIX A: LIST OF WORKS DISPLAYED IN 1959 143 APPENDIX B: FIGURES 147 BIBLIOGRAPHY 179 ABSTRACT IN GERMAN 187 ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH 189 CURRICULUM VITAE 191 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Twelve years ago I happened upon a dissertation which inspired me to write my own Master’s paper which ultimately pointed me in the right direction for this dissertation. My Master’s kept the idea going around in my head: “There must have been an artistic reaction to the 1959 Exhibition in Moscow” until I could begin researching. In this context I would like to thank Liz Wollner-Grandville, who so spontaneously thought of the right person: John Jacobs and his wife, Katja who gave me so much information, enthusiasm, references and people to contact. I would like to thank Jack Masey and Martin Manning for their help in finding the information I needed in the last legs of my work at the State Department on the 1959 Exhibit. -
Chapaev and His Comrades War and the Russian Literary Hero Across the Twentieth Century Cultural Revolutions: Russia in the Twentieth Century
Chapaev and His Comrades War and the Russian Literary Hero across the Twentieth Century Cultural Revolutions: Russia in the Twentieth Century Editorial Board: Anthony Anemone (Th e New School) Robert Bird (Th e University of Chicago) Eliot Borenstein (New York University) Angela Brintlinger (Th e Ohio State University) Karen Evans-Romaine (Ohio University) Jochen Hellbeck (Rutgers University) Lilya Kaganovsky (University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign) Christina Kiaer (Northwestern University) Alaina Lemon (University of Michigan) Simon Morrison (Princeton University) Eric Naiman (University of California, Berkeley) Joan Neuberger (University of Texas, Austin) Ludmila Parts (McGill University) Ethan Pollock (Brown University) Cathy Popkin (Columbia University) Stephanie Sandler (Harvard University) Boris Wolfson (Amherst College), Series Editor Chapaev and His Comrades War and the Russian Literary Hero across the Twentieth Century Angela Brintlinger Boston 2012 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: a bibliographic record for this title is available from the Library of Congress. Copyright © 2012 Academic Studies Press All rights reserved ISBN - 978-1-61811-202-6, Hardback ISBN - 978-1-61811-203-3, Electronic Cover design by Ivan Grave On the cover: “Zatishie na perednem krae,” 1942, photograph by Max Alpert. Published by Academic Studies Press in 2012 28 Montfern Avenue Brighton, MA 02135, USA [email protected] www.academicstudiespress.com Effective December 12th, 2017, this book will be subject to a CC-BY-NC license. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/. Other than as provided by these licenses, no part of this book may be reproduced, transmitted, or displayed by any electronic or mechanical means without permission from the publisher or as permitted by law. -
The Hayes History Journal 2017
The Hayes History Journal 2017 The Hayes History Journal 2017 Editors: Katherine Anthony, James Elliott, Jennifer Rodgers, and Abigail Sweetman Faculty Advisors: Dr. Allison Williams Lewin and Dr. Melissa Chakars The Hayes History Journal staff thanks Victor Taylor for his long-standing support of the Journal and student publishing at Saint Joseph’s University The Hayes History Journal is a student publication of the Department of History, Saint Joseph’s University, Philadelphia. The Journal welcomes submissions from students at Saint Joseph’s University for its next issue. Please contact the Department of History for information regarding submissions or any editorial matters. DEDICATION This edition of The Hayes History Journal is dedicated to the Saint Joseph’s University History Department. Without you, we would not have been able to create these essays. Without you, we would not be moving forward in fullfilling our dreams. Thank you. 2017-2018 Editing Team LETTER FROM THE EDITOR Dear Readers, One hundred years ago, a group of individuals known as the Bolsheviks, took grasp on one of the largest and most powerful empires known at the time, Russia. 1917 not only marked the beginning of the end for World War I, but also the birth of a new mindset, both politically and economically. The birth of communism in the So- viet Union could be considered equivalent to an asteroid hitting earth, it’s impact would not only last throughout its duration as a union, but beyond - into the 21st century. The Soviet Union developed into an undeniable sphere of influence, and the world was not able to avoid the aftershocks. -
How Do You Depict the Life of a Soul?: Word and Text in and As Image in Soviet Nonconformist Art
Sotheby's Institute of Art Digital Commons @ SIA MA Theses Student Scholarship and Creative Work 2018 How Do You Depict the Life of a Soul?: Word and Text in and as Image in Soviet Nonconformist Art Matthew Blong Sotheby's Institute of Art Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.sia.edu/stu_theses Part of the Contemporary Art Commons, European History Commons, Russian Literature Commons, and the Theory and Criticism Commons Recommended Citation Blong, Matthew, "How Do You Depict the Life of a Soul?: Word and Text in and as Image in Soviet Nonconformist Art" (2018). MA Theses. 6. https://digitalcommons.sia.edu/stu_theses/6 This Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship and Creative Work at Digital Commons @ SIA. It has been accepted for inclusion in MA Theses by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ SIA. For more information, please contact [email protected]. How Do You Depict the Life of a Soul? Word and Text in and as Image in Soviet Nonconformist Art by Matthew H. Blong A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the Master’s Degree in Contemporary Art Sotheby’s Institute of Art 2018 13,338 words How Do You Depict the Life of a Soul? Word and Text in and as Image in Soviet Nonconformist Art By: Matthew H. Blong Visual artworks by Soviet nonconformist artists, especially those associated with the Moscow Conceptualist and Sots-Art movements of the mid-1960s to mid-1980s, prominently feature experimentations with word and text—both in and as image—for a wide variety of reasons that have been studied by scholars of Soviet and Russian art. -
The Shadows of False Messiahs Mikhail Agursky and the Relationship Between Russian Nationalism and Zionism from the Brezhnev Era to the Present
The Shadows of False Messiahs Mikhail Agursky and the relationship between Russian nationalism and Zionism from the Brezhnev era to the present MA Thesis in European Studies Graduate School for Humanities Universiteit van Amsterdam Samuel Finkelman 11104473 Main Supervisor: Michael Kemper Second Supervisor: Uladzislau Belavusau July 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments and Contact Information, 4 Introduction, 5 An Unlikely Gathering, 5 Chapter One: A Loaded Spring, 7 Chapter Two: Between Two Nationalisms, 9 Chapter Three: A Changing of Signposts, 16 Chapter Four: The Shadows of False Messiahs, 22 Chapter One: A Loaded Spring, 27 1.1 The roots of Agursky’s dissidence, 27 1.2 The Ash of Klaas: Samuil Agursky’s influence on his son, 28 1.3 Mikhail Agursky’s early encounters with anti-Semitism, 33 1.4 Agursky’s encounters with pre-revolutionary Russian culture, 35 1.5 The beginnings of dissent during “the Thaw” years, 37 1.6 Alexander Men’ and Agursky’s involvement with the Church, 38 1.7 Conclusions, 42 Chapter Two: Between Two Nationalisms, 44 2.1 The rise of anti-Semitism, Zionism, dissidence, and Russian nationalism during the early Brezhnev era, 44 2.2 The dawn of dissidence, 48 2.3 Agursky’s review of Yuri Ivanov’s Caution, Zionism! 49 2.4 Agursky’s open letter in the samizdat journal Veche, 54 2.5 Agursky and Solzhenitsyn, 59 2.6 From Under the Rubble, 61 2.7 The Yanov hypothesis and Agursky’s disagreements with Solzhenitsyn, 67 Chapter Three: A Changing of Signposts (1975-1991), 71 3.1 The Russian messianism debate in early 1970s