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Women, Marriage and Survival in Early Modern England

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Women, Marriage and Survival in Early Modern England u N oì l0 \ryOMEN, MARRIAGE AND SURVIVAL IN EARLY MODERN ENGLAND THE HASTINGS, EARLS AND COUI\TESSES OF HUNTTNGDON, 1620 TO 1690 Tania Claire Jeffries Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History School of History and Politics University of Adelaide 24 June 2005 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ul Declaration 1V Acknowledgements v List of abbreviations ... lx Chronology of events XTX Family Tree 1 Chapter 1 Introduction t9 chapter 2 The child marriage: Lucy Davies and Lord Hastings, t623-r627 57 Chapter 3 Marriage and the Impact of the Civil War, 1628-1656 ""' 98 Chapter 4 Lucy's V/idowhood and the estate, 1656-1671 142 Chapter 5 The earl's match: Elizabeth Lewys and Theophilus, ' 1672-1673 185 Chapter 6 Marriage and the sisters, 1 660- 1 68 1 Chapter 7 Maniage and revolution, 1674-1688 . 228 Epilogue Chapter 8 Conclusion 278 Bibliography 282 ERRATA should read "Malcomson" Page 104, footnote 15 "Malcolmson" read "rent roll" Page 169,line2: "rent role" should ABSTRACT a variety of national' local and In the seventeenth-century aristocratic families faced with and recovering from personal crises that threatened their survival. In dealing roles' This thesis examines the these crises, both men and women played important through their experience of role that women played in the survival of their families marriage. was the focal point of For aristocratic women in the early modern period marriage women but it their lives. Marriage was not only the only career open to aristocratic wealth, influence, was also the major way by which aristocratic families obtained name and political power, important connections and the continuation of the family not title. Aristocratic women were defined by their relationships because they could For many, if not hold political office or have careers independently of their families. marriage and for most women, their most important relationships were created by rwas made' how it was their experiences were filtered through it. How their marriage they worked out and what its circumstances were, all dictated how much influence of their would have and how they would exert it. Their roles in the survival or failure the types of families were coloured by the relationships created by their marriages and marriages they exPerienced. This thesis uses the Hastings family, Earls and countesses of Huntingdon as a case study to explore these themes. It examines the way in which women in the Hastings family experienced marriage during the period 1620 to 1690 and how these experiences affected the family's welfare. The seventeenth-century is a particularly as it was a time when pertinent time to examine how aristocratic families survived the problems of many of these civil war and social and economic upheaval intensified faced ruin' While the families. Indeed, during this period the Hastings family aparticularly interesting family,s changes of fortune make the period 1620 to 1690 the family contained and was one on which to focus, it was also during this time that The entrance of women such connected to a significant number of influential women' the family, and, as Elizabeth Stanley, Lucy Davies and Elizabethlewys into the significantly, the presence of their daughters, mothers and sisters enables the family for its examination of a network of women to see how they worked within reveals the benefit or otherwise. An examination of women's experiences of marriage while also inner workings of this family and its relationships with the outside world, highlighting the way in which families survived' 111 degree or This thesis contains no material that has been accepted for the award of any other and diploma in any university or other tertiary institution and, to the best of my knowledge beliet contains no material previously published or written by another person, except where due reference has been made in the text of the thesis' I give consent to this copy of my thesis, when deposited in the University Library, being made available for photocopying and loan. 0s SIGNED DATE rV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS many people during the research and I have benefited from the support and assistance of writing of this thesis. and Dr Roger Hainsworth I am particularly grateful to my supervisors Mr Frank McGregor was fesponsible for for their assistance and advice. In particular, Dr Hainsworth which began my interest in introducing me to the Hastings family and their correspondence and support' Dr the family. I am also grateful to a number of scholars for their assistance help, advice and paul Hammer read an early draft of my thesis and has provided invaluable have been encouragement. Simon Healy, Dr Christine Churches and Dr Helen Payne and available to answer any questions and to give me the benefit of their knowledge expertise whenever needed, which has been greatly appreciated. of the Hastings I am indebted to the Huntington