Die Wirtschaft Des Römischen Britannen

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Die Wirtschaft Des Römischen Britannen Wirtschaft an der Grenze Studien zum Wirtschaftsleben in den römischen Militärlagern im Norden Britanniens Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des philosophischen Doktorgrades im Fachbereich Gesellschaftswissenschaften der Universität Kassel vorgelegt von Björn Onken aus Braunschweig Kassel, den 30. April 2003 Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 A. Einleitung B. Kurze Militärgeschichte des römischen Britannien von Agricola bis Hadrianus C. Grundstrukturen der Heeresversorgung in der frühen Principatszeit 1. Die Anfänge - Heeresversorgung in der Republik 2. Heeresversorgung im Principat - die Verantwortung des princeps 3. Wege der Nahrungsmittelbeschaffung zur Heeresversorgung 4. Wichtige Ämter in der Leitung der Heeresversorgung 4.1. procuratores Augusti 4.2. Provinzstatthalter 4.3. a rationibus 4.4. praefectus annonae 4.5. Zusammenfassung D. Produktion, Handel und Konsum in den Militärlagern 1. Nahrungsmittel 1.1. Getreide 1.1.1. Getreide - das Grundnahrungsmittel 1.1.2. Getreidesorten und Brot an der Nordgrenze 1.1.3. Die Herkunft des Getreides 1.1.4. Die Organisation der Getreideversorgung 1.2. Amphoren als Quelle für den Nahrungsmittelimport des römischen Britannien - methodische und historische Vorbemerkungen 1.2.1. Zur Interpretation von Amphorenfunden 1.2.2. Historische Entwicklung des Amphorenimports Britanniens 1.3. Olivenöl und Oliven 1.3.1. Olivenöl und Militär 1.3.2. Oliven(öl)konsum in den Militärlagern an der Grenze 1.3.3. Herkunft des Öls und Handelswege 1.3.4. Organisation der Ölversorgung 1.3.4.1. Modelle der Ölversorgung in Britannien 1.3.4.2. Stempelfunde in Germanien 1.3.4.3. Stempelfunde in Britannien 1.3.4.4. Statistische Untersuchungen 1.3.4.4.1. χ2 Hypothesentest 1.3.4.4.2. Überlegungen zum “Fehler 2. Art” 1.3.4.5. Olivenöl als “Annona-Produkt” 1.3.4.6. Amphorenfundverteilung und Marktsystem 1.3.4.7. Personen im Ölhandel 1.3.4.7.1. Stempel 1.3.4.7.2. Gemalte Inschriften (tituli picti) 2 1.3.4.8. Fazit 1.4. Wasser, Wein und Bier 1.4.1. Wasser 1.4.2. Weinessig 1.4.3. Wein 1.4.3.1. Wein und römisches Militär 1.4.3.2. Weinkonsum in den Kastellen im Norden Britanniens 1.4.3.3. Herkunft der im Norden Britanniens konsumierten Weine 1.4.3.3.1. Schriftliche Quellen 1.4.3.3.2. Archäologische Quellen 1.4.4. Faex 1.4.5. Bier 1.5. Fisch, Fischsaucen und Muscheln 1.5.1. Fisch 1.5.2. Muscheln und Schalentiere 1.5.3. Fischsaucen 1.6. Fleischwaren 1.6.1. Fleischkonsum bei der römischen Armee 1.6.2. Fleischkonsum in den Kastellen im Norden Britanniens 1.6.3. Fleischhandel und Jagd 1.7. Gemüse, Früchte und Gewürze 1.7.1. Gemüse in der Ernährung von Soldaten 1.7.2. Der Gemüsekonsum und -handel in den Kastellen im Norden Britanniens 1.7.3. Früchte 1.7.4. Gewürze 2. Handwerkliche Erzeugnisse 2.1. Waffen 2.1.1. Der Waffennachschub des römischen Militärs 2.1.2 Waffenreparatur und Waffenproduktion im Norden Britanniens 2.2 Lederwaren 2.2.1. Leder und römisches Militär 2.2.2. Leder im Wirtschaftsleben im Norden Britanniens 2.3 Textilien 2.3.1. Kleidung der römischen Soldaten 2.3.2 Textilien und römisches Militär im Norden Britanniens 2.4 Andere Handwerkserzeugnisse 