Die Wirtschaft Des Römischen Britannen
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Roman Britain
Roman Britain Hadrian s Wall - History Vallum Hadriani - Historia “ Having completely transformed the soldiers, in royal fashion, he made for Britain, where he set right many things and - the rst to do so - drew a wall along a length of eighty miles to separate barbarians and Romans. (The Augustan History, Hadrian 11.1)” Although we have much epigraphic evidence from the Wall itself, the sole classical literary reference for Hadrian having built the Wall is the passage above, wrien by Aelius Spartianus towards the end of the 3rd century AD. The original concept of a continuous barrier across the Tyne-Solway isthmus, was devised by emperor Hadrian during his visit to Britain in 122AD. His visit had been prompted by the threat of renewed unrest with the Brigantes tribe of northern Britain, and the need was seen to separate this war-like race from the lowland tribes of Scotland, with whom they had allied against Rome during recent troubles. Components of The Wall Hadrian s Wall was a composite military barrier which, in its nal form, comprised six separate elements; 1. A stone wall fronted by a V-shaped ditch. 2. A number of purpose-built stone garrison forti cations; Forts, Milecastles and Turrets. 3. A large earthwork and ditch, built parallel with and to the south of the Wall, known as the Vallum. 4. A metalled road linking the garrison forts, the Roman Military Way . 5. A number of outpost forts built to the north of the Wall and linked to it by road. 6. A series of forts and lookout towers along the Cumbrian coast, the Western Sea Defences . -
HADRIAN's WALL WORLD HERITAGE SITE Management Plan
HADRIAN’S WALL WORLD HERITAGE SITE Management Plan July 1996 ENGLISH HERITAGE HADRIAN’S WALL WORLD HERITAGE SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN Hadrian’s Wall Management Plan July 1996 HADRIAN’S WALL WORLD HERITAGE SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN CONTENTS Page Forward Overview 1. Introduction 1 2. The boundaries of the World Heritage Site 7 3. The need for a Management Plan 11 4. The status and objectives of the Management Plan 13 5. Date and research 19 6. Conservation and enhancement of the World Heritage Site and its Setting 21 7. Treatment of the built-up areas of the World Heritage Site 25 8. Public access, transport and tourism 29 9. Making things happen 39 Maps 1 - 20: Proposed extent of the World Heritage Site and its Setting. Annex A: References to World Heritage Sites in Planning Policy Guidance Note: 15. Annex B: Scheduled Ancient Monuments forming detached parts of the World Heritage Site. Hadrian’s Wall Management Plan July 1996 OVERVIEW Hadrian's Wall, started by the Emperor Hadrian in AD 122, is an historic and cultural phenomenon of international significance. A treasured national landmark, it is the most important monument left behind by the Romans during their occupation of Britain. It is also the best known and best preserved frontier within the whole Roman world. From the Wall, its northernmost boundary, the Roman Empire stretched 1,500 miles south to the deserts of the Sahara, and 2,500 miles east to what is present-day Iraq. The Wall stands today as a reminder of such past glories. A symbol of power, it remains an awe-inspiring testament to Roman mastery of the ancient world. -
Renata Kamińska PROCURATORES – IMPERIAL AGENTS OR
ZESZYTY NAUKOWE UNIWERSYTETU RZESZOWSKIEGO SERIA PRAWNICZA ZESZYT 108/2019 PRAWO 27 DOI: 10.15584/znurprawo.2019.27.6 Renata Kamińska The Cardinal Wyszyński University in Warsaw ORCID: 0000-0003-3357-1734 PROCURATORES – IMPERIAL AGENTS OR CURATORS’ ASSISTANTS? The period of the Principate was characterised by a number of changes in nearly all areas of public life, i.e. in the political, economic, social and reli- gious sphere. These occurred as an unavoidable, and in some cases absolutely natural result of systemic transformations. The new model of government, initiated by Augustus, where power was in the hands of the ruler with little involvement of other state authorities, required appropriate principles to be introduced for the functioning of