Library, San Marino, California for the use manuscripts, as well as the advice and companionship of staff and fellow researchers and during my visit. I am also indebted to the University of Adelaide's Barr Smith Library its statt, in particular Margaret Hoskings. I also wish to acknowledge the support of the grants to Department of History at the University of Adelaide for providing me with small in assist me in research trips and conferences, and the help of the departmental ofhce staff, particular Julie McMahon and Robyn Green. I am also grateful to my family for their patient support, in particular to my mother, Elizabeth Jeffries, for her advice and assistance. I also thank my colleagues at the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission for their support and willingness to give me leave for research and writing tirne. Last but not least I would like to gratefully acknowledge the encouragement and support of friends and colleagues, including Dr Susan Lemar, Mark McCarthy, Myfanwy Tilley and Jo Gall. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Names: HEH Henry, fifth Earl of Huntingdon E(s)H Elizabeth,CountessofHuntingdon(wifeofthefifthearl) then sixth Earl of Huntingdon FEH Ferdinando, Lord Hastings and and then Countess of L(D)H Luc], Lady Hastings (née Davies) Huntingdon (wife of the sixth earl) E(r)D Eleanor Davies, (née Touchet) and then Douglas HH(LL) Henry Hastings, Lord Loughborough Earl of TEH Theophilus, Lord Hastings and then seventh Huntingdon (wife of the E(L)H Elizabeth, countess of Huntingdon (nee Lewys) seventh earl) E(H)L Lady Elizabeth Hastings and then Langham LH Lady Lucy Hastings M(H)J Lady Mary Hastings and then Jolliffe CH Lady Christiana Hastings *'ß{<***** The Hastings manuscriPts: I have used the Huntington Library's method of abbreviation, namely: HA Corr. Huntington Library, Hastings Correspondence HAP Huntington Lihrary' Hastings Personal HAF Huntington Library, Hastings Financial HA Legal Huntington Library, Hastings Legal HA Parliament Huntington Library, Hastings Parliament The box number followed by the item number will be referenced. For example, Box 1, Item2 will be referenced as 112. vl rk**{<*{<** Other abbreviations: and edited), Acts and Acts and Ordinances Firth, H. and Rait R.S., (collected Ordinances of the Interuegnum I642-16ó0 (London,l9ll; reprint, Florida, 1972) Alumni C ant ab r i giens e s University Press, 1922,1924 and 1927). and Army Lists Edward Peacock (ed.), The Army Lists of the Roundheads cavaliers, containing the names of the fficers in the Royal and Parliamentary armies of 1642, (London, 1874) (eds'), Biographical B io gr aphic al Dict ionarY Richard L Greaves and Robert Zaller Dictionary of British Radicals,vol. 1, (Brighton, 1982)' Burke Burke's Peerage and Baronetage,l05th Edition Burton Burton, the Parliaments hard Cr 1659, volume l' Rutt, (J oration, New York and London, 1974) Churchill Winston S. Churchill, Marlborough; his life and times,book 1, (London,1947; formerly published in two volumes 1933 and 1934) CJ Journals of the House of Commons Clarendon Edward, Earl of Clarendon, The History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England, begun in the year 1641, (Oxford, first edition, 1888, reprinted 1958, 1969). CPCC Calendar of the Proceedings of the Committee for Compounding CSPD Calendar of State Papers Domestic DNB Dictionary of National BiograPhY vll íJsage In Bearing of Such Dugdale, Antient Usage William Dugdale, The Antient Ensigns of Honour As are commonly call'd Arms with A To which is Catãogue of the present Nobitiry of England' . added,"A catalo[ue of the present Nobility of scotland and Ireland (Oxford, 1682) in six volumes, (ed') Evelyn, Diary John Evelyn,The Diary of John Evelyn E. S. Beer, (Oxford, 1955) edition, GEC The Complete Peerage by GEC, (Microprint Gloucester , 1982) of The Hatton Correspondence Edward Maunde Thompson (ed'), Correspondence Family of Hatton Being chie.fly letters addressed to Chrisîopher First Viscount Hatton, A.D. 1601-1704, vols' 1 and2 (printed for the Camden Society, 1878) House History of Parliament Henning, Basil Duke , The History of Parliament" The of Commons 1660-1690 vols. 1-3, (London, 1983) 78, HMC 78 Francis Bickley (ed.), Historical Manuscripts commission Report on the Manusuipts of the late Reginald Rawdon Hãstings, Esq. Of the Manor House, Ashby de la Zoucfr, vols' 1 (Lonáon, tOZt¡,vol.2 (London, 1930) andvol' 4, (London, 1e47) LJ Journals of the House of Lords of state affairs Luttrell, Br ief hi s t or i c al Narcissus Luttrell, A brief historical relation (Oxford, relation from September 1678 to April I714, in six volumes, 1857; republished 1969, Westmead) ODNB H. C. G. Matthew and Brian Harrison (eds.), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, (Oxford, 2004) [On-line editionl Office holders in Modern J. C. Sainty and R. O Bucholz, Office Holders in Modern Britain Britain, vol. I l, Officiats of the Royal Household 1660-1837' Chamberlain and associated -fficespart 1: Department of the Lord (University of London,Institute of Historical Research, reeT) Rulers ofLondon J.
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