3. Geldwirtschaft 3.1 Militär und Geld im römischen Reich 3.2. Geld im Norden des römischen Britannien 3.2.1 Preisangaben 3.2.2 Münzgeld 3.2.2.1 Allgemeine Entwicklungen im römischen Britannien 3.2.2.2 Siedlungsfunde im Norden des römischen Britannien 3.2.2.2.1 Methodische Vorbemerkungen 3.2.2.2.2 Die Funde 3 3.2.3 Buchgeld 3.2.4 Monetarisierung E. Schluß - das Wirtschaftsleben in den Militärlagern im Norden Britanniens zwischen Bürokratie und Markt F. Anhang - Bemerkungen zu den Vindolanda Tablets G. Materialteil 1. Amphorenfunde in Britannien 2. Datierung der Stempel von Amphoren Dressel 20 A. Einleitung Schon die antiken Historiographen widmeten dem Militär große Aufmerksamkeit. Der als “Vater der abendländischen Geschichtsschreibung” gerühmte Grieche Herodot sah im 5. Jh. v. Chr. seine Hauptaufgabe in der Beschreibung der Kriege zwischen Griechen und Barbaren1. Die uns heute so selbstverständlich erscheinende Verbindung zwischen Kriegen, Militär und wirtschaftlichem Handeln wurde dagegen weder von den antiken noch von den mittelalterlichen oder frühneuzeitlichen Geschichtsschreibern zu einem zentralen Thema erhoben, da sie allen 1 Hdt. 1,1,1. 4 über die Wirtschaftsführung eines Haushaltes oder Landgutes hinausgehenden ökonomischen Problemkreisen kaum Interesse entgegenbrachten. Die Wirtschaft der griechisch-römischen Welt rückte erst im 19. Jh. in das Blickfeld der Historiker. Das starke Interesse an der antiken Wirtschaft am Ende des 19. Jhs. resultierte aus den Fragen einer Industriegesellschaft, die Wirtschaft als einen wesentlichen Bestimmungsfaktor ihrer gesellschaftlichen Entwicklung erfahren hatte. Zu einem der zentralen Themen althistorischer Forschung avancierte die Diskussion über den Charakter der antiken Wirtschaft, nachdem die 1893 erstmals erschienene Arbeit des Wirtschaftswissenschaftlers Karl Bücher zur Entstehung der Volkswirtschaft heftige Reaktionen der deutschen Altertumswissenschaftler hervorgerufen hatte. In Abgrenzung zur “primitivistischen” Position Büchers, der die antike Wirtschaft als wenig differenzierte “Hauswirtschaft” charakterisiert hatte, betonte die althistorische Forschung unter der Federführung von Eduard Meyer in einer “modernistischen” Sichtweise die Parallelen zwischen der antiken und der komplexen modernen Wirtschaft. Auch die Terminologie zur Beschreibung der antiken Wirtschaftsverhältnisse wurde dabei weitgehend aus dem modernen Wirtschaftsleben übernommen. Diese Argumentationsweise erleichterte es den Vertretern der Altertumswissenschaften überdies, die Relevanz des Studiums der Alten Welt für die Lebenswirklichkeit der modernen Industriegesellschaft zu begründen und so der Verdrängung der humanistischen Fächer aus dem allgemein verbindlichen Bildungskanon in Deutschland entgegenzuwirken2. Die Weltwirtschaftskrise von 1929 offenbarte allerdings unmißverständlich, daß eine kapitalistische Weltwirtschaft keinesfalls eine positive wirtschaftliche Entwicklung garantiert. Alternative Organisationsformen der Wirtschaft gewannen an Bedeutung, so daß im Bereich der vergleichenden Ökonomie anderen Ansätzen wieder mehr Aufmerksamkeit zuteil wurde3. Hervorzuheben ist das Werk des Soziologen Karl Polanyi. Er vertrat die Auffassung, daß sich die Wirtschaft erst in der rasanten Entwicklung