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R Natural Habitats, Wild Species and Conservation Areas Ol n » r W / i l l ol i f i P " A Kc.«t 4 K h i j i i : l i b i ■ L H A lUtfte'® WORLD CONSERVATION MONITORING CENTRE Natural Habitats, Wild Species and Conservation Areas ETHIOPIA ^ 3 7 - ^ 2 . 'NOR. f t ? / ^ 6 u llu ta ' i A n r« c BIODIVERSITY GUIDE TO ETHIOP A report financed by the Commission of the European Communities WORLD CONSERVATION MONITORING CENTRE Prepared by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre Cambridge, UK Contribution to CKMS 1991 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION Physical Geography and Climate ...................................................................................... 1 Population............................................................................................................................ 2 Administrative Regions ................................................................................................... 2 Economy ............................................................................................................................ 3 BIODIVERSITY Flora ................................................................................................................................. 4 Fauna ................................................................................................................................. 4 V E G E T A T IO N ......................................................................................................................... 8 P R O T E C T E D A R E A S ............................................................................................................. 12 O T H E R IM P O R T A N T A R E A S ...................................................................................... 18 THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY Deforestation ...................................................................................................................... 20 Soil Erosion ...................................................................................................................... 22 Human Encroachment into Protcctcd Areas ................................................................... 22 C O N S E R V A T IO N A C T IV IT IE S ...................................................................................... 23 L E G IS L A T IO N ...................................................................................................................... 23 R E C O M M E N D A T IO N S ...................................................................................................... 24 R E F E R E N C E S ....................................................................................................................................... 25 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES F igure I: Relief .................................................................................................................... 1 F ig u re 2: Administrative regions .......................................................................................... 2 F igure 2 a: New administrative regions.................................................................................... 3 F ig u re 3t Local ccntres of planl endemism ......................................................................... 5 F ig u re 4: Vegetation and land use ....................................................................................... 10 F ig u re 5: Protected areas and other areas of importance....................................................... 16 T ab le I: Endemic specics .................................................................................................... 6 T ab le 2: List of legally protected areas ................................. ............................................ 12 T a b le 3c List of priority high forests .................................................................................. 20 T ab le 4: Land use ............................................................................................................... 23 INTRODUCTION Physical Geography and Climate Ethiopia covcrs an area of 1,221.900 sq. km between latitudes 3 °40‘and 18°N and longitudes 33° and 48°E. It is separated from Saudi Arabia and Yemen to the north by the Red Sea, whilst Djibouti, Somalia, Kenya, and Sudan form its other borders. Figure 1 shows the general relief of the country. Elevations range from around 100 m below sea level in the Dallol Depression to a number of mountain peaks over 4,000 m, of which the highest is Ras Dashcn (4,620 m) in the Simcn mountain massif north-east of Lake Tana. Highlands above 1,500 m cover 43 per cent of the total area of the country and account for 90% of the agriculturally suitable land. The Rift Valley runs from the south-west com er of the country towards the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden in the north-cast. On cither side of the Valley lie heavily dissected highland plateaux of average altitude between 2,100 and 2,500 m, the highest parts being next to the Valley in the west, from which the land gradually drops away to the north-west and south-east. The Rift Valley itself ranges from 40 km to 60 km in width and its floor contains a number of lakes (Zwai, Langano, Abijatta, Shala. Awasa, Abaya, and Chamo). Near Addis Ababa, the western wall of the Rift Valley turns north and the eastern wall turns cast, leaving a wide open plain between the escarpments and the coast. Although the entire country lies within the tropics, the wide range of altitude results in considerable variations in climate. The climatc of the hot lowlands is dry and scmi-arid in the coastal plains and tropical/semi-arid in the deep valleys, with average annual temperatures varying from 20°C to 29°C. The plateaux have a temperate climatc where the altitude produces an average annual temperature of 16°C to 20°C, whilst the high mountains arc characterised by a cold, alpine climatc with average annual temperatures between 10°C and 16°C. Relative humidity is very low on the eastern and western plains, but increases on the plateaux from 20% in the north to 80% in the south. Rainfall increases concurrently from 200 mm/ycar in the north and on the eastern plains, to over 2000 mm in the south-west (FAO/UNEP, 1981). The main rainy season lasts from June to August, with light rains from February to April but the country is very vulnerable to drought. Figure 1: Relief (Gamachu, 1988) Population In 1985 Ihc human population was estimated to be 51,700,000 (PRB, 1990), this figure gives Ethiopia the second highest population in tropical Africa after Nigeria. About 70 ethnic groups are represented and the population is overwhelmingly rural, with only 11 % being situated in the urban areas (FAO, 1988). Between 1980 and 1985 the average population growth rate was 2.5% per year and the population is expected to rise to around 70,800,000 by the year 2000 (PRB, 1990). The distribution of population reflects the pattern of relief, with nearly all the major settlements being located in the highlands. Last (1984) estimates that 10% of the population live at altitudes below 1,000 m, 20% between 1,000 m and 1,8C0 in, and 70% above 1,800 m on the highland plateaux, it is in this last area that the climatc is more equitable and the best agricultural land is to be found. About 28% of the population live in the northern regions (Eritrea. Tigray, Gonder, and Welo) almost 23% in Shewa and Addis Ababa, 22% in the western regions (Gojam, Welega, Ilubabor, and Kcfa), 18% in th< southern regions (Arsi, Bale, Sidamo, and Gamo Gofa), and 10% in Hararghe. The presence of the malarial mosquito, bclov 2,000 m, has led in the past to the non-occupation of some otherwise suitable lowlands, however with the eradication of malaria in some areas and increasing population pressure, some movement is taking placc towards lower elevations. Sincc 1975 the Government has followed a policy of resettling citi/.cns from degraded areas in the north and north *cast to little usc<i land in the west and south-west. Sincc late 1984, some 535,000 citizens have been moved and the aim is to resettle 60,000 families per year in the medium term (IUCN, 1986). Administrative Regions Ethiopia is divided into 14 administrative regions (Figure 2): Arsi, Bale, Eritrea, Gamo Gofa, Gojam, Gonder, Hararghe, Ilubabor, Kcfa, Shewa, Sidamo, Tigray, Welo, and Welega. These arc in turn subdivided into 102 sub-regions (Awrajas) am 586 districts (Worcdas). Within the latter, fanners are organised into Peasant Associations which typically include 200-400 families with access to at least 8 sq. kjn of land (FAO. 1988). In late 1987 the National Shcngo (the supreme organ of pow c of the Republic) approved a reorganisation of regions, resulting in 30 administrative regions, this new structure is being implemented and is shown in Figure 2a. Figure 2: Administrative regions (Gamachu, 1988) Economy The Ethiopian cconomy is predominantly agricultural (89% of the population lives in rural areas) and small-scale subsistence farming provides 85% of both employment and of export earnings (FAO. 1988). The main food crops are cereals, pulses, and oilseeds, with coffee, oilseeds, cotton, sisal, tobacco, fruits, pepper, and sugarcane being the main cash crops. In 1987 Ethiopia's major agricultural exports, by volume in thousands of metric tons, were coffec (73), sesame seed (7) and sugar (11) (World Bank. 1989). The most important export crop is coffee, with livestock being tile next biggest export resource. Ethiopia has perhaps the largest livestock population in Africa with estimates of 27 million cattle, 24 million sheep, 18 million goals, 7 million
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