both the office of Princeps and other co- -governing centres. Although Augustus sought to abandon the republican order, he was well aware of the fact that he would only succeed if his power was se- cured within the frames of this system1. Hence, he maintained Plebeian As- semblies and the Senate, as well as most of the clerical positions, although he divested all of those bodies of many of their previous powers. This was par- ticularly clear in the case of the magistrates whose functions he assumed him- self or delegated to offices which he established2. The principles in accordance with which these were exercised differed in almost every respect from the models existing in the Republic. This applied in the same way to rotation in office, collegiality, gratuitousness and eligibility. Different rules were also followed in selecting candidates for the specific positions. Seeking to limit the power of the Senate, Augustus decided to establish a counter-measure for this body by filling imperial offices mainly with representatives of Ordo Equester3. -
826 INDEX 1066 Country Walk 195 AA La Ronde
© Lonely Planet Publications 826 Index 1066 Country Walk 195 animals 85-7, see also birds, individual Cecil Higgins Art Gallery 266 ABBREVIATIONS animals Cheltenham Art Gallery & Museum A ACT Australian Capital books 86 256 A La RondeTerritory 378 internet resources 85 City Museum & Art Gallery 332 abbeys,NSW see New churches South & cathedrals Wales aquariums Dali Universe 127 Abbotsbury,NT Northern 311 Territory Aquarium of the Lakes 709 FACT 680 accommodationQld Queensland 787-90, 791, see Blue Planet Aquarium 674 Ferens Art Gallery 616 alsoSA individualSouth locations Australia Blue Reef Aquarium (Newquay) Graves Gallery 590 activitiesTas 790-2,Tasmania see also individual 401 Guildhall Art Gallery 123 activitiesVic Victoria Blue Reef Aquarium (Portsmouth) Hayward Gallery 127 AintreeWA FestivalWestern 683 Australia INDEX 286 Hereford Museum & Art Gallery 563 air travel Brighton Sea Life Centre 207 Hove Museum & Art Gallery 207 airlines 804 Deep, The 615 Ikon Gallery 534 airports 803-4 London Aquarium 127 Institute of Contemporary Art 118 tickets 804 National Marine Aquarium 384 Keswick Museum & Art Gallery 726 to/from England 803-5 National Sea Life Centre 534 Kettle’s Yard 433 within England 806 Oceanarium 299 Lady Lever Art Gallery 689 Albert Dock 680-1 Sea Life Centre & Marine Laing Art Gallery 749 Aldeburgh 453-5 Sanctuary 638 Leeds Art Gallery 594-5 Alfred the Great 37 archaeological sites, see also Roman Lowry 660 statues 239, 279 sites Manchester Art Gallery 658 All Souls College 228-9 Avebury 326-9, 327, 9 Mercer Art Gallery -
ACCOUNTING and AUDITING in ROMAN SOCIETY Lance Elliot
ACCOUNTING AND AUDITING IN ROMAN SOCIETY Lance Elliot LaGroue A dissertation thesis submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History. Chapel Hill 2014 Approved by: Richard Talbert Fred Naiden Howard Aldrich Terrence McIntosh © 2014 Lance Elliot LaGroue ALL RIGHTS RESERVED II ABSTRACT Lance LaGroue: Accounting and Auditing in Roman Society (Under the direction of Richard Talbert) This dissertation approaches its topic from the pathbreaking dual perspective of a historian and of an accountant. It contributes to our understanding of Roman accounting in several notable ways. The style and approach of Roman documents are now categorized to reflect differing levels of complexity and sophistication. With the aid of this delineation, and by comparison with the practices of various other premodern societies, we can now more readily appreciate the distinct attributes present at each level in Roman accounting practices. Additionally, due to the greater accessibility of Roman accounting documents in recent years – in particular, through John Matthews’ work on the Journey of Theophanes, Dominic Rathbone’s study of the Heroninos archive, and the reading of the Vindolanda tablets -- it becomes easier to appreciate such differences among the few larger caches of accounting documents. Moreover, the dissertation seeks to distinguish varying grades of accountant. Above all, it emphasizes the need to separate the functions of accounting and auditing, and to gauge the essential characteristics and roles of both. In both regards, it is claimed, the Roman method showed competency. The dissertation further shows how economic and accounting theory has influenced perceptions about Roman accounting practices. -
