.. -

A PHASE I ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE DEF/HEN-24-11.9110.00 .. PROJECT IN ADAMS AND RICHLAND TOWNSHIPS, DEFIANCE COUNTY, OHIO AND NAPOLEON TOWNSHIP, HENRY COUNTY, OHIO (PID 19047) .

.. .. omCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES

Report prepared by: .. Stanley W. Baker

Cultural Resources Unit .. Office ofEnvironmental Services Ohio Department ofTransportation

.. December 2003 ......

.. Maumee River between Defiance, Ohio and Napoleon, Ohio was considered. This research area was considered to be adequate since it would not only identify previously known resources within the project area (Le. where the alignment is drawn) but would also provide infonuation regarding .. the kinds ofphysiographic situations where sites have been previously recorded. This type of infonuation is helpful to predict the likelihood ofsites within the project area and define areas which might be considered culturally sensitive. In addition, some idea of the potential site significance can be gained in this slightly broader study. Such data is useful in developing field - research strategies and detenuining the adequacy of field data once it is amassed.

Site Data/Site Interpretation

The tenu site as used in this report represents a discrete area ofhabitation or any previously reported isolated artifact or lithic array. Site boundaries were taken from manuscript site fonus and by their absolute placement based on available topographic mapping. The .. relationship ofthese artifact assemblages to areas conducive to habitation was also considered. It is assumed genuine habitations focused on specific, if not predictable, environmental or geomorphological areas.

- Habitat infonuation has been recorded on most site fonus. This infonuation when available was compared to available first-hand data as reported by geomorphologists and/or soil .. scientists. However, it was obvious reported site data versus published soils and Quaternary maps did vary or were dissimilarly designated. Sometimes bluffs and terrace were recognized on fonus. .. At other times they were not. It was also obvious how individual site habitats were defined varied between individual researchers. What was an upland setting to one researcher was a lowland .. setting to another. Previously, ODOT's Ecological Systems unit has used "above headwaters" (i.e. based on low CFS stream flow) to arbitrarily define uplands or non-aquatic situations. However, varying seasonal discharge and other ecological factors found much further downstream would have negatively impacted sustained communities and resource availability as they relate to native inhabitants. Uplands as in the case ofthis report were arbitrarily defined using the following more broadly inclusive criteria.

Uplands are any catchment not associated with a stream greater than 30 meters wide having a sustained stream flow. Associated lowland catchments would also include open bodies - ofwater (i.e. penuanent lakes) or any meandering stream with pools and shoals. Major streams in the area include only the Maumee, Tiffin, and Auglaize rivers. Land fonus in association with lowland catchments also include: bluffs, valley walls, floodplains, and one or more terrace surfaces. Such lowland elements are only found one to two miles south ofthe project area. In contrast, vast regions ofDefiance, Henry, and Paulding counties are upland situations. The study - area itself, is solely contained within an area that is profoundly upland in nature.

.. 5 - ..

The temporal components and the site types used in this study were taken directly from the site forms. In order to manipulate the data each reported component for a site was listed separately. Sometimes, as in the case of some multi-component sites, the temporal period and site type had to be extrapolated or defined during this research (for example an Archaic surface deposit reported around an Early Woodland conical mound). Many recently reported sites were only described as "open" (E. 1 page 4 ofthe OAI) and "unknown" (E. 2 page 4 ofthe OAI). This definition might vary later in the "Description ofSite" where one author might interpret the resource as a camp while another might call it a lithic scatter. Similarly, burial sites might be .. interpreted or reported in a variety ofways. Human bone might simply be listed in the materials collected or the site might be interpreted as a Glacial Kame burial site with little curated evidence. This information was listed under the "Site Type" as it was originally presented.

Finalized site interpretations in this report are based on the best evidence available. One should always remember that site interpretations can and do change as more data is collected from a resource. The terminology used and recorded under "Site Interpretation" was designed to be more than just descriptive. The terminology was systematically organized to accept broadly defined, possible case scenarios. Terminology was also designed to have definite but easily .. recognizable functional implications. Site interpretation in this case was something more than just assuming a previous interpretation. It is a systematic reexamination ofraw site data (Le. artifact frequency and artifact function) in a comparative way. The system more than reviews function it addresses implied functional diversity in site assemblages.

As treated herein, burials, mounds, earthworks, petro glyphs, etc. imply a ceremonial function. These types ofsites were interpreted as "Ceremonial" manifestations. Obviously burials can also be found on habitation sites. These, more importantly, represent higher functional .. diversity in the total site assemblage in which they are related. At the other end ofthe site spectrum, sites which reflect only individual artifacts or "isolated" finds express low functional diversity (Le. projectile = hunting activity). Similarly, lithic (flake) scatters with a projectile or .. knife) are still only reflective ofa low diversity. One has to keep in mind there is no way to accurately document how an isolated artifact was deposited ifit is superficially disturbed, or ifthe remains are found in a plow disturbed context. Regarding poorly documented or arbitrarily .. defined scatters it is theoretically impossible to demonstrate a single temporal relationship . Typically however, the usual assumption is made that flake scatters are temporally associated with any physically associated diagnostic. Intrinsically, lithic scatters have poor temporal and spacial .., organization. In fact, most site boundaries in these cases are only arbitrary (Le. barely) defined . Such archaeological information was also used in defining lithic scatters from actual localities once used for established habitations. Again, lithic scatters can only be assumed to have low .. functional diversity.