im 19. Jh. von der Gesellschaft getrennt habe, während sie in den vorindustriellen Epochen in die Gesellschaft eingebettet gewesen sei. Die Wirtschaft des Industriezeitalters ist nach Polanyi ein selbstregulierendes System von Märkten, deren Teilnehmer aus Gewinnstreben tätig sind, wohingegen die Wirtschaft vorindustrieller 2 Bücher, Karl: Die Entstehung der Volkswirtschaft, Tübingen 1893; Texte der Forschungsdiskussion um 1900: Finley, Moses I. (Hrsg.): The Bücher-Meyer-Controversy, New York 1979; Mazza, M.: Meyer vs Bücher: Il Dibattio sull’economia antica nella storiografia Tedesca tra otto e novecento, in: Società e storia 29 (1985), S. 507- 546; Schneider, Helmuth: Art. Bücher-Meyer Kontroverse, in: DNP 13, Stuttgart 1999, Sp. 551-556. 5 Kulturen von Reziprozität, Redistribution, Haushaltung (Subsistenzwirtschaft) und nur lokalen Märkten bestimmt wird4. Die Arbeiten Polanyis beeinflußten zwar nachhaltig die altorientalistische Forschung, wurden aber zunächst von Althistorikern kaum beachtet. Die modernistische Interpretation der antiken Wirtschaft fand im brillanten Werk von Michail Rostovtzeff eine feste Grundlage5, so daß auch kritische Stimmen aus der Geschichtswissenschaft kaum die vorherrschende Forschungsmeinung beeinflußten6. Erst die intensive Marxismusrezeption an den westlichen Universitäten in den sechziger Jahren bereitete den Resonanzboden für eine Herausforderung der modernistischen Thesen durch Michel Austin, Pierre Vidal-Naquet und vor allem Moses I. Finley7. Der 1954 aus den USA nach England emigrierte Finley8 hatte auch zu dem Umkreis von Polanyi gehört, doch aus unbekannten Gründen war sein geplanter Beitrag für Polanyis Sammelwerk dort nicht mehr aufgenommen worden9. Finley griff nun Gedanken sowohl von Polanyi als auch von dem deutschen Soziologen Max Weber auf; er unterzog die bisherigen “modernistischen” Modelle der antiken Wirtschaft einer kritischen Prüfung. Einen fundamentalen Unterschied zwischen antiker und moderner Wirtschaft sah Finley im Charakter von Handel und Warenproduktion, die seiner Ansicht nach in der Antike wenig entwickelt waren und vornehmlich einer lokalen Bedarfsdeckung dienten, wobei die antiken Städte Zentren des Konsums, nicht der Produktion gewesen seien. Finley betonte, daß der Reichtum der Oberschichten auf Großgrundbesitz beruht habe. Die Rentiersmentalität dieser Oberschichten und den fehlenden “spirit of capitalism” 3 Humphrey, Sally C.: Geschichte, Volkswirtschaft und Anthropologie, Einleitung zu: Polanyi, Karl, Ökonomie und Gesellschaft, Frankfurt 1979, S. 7-59, hier S. 15. 4 Polyani, Karl: The Great Transformation, New York 1944 (dt. 1977); Polyani, Karl / Arensberg, Conrad M. / Pearson, Harry W. (Hrsg.): Trade and Markets in the Early Empires, Glencoe (Illinois) 1957. 5 Rostovtzeff, Michail I.: The Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire, Oxford 1926. 6 Hasebroek, Johannes: Griechische Wirtschafts- und Gesellschaftsgeschichte bis zur Perserzeit, Tübingen 1931; ohne nennenswerte Wirkung auf die Altertumshistorie blieben auch starke Strömungen in der deutschen Mittelalter- und Frühneuzeitforschung, die mit dem Konzept vom “Ganzen Haus” nach 1933 ein der geschlossenen Hauswirtschaft von Karl
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