Northumberland National Park Geodiversity Audit and Action Plan Location Map for the District Described in This Book
Northumberland National Park Geodiversity Audit and Action Plan Location map for the district described in this book AA68 68 Duns A6105 Tweed Berwick R A6112 upon Tweed A697 Lauder A1 Northumberland Coast A698 Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty Holy SCOTLAND ColdstreamColdstream Island Farne B6525 Islands A6089 Galashiels Kelso BamburghBa MelrMelroseose MillfieldMilfield Seahouses Kirk A699 B6351 Selkirk A68 YYetholmetholm B6348 A698 Wooler B6401 R Teviot JedburghJedburgh Craster A1 A68 A698 Ingram A697 R Aln A7 Hawick Northumberland NP Alnwick A6088 Alnmouth A1068 Carter Bar Alwinton t Amble ue A68 q Rothbury o C B6357 NP National R B6341 A1068 Kielder OtterburOtterburnn A1 Elsdon Kielder KielderBorder Reservoir Park ForForestWaterest Falstone Ashington Parkand FtForest Kirkwhelpington MorpethMth Park Bellingham R Wansbeck Blyth B6320 A696 Bedlington A68 A193 A1 Newcastle International Airport Ponteland A19 B6318 ChollerforChollerfordd Pennine Way A6079 B6318 NEWCASTLE Once Housesteads B6318 Gilsland Walltown BrewedBrewed Haydon A69 UPON TYNE Birdoswald NP Vindolanda Bridge A69 Wallsend Haltwhistle Corbridge Wylam Ryton yne R TTyne Brampton Hexham A695 A695 Prudhoe Gateshead A1 AA689689 A194(M) A69 A686 Washington Allendale Derwent A692 A6076 TTownown A693 A1(M) A689 ReservoirReservoir Stanley A694 Consett ChesterChester-- le-Streetle-Street Alston B6278 Lanchester Key A68 A6 Allenheads ear District boundary ■■■■■■ Course of Hadrian’s Wall and National Trail N Durham R WWear NP National Park Centre Pennine Way National Trail B6302 North Pennines Stanhope A167 A1(M) A690 National boundaryA686 Otterburn Training Area ArAreaea of 0 8 kilometres Outstanding A689 Tow Law 0 5 miles Natural Beauty Spennymoor A688 CrookCrook M6 Penrith This product includes mapping data licensed from Ordnance Survey © Crown copyright and/or database right 2007. -
English/French
World Heritage 36 COM WHC-12/36.COM/8D Paris, 1 June 2012 Original: English/French UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION CONVENTION CONCERNING THE PROTECTION OF THE WORLD CULTURAL AND NATURAL HERITAGE WORLD HERITAGE COMMITTEE Thirty-sixth Session Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation 24 June – 6 July 2012 Item 8 of the Provisional Agenda: Establishment of the World Heritage List and of the List of World Heritage in Danger 8D: Clarifications of property boundaries and areas by States Parties in response to the Retrospective Inventory SUMMARY This document refers to the results of the Retrospective Inventory of nomination files of properties inscribed on the World Heritage List in the period 1978 - 1998. To date, seventy States Parties have responded to the letters sent following the review of the individual files, in order to clarify the original intention of their nominations (or to submit appropriate cartographic documentation) for two hundred fifty-three World Heritage properties. This document presents fifty-five boundary clarifications received from twenty-five States Parties, as an answer to the Retrospective Inventory. Draft Decision: 36 COM 8D, see Point IV I. The Retrospective Inventory 1. The Retrospective Inventory, an in-depth examination of the Nomination dossiers available at the World Heritage Centre, ICOMOS and IUCN, was initiated in 2004, in parallel with the launching of the Periodic Reporting exercise in Europe, involving European properties inscribed on the World Heritage List in the period 1978 - 1998. The same year, the Retrospective Inventory was endorsed by the World Heritage Committee at its 7th extraordinary session (UNESCO, 2004; see Decision 7 EXT.COM 7.1). -
AD12-Timetable-20210412-11Be0e97.Pdf