Actually habitation sites in contrast should begin to show some spatial organization, an .. implied environmental focus, and at least moderate to high functional diversity. Considering a foraging pattern, a variety ofactivities might be conducted at even a transient camps. The archaeological record should express at least limited functional diversity an any habitation site. When a site assemblage exhibits just a projectile, a knife, or single functioned tool category with

6 .., -

only knapping residue, the site is still considered to exhibit only low functional diversity. However, when multiple tool types (i.e. knives, scrapers, ornamental objects, and/or ground stone) are found in conjunction, the assemblage is considered to show at least moderate diversity. A - typical camp site assemblage might be projectiles, scrapers, and flakes or scrapers, an ornament, .. and flakes. If a utilized flake was reported in an assemblage that was otherwise monotonous (flakes and a projectile) it was still considered a lithic scatter with low functional diversity. On the other hand, the occurrence ofmanufactured unifaces and bifacial tools in the form of knives and scrapers was considered to imply moderate diversity when they were found in conjunction with knapping debris (single function) or flakes and projectiles (two functions).

In this system, when moderate functional diversity was observed in an assemblage, the site - was interpreted as a camp or stations. High or higher functional diversity was used to define more permanent occupations like base camps, hamlets, and villages. Station, hamlet, and village .. designations were formulated from comparative studies. These terms are designed to imply temporal/organizational relations based on both temporal and functional data. The term "station" was used instead of "camp" in order to imply the patterns ofmore logistically motivated native .. groups utilizing pre-ordained temporary habitation sites. This site type are prevalent particularly during the Middle Woodland Period and later. Similarly, terms like hamlet and village have particular temporal implications (i.e. MW and LW for the former and LP/PH for the latter). These are used to imply or reflect there more unique position within a more involved .. settlement/subsistence system . Low functional diversity is not just an expression in tool or equipment variety. Diversity is also a reflection of: 1) how this supportive equipment was manufactured, used, and discarded; .. plus/or, 2) how the habitation itself physically developed around these activities. Obviously, transient occupations do not have a tendency to exhibit vertical complexity (deVelopment and use of subterranean features, etc.). On the other hand, moderate functionality would be expressed through synchronic activities or the residual evidence ofcooking features and/or the development of temporary structural evidence (i.e. the occasional post or evidence for an individual housing unit). In contrast, high functional diversity is suggested by at least the implied presence of food .. storage facilities, refuse deposits, multiple contemporaneous housing units, and ceremonial elements in the site plan (I.e. burials, palisades, non-housing architectural units, etc.). On the other hand, isolated mounds, burial areas, etc. summarized in this formulation as ceremonial sites may .. not show high functional diversity. Again, any temporal evidence also has its implications. A temporally diverse site, where overlapping multiple components are found, might not be functionally complex. Each component must then be independently interpreted as having lower .. diversity.

The data base file generated for this study also considers site preservation either specified - or implied. Sites were designated potentially significant or not significant when a clear determination had been made. This was sometime impossible to determine since no attempt has .. been made to take SHPO determinations from the review files and update the OAI files . .. Significant was used when a determination ofNRHP eligibility had been rendered as in the case - 7 ..

.. when the site is listed on the NRHP. The data base file reported sites as being destroyed if .. available evidence clearly showed such a condition .

Field Reconnaissance

Field reconnaissance was conducted in two phases. An initial visual inspection was conducted to assess the need for further archaeological investigations and to design a strategy of - investigation. Initial visual inspection of the project area also allowed for the scheduling ofmore detailed work during optimum field conditions. Initial visitation was conducted in the early Spring .. of 1999. However, the majority ofthe more detailed field survey was conducted in the late Spring/early Summer (1999). A break in the fieldwork alleviated damage to cash crops found along side the existing right-of-way. Later, the scope of the project increased by definition of .. access roads in the vicinity of the Domersville Road/SR 281 interchange. The survey of these proposed access roads was conducted in April 2003.

.. Except where headwater streams crossed the right-of-way or where county roads crossed the existing right-of-way, the entire DEF/HEN 24 area was under cultivation at the time of the survey. Field inspections were timed to coincide with optimum periods of surface visibility . .. Reconnaissance was conducted by walking the entire alignment to collect land use data. Fieldwork or surface locational survey was completed by walking four to six transects at eight meter (about 25 to 30 foot) intervals across each agricultural field in the project area. Again, work hesitated until ideal conditions were encountered (i.e. spring tillage, little ground cover, and well washed ground surfaces for maximum artifact exposure). Some fields were walked again .. following the wheat harvest. Fieldwork was timed before the standing com and soy beans were mature or when cultivated plant growth would hamper ground surface visibility. In most cases, surface visibility was above 80%. - Transect survey continued until the entire project area was covered. This system allowed each specimen to be piece plotted on topographic maps following the completion of the Phase I .. fieldwork. Once a specimen was encountered a block area measuring 15 meters by 15 meters surround the initial find was closely inspected. If no other archaeological artifact was found, the initial specimen was recorded as an isolated find. No Phase II subsurface investigations were .. conducted at the sites recorded by this survey since recovered remains were limited to isolated find from an upland setting. The methodological approach is also considered reasonable given the fact the all remains are from a totally disturbed upland context upland or from areas easily .. disturbed by cultivation/plowing.

The term site as used in this report represents a discrete area of habitation or an isolated .. artifact found by this survey. Site boundaries were defined by absolute artifact placement and the relationship of these artifacts to areas conducive to habitation. It is assumed that habitations focused on specific ifnot predictable, environmental or geomorphological areas . .. 8 - .. Since cultural remains had been found within the project area an OAI form was filled out and the site recorded. Most ofthe artifacts found were of 19th century origin. In contrast, modem remains, particularly roadside trash, was not collected or inventoried. General criteria and .. guidelines used to address these remains and other earlier historic cultural debris have been outlined for the ODOT archaeological program and have been previously discussed (see ODOT 1987: IV-B-1 0 through 12). Established criteria suggests that modem debris is not considered significant and no OAI forms will be completed on these remains. These sites appear to be more than fifty years old and associated with a standing structure and require an inventory form, however. It appears that the historic site in question was a residential area and that it has been graded and disturbed by utility and road construction after its destruction in the 19th century. .. A general itemization ofmaterials expected to be found in modem collection is as follows: -Modem machine-made glass: i.e. refreshment bottle glass, plate glass and automotive glass -Modem alloy metal: i.e. bottle caps, tin foil, auto parts -Rubber, plastic, coal, cinders, modem machine bricks -Identifiable 20th century ceramics -Machine extruded drainage tile -Modern electronic appliances: i.e. TV's, radios, washers, refrigerators, Mr. Coffee's, etc. .. -Modem abandoned cars and farm equipment. Again this type ofcollection would be considered non-significant only ifthe density and/or combination ofparticular artifacts did not suggest a function beyond road litter and/or .. modem refuse. These collections have to be associated with an existing road and/or mid-twentieth century structure. The results of the field work indicate the presence of such materials in nearly every surveyed field. Field tile is a very common artifact given that nearly every cultivated field within the project area is drained ofwater via field tile to excavated ditches or streams. .. Although anthropological research can be directed at any distribution ofmaterial, the Advisory Council has suggested that not all resources are significant. Such research might contribute only to historically unimportant questions, or in the case of a modem manifestation, the research could more easily be undertaken in another manner (A.C.H.P. 1980:7). All other cultural materials were analyzed with respects to the functional, spatial, temporal, economic, and cultural variables that are thought to be appropriate for the project area. It should be pointed out however, .. that observations contained herein are presented more for descriptive purposes than for making - finalized comparative statements.

Predictive Model

A predictive site model was developed for this project as part ofthe research design. Prior - to entering the field, it was felt that some understanding of where sites might be found or what - 9 - -

types ofsites might be impacted were critical research questions. Settlement research, that is developing a feeling for the site distribution phenomenon, should commence for several reasons. Obviously, modeling is pro-active. For instance, it might be used to develop better field strategies and be a help in answering scheduling problems. Theoretic situations should always be compared - to what was actually found. Obviously, positive correlations between the expected and the encountered suggests that the proper types of sampling procedures were implemented and that the sufficient levels ofbackground investigations were conducted for proper site interpretation. The identification ofunforseen site types can also help us refine our research goals in future .. formulations and can only make our work more archaeologically sound . Historically, predictive models were developed to better understand why prehistoric people located certain types of sites at particular locations. These models assumed that prehistoric - peoples had inherent needs and that these needs were fulfilled at environmental specific but repetitious occurring points in the terrain (i.e. where beneficial goods or natural products and needed services or conditions occurred). Such models are based on a cultural ecological theory of minimal expense where sites are focused on areas ofhighest productive and/or habitats where key or critical resources were most commonly found. Again, site densities per unit ofarea have been .. expressed in an attempt to address more anthropological/sociological questions. Unlike previous predictive models, the following approach was neither designed to accurately predict the location and the absolute frequency ofevery prehistoric resource in a given region nor was it necessarily designed to answer the why question. However, questions like why is a site located in a particular - location might be a valid research goals under other circumstances.

'III There are several valid and tactical reasons why we are reluctant to approach some of these questions. The following approach is designed to avoid certain interpretive problems which are related to the modeling reliability. When dealing with archaeological data, it is hard to test some cause and affect hypotheses. This is due to the: 1) inherent and sometimes frustrating nature - of archeological data (lack ofobjective data, lack ofdiachronic/synchronic control, absence of ... single cause patterns, etc.); 2) or our inability to fully comprehend and interpret the meanings of style and typology in the artifact record; andlor 3) the difficulty to clearly elucidate the true functional nature of site assemblages which are typically found degraded. As a result, we need to ... be very specific in what the goals in ODOT's CRM program are and what benefit modeling questions will bring to this program. The goals and limitations ofprevious investigations must govern how predictive models are formulated. Answerable research hypotheses must be generated so each element ofthe model can be directly evaluated before it can be used.

- Modeling Approach In order to develop a meaningful and exacting predictive model, the goals of the research .. must be addressed and well defined. In reality, there may be several broadly valid model types dependent on one's desired goals. However, particular goals might never be met by the certain research approaches. Three models/approaches come to mind but potentially many others lines of questioning might exist. The first are anthropological models which question why sites are located ... - 10 ..