SUMMER & AUTUMN WINTER SUMMER & AUTUMN WINTER ALL YEAR ALL YEAR AD122 every day of the week weekends AD122 every day of the week weekends 185 Mon to Sat 185 Mon to Sat X122 X122 185 185 185 185 185 185 Hexham bus station stand D 0835 0910 1010 1110 1210 1310 1410 1510 1610 1710 0910 1110 1410 1610 Milecastle Inn bus stop 0958 1048 1158 1248 1358 1448 1558 1648 1758 0958 1158 1448 1648 Haltwhistle railway station 0950 1130 1510 Birdoswald Roman fort car park 1022 1200 1545 elcome to route AD122 - the Hexham railway station 0913 1013 1113 1213 1313 1413 1513 1613 1713 0913 1113 1413 1613 Walltown Roman Army Museum 1054 1254 1454 1654 1804 1454 1654 Haltwhistle Market Place 0952 1132 1512 Gilsland Bridge hotel 1028 1206 1551 Hadrian’s Wall country bus, it’s the Chesters Roman fort main entrance 0925 1025 1125 1225 1325 1425 1525 1625 1725 0925 1125 1425 1625 Greenhead hotel q 1058 q 1258 q 1458 q 1658 1808 q q 1458 1658 Haltwhistle Park Road 0954 1134 1514 Greenhead hotel 1037 1215 1600 best way of getting out and about Housesteads Roman fort bus turning circle 0939 1039 1139 1239 1339 1439 1539 1639 1739 0939 1139 1439 1639 Herding Hill Farm campsite 0959 1159 1359 1559 0959 1159 Walltown Roman Army Museum 1002 1142 1522 Walltown Roman Army Museum 1041 1219 1604 across the region. The Sill National Landscape Discovery Centre 0944 1044 1144 1244 1344 1444 1544 1644 1744 0944 1144 1444 1644 Haltwhistle Market Place 0904 1004 q 1204 q 1404 q 1604 q q 1004 1204 q q Greenhead hotel 1006 1146 1526 Haltwhistle Park Road 1049 1227 1612 Hexham Vindolanda -
Site (Alphabetically)
Sites which are free to visit for corporate members Site (alphabetically) County 1066 Battle of Hastings, Abbey and Battlefield East Sussex Abbotsbury Abbey Remains Dorset Acton Burnell Castle Shropshire Aldborough Roman Site North Yorkshire Alexander Keiller Museum Wiltshire Ambleside Roman Fort Cumbria Apsley House London Arthur's Stone Herefordshire Ashby de la Zouch Castle Leicestershire Auckland Castle Deer House Durham Audley End House and Gardens Essex Avebury Wiltshire Aydon Castle Northumberland Baconsthorpe Castle Norfolk Ballowall Barrow Cornwall Banks East Turret Cumbria Bant's Carn Burial Chamber and Halangy Isles of Scilly Barnard Castle Durham Bayard's Cove Fort Devon Bayham Old Abbey Kent Beeston Castle Cheshire Belas Knap Long Barrow Gloucestershire Belsay Hall, Castle and Gardens Northumberland Benwell Roman Temple and Vallum Crossing Tyne and Wear Berkhamsted Castle Hertfordshire Berney Arms Windmill Hertfordshire Berry Pomeroy Castle Devon Berwick-upon-Tweed Castle, Barracks and Main Guard Northumberland Binham Market Cross Norfolk Binham Priory Norfolk Birdoswald Roman Fort Cumbria Bishop Waltham Palace Hampshire Black Carts Turret Northumberland Black Middens Bastle House Northumberland Blackbury Camp Devon Blakeney Guildhall Norfolk Bolingbroke Castle Lincolnshire Bolsover Castle Derbyshire Bolsover Cundy House Derbyshire Boscobel House and The Royal Oak Shropshire Bow Bridge Cumbria Bowes Castle Durham Boxgrove Priory West Sussex Bradford-on-Avon Tithe Barn Wiltshire Bramber Castle West Sussex Bratton Camp and -
L'ab Epistulis E L'a Libellis Nel Ii Secolo D
Università degli Studi di Cagliari DOTTORATO DI RICERCA Fonti scritte della Civiltà mediterranea Ciclo XXVII LA PAROLA SCRITTA AL SERVIZIO DELL'IMPERATORE E DELL'IMPERO: L'AB EPISTULIS E L'A LIBELLIS NEL II SECOLO D.C. Settore scientifico disciplinare di afferenza L-ANT/03 Presentata da: Tiziana Carboni Coordinatore Dottorato Prof. ssa Giovanna Granata Tutor Prof. Antonio M. Corda Esame finale anno accademico 2014 – 2015 INDICE Premessa ....……………………………………………………......................... 3 I. L'amministrazione equestre ..............................……………........................... 7 I. 1. Domande .......................................................................................... 15 II. Le Persone …………………………………….............................................. 19 IIa. Adriano …………………………………............................. 21 IIb. Antonino Pio …………………………................................. 35 IIc. Marco Aurelio …………………………............................... 48 IId. Commodo ……………………………................................. 68 IIe. I Severi .................................................................................. 84 II.1. Sommario ......................................................................................... 112 III. I Documenti ………………………………….............................................. 113 IIIa. Adriano …………………………........................................ 117 IIIb. Antonino Pio …………………………………................... 136 IIIc. Marco Aurelio ………………………………..................... 160 IIId. Commodo …………………………………........................ 179 IIIe. I -
Ireland Ireland Is Not the Prime Concern of This Website, and Its Main Author Cannot Claim to Know Its Landscape and History Really Well
Ireland Ireland is not the prime concern of this website, and its main author cannot claim to know its landscape and history really well. Nevertheless Ireland does offer useful insights into the earliest geographical names of western Europe, because it was never conquered by the Roman army. Importantly, there is just one main source for its earliest names: Ptolemy’s Geography names 53 of them. So all of Ireland can be tackled in this one article. The locations of Ptolemy’s Irish names have long been discussed, with recent attempts to improve the logic by Darcy and Flynn (2008), Kleineberg, Marx, and Lelgemann (2012), Warner (2013), and Counihan (2019). The present article was begun partly to help the work of Dmitri Gusev and colleagues, which is still only partly published at a conference. It takes the best Greek spellings from Stückelberger and Graßhoff (2006). Each name is transcribed once into the Latin alphabet and its position in Ptolemy’s text is reported as 2,2,2 or similar. In the words of one website: “The tribal and place-names in Ireland listed by Ptolemy were Celtic, and many survive in Old or Middle Irish forms.” This is a reasonable view, but the hard work of historical linguists (notably de Bernardo Stempel, 2000,2005) to find parallels in Celtic languages for elements in early Irish names has had disappointingly little success. This led Mallory (2013) to stress how much Ptolemy’s text might have been corrupted over the centuries. However, as name- to-place assignments have improved, with better geographical understanding and access to reliable texts, the linkage between Ireland’s earliest names and written Celtic languages has got weaker. -
Hadrian's Wall 1999-2009
HADRIAN’S WALL 1999-2009 HADRIAN’S WALL HADRIAN’S WALL 1999-2009 A summary of recent excavation and research prepared for the Thirteenth Pilgrimage of Hadrian’s Wall, 2009 HADRIAN’S WALL 1999-2009 The Pilgrimage of Hadrian’s Wall (a tradition going back to 1849) takes place every ten years, giving all who are interested in the remains of Rome’s most elaborate frontier a chance to revisit the remains and hear about the latest archaeological developments. This specially prepared book, with contributions from all the major excavators on the Wall, describes research and discovery that has taken place since the last pilgrimage in 1999. This has been an extraordinary decade for Wall-research, featuring the discovery of the probable ancient name for the barrier, and the recognition Compiled by N. Hodgson of a previously unknown element of its anatomy (obstacles in front of the Wall), which is the rst such addition to our image of the Wall in modern times. This book explains where the new information is to be found, and will appeal to all who visit or study Hadrian’s remarkable frontier. CUMBERLAND & WESTMORLAND ANTIQUARIAN AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY THE SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE Compiled by N. Hodgson Front cover: the Staffordshire Moorlands Pan, inscribed with the names of Wall- forts and the probable ancient name of the Wall (courtesy of Portable Antiquities Scheme) Back cover: emplacements for obstacles between the Wall and its ditch, under excavation at Byker, Newcastle upon Tyne 551114_TWM_COVER.indd1114_TWM_COVER.indd 1 117/07/20097/07/2009 009:319:31 CUMBERLAND AND WESTMORLAND ANTIQUARIAN AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY THE SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE HADRIAN’S WALL 1999-2009 A Summary of Excavation and Research prepared for The Thirteenth Pilgrimage of Hadrian’s Wall, 8-14 August 2009 compiled by N.