.. where they are. Such models have been mentioned and can either be based on deductive approaches (Le. ethnographic analogy) or as in other cases by inductive examination of .. independently derived empiric correlates . These common anthropological models appear to be different from preservation/CRM models which are more concerned with determining the likelihood of impacting cultural remains • particularly significant resources. This type ofmodel asks what types ofresources might be found in a particular region. ODOTIFHWA is also interested in predictive models which are designed to compare and contrast the potential for one highway design corridor to have greater or more individual impacts on cultural resources than another corridor in the same region. Obviously, CRM models are more concerned with foreseeing the value ofdiffering habitats in native tenns .. prior to field documentation, rather than fully identifYing all cause and affect aspects which may have occurred in aboriginal life.

ODOT/FHWA corridor models (later more simply called Corridor Models) should not only consider the presence/absence ofresources but the conditions under which differing types of sites might be found. Differing types ofsites, varying geomorphological nature ofa strata, and differential land-use are also modeling issues. Resource preservation and the potential interpretability ofeach type ofsite must be considered to anticipate the nature ofthe impact, to demonstrate that impacts are minimal, and as an aid to design corridor alignments which will - minimize impacts when they are found to occur. As a result ofthese issues, all preservation related models need to consider and incorporate .. the following non-cultural conditions: .. a) devising alignments to commonly avoid quality sites which may be eligible for inclusion to the National Register ofHistoric Places, are on the National Register or are a National Landmark. .. b) examining or weighing differing impacted habitats to determine if a particular environmental strata is more likely to contain significant resources regardless of external temporal/synchronic settlement relationships. c) identifYing particular habitats that might have the potential to increase the frequency ofsignificant resources and the occurrence ofmultiple site .. types. This condition would include the identification of habitats that might be used in a variety ofways through time .

.. d) defining modem land-use habits and post-depositional conditions that might directly impact the value ofindividual sites or functional classes ofsites found in these areas. This would include identifYing of uncultivated .. areas, determining the potential for naturally buried land forms (i.e. floodplains), determining what areas might be easily impacted or .. degraded by farming activities, and locating areas disturbed by either .. natural or man-made means . 11 .. ..

e) looking at the condition under which the sites were fonned or what prehistoric functions created greater site visibility or which help protect the resource and sire good focus. Obviously, more intensive types of aboriginal land­ .. use (house building, food storage, earthwork construction, etc.) can create situations which may be more easily interpreted or which might cause the .. artifact's context to survive more readily. Although most archaeologists have been interested in finding and interpreting important sites, existing anthropological models have not incorporated these important preservation concerns into their fonnulation. .. Anthropological settlement models have taken one oftwo approaches either a deductive one usually based on ethnographic analogy or an inductive approach where possibly valid locational variables are "independently" derived. However, as abstract as these variable lists might look, they are not independent variables which have been blindly developed. Each has been drawn from preconceived notions with regards to the nature ofhuman activity (i.e. distance to water, soil productivity, etc.). The "more scientific" inductive approaches are thought to be bolstered by .. using statistical means including the development ofmathematical coefficients, multi-variant analysis and the like to show abstracted arithmatic relations between environmental factors and a site's position. However, true science is not the derived statistical data itself but the ability to test III the behavioral value ofeach selected factor and rule out factors which are not behaviorally related. In many cases, hypothetical variables have neither been independently derived nor have they been frequently tested. As a result, most variability patterns have been typically mis-ascribed to some human motive.

Modeling in this case is more concerned with the likelihood to encounter sites and more importantly, detennining the potential for the presence or absence ofparticular site types. Clearly, the magnitude ofCRM investigations (large scale to small scale highway studies, sewer projects, and mining pennits for example) have examined and studied all kinds ofregional situations and diverse habitats. The charge that previous investigations only examined small scale areas is groundless. One should also be mindful that previous investigations, regardless of scale, may never tell us how many sites might be found in a particular area. The negative aspect ofurban development can hamper the identification of all the sites that may have once occurred in an area. Poor sampling strategies might negatively impact the recording of each and every site or site type. However, available evidence (the recovered archaeological data itself) can clearly demonstrate the types ofhabitats where specific types of sites have been found.

Empiric correlative models may be valid along some research lines. However, certain conditions clearly exist and several assumptions have been made which may seriously hamper the .. findings themselves. This may hinder the ultimate goal ofsite preservation in the long run. These conditions were not explicitly addressed in models generated thus far, but are implied conditions known to negatively impact the results of many archaeological endeavors. For example, the

III presented test conditions assumed that optimum field conditions existed across the entire area as the data was being collected. They also assumed that preliminary surface collected data is totally

12 ..

compatible to data gathered from locationallevel testing (unit testing). The underlying question is: can the data set be replicated ifthe area were to be resurveyed? This has only been assumed and has not been tested before modeling conclusions were drawn. Again, the investigations only dealt with data generated from reconnaissance level survey. It has only been assumed that every known site was purely expressed in the sample and that adequate samples were taken from each site. Can all site attributes be identified at the Phase I level ofresearch? In reality, site definitions can and do change as more field data is gathered. The biased nature of a sample can only be dispelled by some method ofcomparative reinvestigation. In fact, criticism has been raised regarding the .. adequacy of previous investigations. Adequate sampling is not accomplished just because a particular individual did the work themselves or levels of sampling adequacy were met just because the researcher said that these conditions were met. Previous investigations under similar .. habitat condition may in fact be a test in which to consider bias. Simply, we can not ignore well formulated more intensive survey (i.e. Phase II and Phase III) which would provide excellent .. sources of exacting and meaningful site locational data . Model precision and behavioral interpretation is best maintained by partitioning the total site population into temporal and functional subsets. Survey accuracy can only be demonstrated .. when the data can be shown to be replicable. In a worst case scenario, a new project area, or selected portions of an entire project, might be totally disturbed providing nothing to generate a data set. More insidiously, the derived sample from these new and unbiased universes are assumed not to have been negatively affected by 1) preliminary nature ofthe work itself; and 2) the unavailability ofdiagnostic material in specific cases (i.e. when phase II and phase III .. information is not available or when the component it degraded). Although proper sampling has been advocated in the previous example and other models, the preliminary nature ofmuch of these derived samples have been hampered by the near total absence oftemporal and functional .. factors being incorporated into the study. For settlement models to reach some level of accuracy, they must focus on functional .. complexity or look at function thresholds as they become apparent from the field work. This might entail multiple seasons ofwork or the use ofmultiple data recovery strategies being used across a site area. Our site interpretation is not the true function, but to be most accurate, .. functional interpretations must be built on the accumulation of factors best expressed in demonstrative samples. This is why site location and assessment is bifurcated into two phases of work. Simply, adequate data was not available from most preliminary surveys to bifurcate the .. sample into more meaningful units .

Just as subtly, and equally as degrading to any data set is the assumption that the derived .. site information was not negatively impacted by modem land use or that collector habits have not interfered with the archaeological data set. This is seldom the case. Some functions or site activities might never be manifested in the archaeological record. Artifact arrays can be .. transformed by agricultural practices and the selective removal of field data may inherently limit a site's interpretive value ifmethods to compensate for this missing information are not devised. In this case, we will never known every activity that was carried out in an area. Interpretative models of any type have to look for and incorporate the best available evidence into the research base ...... 13 - .. Factors need to develop a model may have to be derived from information accumulated from reconnaissance and detailed investigations in the project area. Information indirectly gathered through previous amateur/professional investigations from one site and/or a selected group of - similar sites across one environmental strata may be the best sources ofmodeling data. It should be pointed out that settlement patterns cannot be adequately deduced by simple analogies based solely on ethnographic comparison. The tactical motives ofthe prehistoric groups versus historic groups may differ slightly and in reality, may not be equivalent although elements of each settlement system may look similar. Again it must be stressed that archaeological data from just one site will not always demonstrate function. However, meaningful reconstructive interpretations can begin by deducing activities from individual sites and comparing the accumulated functional data from one temporally related site to another. Ethnographic comparison must be used to make us mindful of how dynamic prehistoric patterns may have been and provide us with a set ofterminology to more accurately describe what is being observed prehistorically. .. Various prehistoric settlement systems can be documented by this process ofidentification, interpretation, and comparison. In contrast, existing empiric correlative approaches have yet to take the socio-temporal context into consideration. Without using the range of available information, one can not recognize that people from different periods may have had differing reasons for utilizing the same space. These reasons would have had an impact on why certain landscape positions where selected as a site and why others were not. For these reasons and because ofthe degraded nature of archaeological resources, one statistical assumption or the - relative value of a landscape position cannot be accurately measured utilizing empiric correlation only. The value of each hypothesized correlate might be tested, but the results might have little to - due with behavior. Sites and their measure ofworth can only be derived from fieldwork. .. Again, what is called for is the deduction offunction from artifacVecofact attributes from individual sites and the comparison ofthis information from the multiple phase related assemblages. Temporally specific motives have to be proposed and then tested. Climate changes, .. seasonal fluctuation in weather, and evolving lifestyles clearly would have an affect on the desirability ofa particular location at anyone moment in time. The importance ofvarying forest canopies is a factor, but not an unchanging one. Climate change would have had an affect from one archaeological period to another. Seasonally specific settlement motives (i.e. even for one temporally specific group) may have: 1) considered the canopy (fall nut collecting); 2) indirectly considered the canopy (a hunting parties recognition ofthe positive influences ofmast on game species); or 3) not considered the canopy at all (logistically motivated transient camp) though all - may have produced identifiable refuse patterns in the same place. Conversely, interpretation might be muddled if identifiable refuse was not produced. Some degree ofcomparative deduction is necessary, but any interpretation must be tempered by the local condition and the pattern from - which the site originated .

.. Previous models tend to assume that 1) optimum environmental conditions only occur at a very few points in space, 2) that the prehistoric group was logistically driven by particular need, and 3) that all needs have a relatively similar value. In reality, mast resources or open prairies might occur over wide areas. Hunting was not focused but was a regional pursuit. Particular

.. 14 • - factors or the juxtaposition of"important" factors may have not even been considered in this case. Again, one must consider that certain needs and desires may have changed with the season or as a result of the availability ofcertain resources during a particular season. III Prehistoric or aboriginal settlement systems subtly vary from modem conditions with regards to element spacing. However, there seems to be an overt concern with site spacing. This III leans towards an assumption that prehistoric people were densely arranged in a target area and that all situations of equal value were used at the same rate. It can not be demonstrated that prehistoric people were either densely arranged or that they commonly taxed the environment. Good archaeological interpretation has to be wary ofcreating relationships when no actual synchronic link exists in reality (i.e. temporal control only exists at the phase and period level). .. No archaeological examples from Ohio exist which can claim prehistoric people intensively used broad landscape areas. It is ofno surprise, that a sites might not exist in an area ofequal environmental richness as where a known site or a group ofsimilar sites has been found to be located. Some caution must be taken so as not to directly examine prehistoric site patterns as - modern social patterns have been examined geographically and where the sampling universe is filled as in Central Place theory. III Other factors (non-environmental) may have been involved in site selection processes. Anyone familiar with the archeological record knows that some settlements are found on III particular locations while other locations with the same relative value may have never been used. For example, we may never know why a particular location was selected for a village while a second nearby area with equal environmental potential was not. However we do know that many complex sites were located in diverse catchment areas. The occurrence of factors invisible in the - archaeological record must be assumed to exist. Sacred factors, not just profane ones, dictated the site selection process. Many sites had little to do with subsistence functions (Le. isolated burials, individual burial mound, enclosures, and earthworks) and the availability ofnutritional resources. Forest canopy data and soil productivity should not even be considered in some extreme - functional subsets. Though it might be the case, it cannot be assumed that the ideal site location is centered on the preferred habitat zone. This assumption is made ifinterval data is generated and ifstatical data is directly compared to other measured correlates. In extreme cases optimum living floors might not be found within the optimum habitat where all needs were met or where all the required .. resources were once found. Absurdly, rivers are highly productive but present drainage problems for housing. However, factors like periodic flooding may have limited the position of semi­ permanent village to high terrace areas which may be rather remotely located from the source of many resources used on a daily basis. Another common example of site/resource disassociation would be rockshelters. Upland sideslopes might offer few other advantages other than the optimum shelter itself. In fact, this author is familiar with riverine ecofacts being found in this preferred site type. Obviously, the source ofthese resources was a less important consideration since they could easily be transported to the sheltered space. Other elements ofthe catchments associated with rockshelters and caves have only a limited value in predicting where these types of sites actually exist.

- 15 .. These two examples clearly suggests that the prehistoric site selection process was a subtly ranked process. Some criteria many have been more important than others. Any real situation would create a muddling affect where absolute distance data is concerned. On short-lived extractive types ofsites (Le. butchering stations, nut gathering loci, etc.) certain factors like the availability ofdrinking water may not have been considered at all. The consistent examination .. ofthis type offactor might statically overrate or underrate a particular site position . Sometimes we have to assume that two sites or two artifacts are related which may not be .. the case. Models should not be constructed to take temporal/typological relationships for granted . Two identical artifacts may in fact have been deposited hundreds ofyears apart. However, repetitious behavior and the common occurrence ofeven isolated artifacts may infer some validity about how a certain habitat was used. In this case, a picture ofland use can be drawn, but we - cannot assume that all people were in an area for the same reason. However, ifwe are only interested in which habitats were used and in deteImining the general nature ofthe human .. environmental relationship, the nature ofthe assemblages regardless ofage and size can sometimes be collapsed into temporal/functional subsets would have value in the examining impact. It would appear that given the above interpretive constraints, a modeling goal to identify every site and its position might never be reached. However, to direct preservation research to identify every situation which represents some potential for finding data regarding prehistory is achievable. The goal is to compare local conditions across multi-corridor areas to deteImine the .. rate of impacts. Selection then is to minimize impacts or to select design criteria where few impacts might occur. These local conditions (i.e. habitats) must be clearly defined and distinctly .. observable . It would appear that previously developed yield values, such as low probability versus .. high probability, can not be truly measured and have little benefit to CRM models when they are . To clearly examine site potential along a corridor, background research must consider all the potential geomophological/physiographic subsets that might occur in the region and what, ifany, site types occur in each ofthese environmental sets. Although this seems more simplified than - mathematically expressed probability factors, fundamental errors have occurred in previous .. studies which poorly present even these most basic local conditions . It is believed that modeling should be looked at as a building process, where new and better infoImation is always used to reformulate the model. Once mistakes and faulty information are recognized, then they are excluded from the model, and so are not repeated. To date, known predictive models have been applied repeatedly but changed very little beyond the location ofthe project, the abstract describing it, and the generated data base. How the model was applied across .. the project, how it clearly showed areas ofhigh and low probability areas for site distribution was not discussed. As a result, there is little information available to show how the field strategies were guided or ifit was justified to increase the investigation interval between units of exposure . ... Just because certain types ofsites were not identified in the sample does not automatically imply that they don't exist or that they won't be found in other untested portions ofa project area. Environmentally delimiting factors might exist in a project area, thus limiting the possibility of significant resources but only when all these preconditions are met. .. 16 - A cursory CRM review seems to suggest that less work or no work was completed where - spatially limited sites are sometimes found. However, spatially limits in itself is not a criteria for determining significance. In reality and to detect small sites, test unit and walking transect intervals need to be reduced and not increased. The approach which has been taken would limit - detection of the fragile sites and most all small sites in any project area. Obviously, small sites (numerical and spatially limited scatters) might not be significant or have the ability to convey additional information. We still have a responsibility to record them when possible. However, such issues are infrequently addressed in any CRM work. Considering the possibility of unique depositional conditions to exist but never being addressed (alluvial condition, undisturbed area, etc.), whole classes of small, but excellently preserved, sites might never be identified let alone evaluated when a reduced strategy is implemented. It should also be noted, that certain types of sites may exist where surface remains are infrequently recovered (small mound, isolated burials, - and prehistoric cemeteries). Increasing unit intervals or sidestepping small but unique land forms is a way of totally avoiding the identification of these unique site types.

In the name of science, previous attempts at predictive modeling have focused on the ranking of individual factors which may have influenced the site selection process. This approach will always require the testing of each variable (i.e. distance to water, soil productivity, etc) in order to determine their importance and/or their meaning or to maintain validity. This approach is much like Edison's research, who tested thousands of filament types to develop the working light bulb. Like the filament experiment, there are probably thousands of environmental factors which - may have influenced the use of a particular location. Similarly, each variable has to be independently tested to determine its relative value. However, in CRM investigations other - methods of observation or other valid approaches can be used to study site landscape positioning. Prehistoric settlement was a working system. Unlike the Edison approach, we don't have to .. evaluate every light bulb filament (i.e. factors in our case) to know if the bulb is burning (i.e . when and how native peoples used a particular landform). There is a more appropriate approach to CRM research. For accuracy however, CRM modeling investigations must be regional in scale where site landscape positioning (identified site types from broad physiographic areas) takes precedence over the strict evaluation of all environmental factors found at anyone particular location. Aboriginal life was an operating system and our investigation is to identify elements that made the system work. Regarding the requirement of CRM, we only need to examine the known - the quality of the work that produced the site data to evaluate the results. As previously suggested, the relative value of site data can be determined by the level ofreplication which is found to exist .. in the record, itself.

Model Development

The following predictive model is being developed to provide a general discussion addressing the various local habitats where particular types of resources might be found. The ., investigations will attempt to identify any correlation between positive archaeological evidence and environmental factors. The model will generally use existing data or more properly the best

17 - available evidence (i.e. site setting, temporal relationships, and functional interpretations). When - possible, artifact data and site structural evidence will be used to determine function or more properly determine thresholds of function. Obviously, to start one must begin with a basic formulation so the model's validity can be tested. General habitats will be defined from existing - physiographic and geomorphological terminology. As field evidence and environmental data accumulates, and as more temporal and functional data becomes available from sites or groups of sites, the formulation can be refined.

Based on the accumulated information, it should be possible to determine the types of .. cultural resources which might be impacted by this project. Secondly, the model has been designed to consider what correlation exists between site landscape positioning and resources preservation to determine the likelihood ofimpacting significant resources. ODOT is ultimately - interested in what steps might be taken to minimize impacts to significant resources or if a particular designed corridor or an alignment within a corridor might exist which would minimize .. such impacts. Modem land use factors negatively impact sites and must be considered as they are known to make accurate estimates ofyield and to devise field strategies. .. The following model recognizes that ecological factors or the availability oflocal resources are key factors in site selection but not exclusively. Non-habitation sites also exist. Immediate resource availability might have little to do with the original selection process. A .. variety ofmotives may have been weighed, or at times played no part in positioning a settlement or selecting a location for a site type. Conversely, we may never know why a particular site location was selected. However, the archaeological record for a region can be reviewed and both .. the kinds ofland forms selected and the resultant resources can be identified with some certainty . ODOT has completed extensive site locational studies on several environmentally similar - physiographic regions across Ohio. Since site types and localities conducive to habitation have been previously identified, environmental factor can be used predictively to determine the potential for sites within individual projects, multiple corridors, and/or study areas. However, the .. current resolution ofpublished environmental/soil data may not delineate some smaller or unique environmental features. Field review and basis recordation of all field conditions and all resultant sites will always be needed to clearly identify what environmental feature will be impacted and to .. correlate this data to the following predictive settlement model. .. Anyone familiar with Ohio's archaeological record should realize that certain geomorphological attributes and superficial communities seem to have had a meaningful affect on regional exploitation patterns and modes of settlement. Because local conditions had a direct relationship to settlement patterns, this information is included to aid in settlement modeling and - predicting the likelihood ofsites in the immediate project area. The absence ofcertain habitats and the juxtaposition ofcertain habitat types can influence the types and distribution ofsites in an particular project area.

This positive correlation is a major part ofa proposed predictive model hypothesis. - Theoretically speaking, all available land forms in Ohio were used by aboriginal peoples, although - 18 .. certain types ofsites only exist on selected land fonns. Our hypothesis also incorporates the idea that sites whose function is distinctly habitational, will only be found on 1) only better-drained land fonns, 2) at locations providing the most natural shelter, and/or 3) in areas which have the .. most environmental diversity. Ideal habitations themselves might not focus on the point of maximum environmental diversity. Diversity itself is the total product ofthe site's catchment or the resources availability in a region in close proximity to the point ofhabitation.

Based on this hypothesis, one can conclude that comparable corridors which cross similar land fonns will have similar impacts. For example, if all environmental conditions are consistent from one corridor to another, the longer oftwo alternatives will have a greater impact to cultural resources. Secondly, ifknown site types occur within a region or physiographic area, one can .. predetennine, the potential infonnation yield and/or the investigation scope which will be needed . Since site preservation is a critical factor in detennining significance, how well certain types of sites might be preserved has the potential for providing additional significant infonnation within .. this framework. How land fonns are currently used and the inherent depositional nature of predicted sites within these land fonns or habitats are clearly related. Previous assessment investigations suggest the types ofresources that can be considered significant. First, one must .. define the types ofhabitats in a region, identifY the types ofsites that are known to occur there, define the depositional characteristic ofthese site types, and how they might be negatively impacted by modem land use. Answering these questions allows adequate modeling predictions to .. be made but they also fosters the development ofsound investigation strategies . Most environmental studies conducted in Ohio recognize five general physiographic regions. These include 1) the glaciated Till Plain (western and central Ohio), 2) the Lake Plains - (northern Ohio), 3) Glaciated Plateau (east central and northeastern Ohio), 4) the Unglaciated Plateau (southeastern Ohio), and 5) the Lexington Plains or Outer Bluegrass (southwestern Ohio). .. These regions and their geomorphological elements have previously been described in some detail so direct comparison ofthe model with localized geological/natural resources/soils reports can be made for clarity and to discuss the local condition. However, unique groups ofrepetitious habitats occur within each ofthese five distinct regions. It is critical to address each ofthese potential habitats although a given study area may not contain all these geomorphological elements or habitats.

Generally speaking, sites or archaeological data can be found on all land fonns. How the position ofeach site type varies across the landscape is a particular problem that needs addressed in each CRM modeling summary. A preliminary list ofsite bearing habitats identified in the - appropriate or associated physiographic region is summarized in Tables 3 and 4. A list ofmajor site types and the incidence of site bearing habitats is also summarized. As previously indicated, - this predictive model is concerned with consequential functional/temporal site attributes and settlement change. These tables recognize that common functionality may exist, or that through .. time, convincing evidence for changing function has yet to be demonstrated. However in such cases, functionally similar site types from each ofthe included periods have been reported. .. Categorizing these temporally unique situations together will not influence the estimation - 19 .. - regarding potential significance, our summary of information yield per habitat, how one would - approach further preservation issues across these habitats or in individual site cases. .. It should be realized that site descriptions can and do change as more data about a site or a type of resource is collected. However, the presence, absence, or common occurrence of a certain type of site on a particular habitat is based on repetition and/or the best available evidence across .. the entire physiographic region. This information was generally drawn from the previously prepared Cultural Setting narrative in this report and from a number ofcounty wide literature searches prepared during the completion of ODOT highway site investigations. Function as .. addressed in Table 4 is not necessarily a factor of a site's synchronic relations, though how sites from a particular period relate might suggest function within a settlement/subsistence system .

.. Function herein is based on thresholds of activities which have previously been discussed in a number ofODOT reports. Logically, isolated finds and lithic scatters have fewer activity .. elements or low functional diversity. In contrast, transient and specialized camps would display moderate diversity, while base camps, hamlets, and villages in the prehistorical record should exhibit high functional diversity. Similarly in later (historic) native towns high diversity would be exhibited in the refuse record versus native camps having low diversity or isolated farms showing at least moderate level of activity. Obviously prehistoric sites like mounds, earthworks, and isolated burials may have little to say about settlement itself but are clearly a function of .. ceremonial activity. Their locations must be considered as independent elements in any modeling summary. .. Some other factors besides cultural ones can influence significance statements due to the inherent nature ofdeposited resources. Table 4 was designed to explore modem land use characteristics and archaeological depositional characteristics as an aid in the definition of .. potential information yields and to suggest reasonable avenues for preservation. Certain site types have a consistent potential for providing significant information. These estimates are also listed on Table 4. For example, documented undisturbed burial sites will always have to be addressed .. through excavation or mitigation. Village sites and hamlets, by nature, typically contain subterrean storage facilities which were usually filled with trash following their abandonment. Undisturbed mass deposits like these pits are typically considered significant when found. On the other hand, .. isolated finds and lithic scatters (when adequate documentation has been completed) have little or no visibility and focus. Here prehistoric context is lost. Function can only be observed through repetitious insinuation. Even in the case of the repetive occurrence, one can not clinically .. document depositional behavior for any particular example because of various types of geomorphological processes, cultivation, construction development, and collector activities. Only .. infrequently can a recommendation of significance be made in these cases . Logically, one can make a tentative recommendation whether certain site types in an undisturbed state are potentially significant or if a particular preservation strategies must be implemented. Contrastingly, at least minimal levels of site survey, environmental documentation, and landscape characterization (i.e. collectively discussed as recordation here-in) must be made in .. the field to complete the co-ordinate process .

20 .. ..

One can concluded that ifcertain types ofsites only occur on particular land fonns or on particular habitats, each ofthese habitations would have a potential infonnation (i.e. data) yield. For example, more transient types ofbehavior on upland settings generally leave only superficial .. depositions. Cultivation and uncontrolled collection would have a negative impact on preservation ofthese more superficial deposits. However in river valleys, flooding might protectively bury cultural remains. Undisturbed land-fonns, even upland ones, would have an increased likelihood .. for higher yields. Based on these potential yields, recommended levels ofinvestigations are insinuated. Work in poorly drained, plow disturbed areas would be completed once these areas were documented in the field and an attempt was made to record potential sites. Land fonns where intrusive and/or deeper deposits might exist would nonnally require at least evaluation while the documentation ofany well preserved sites require avoidance or mitigation. The approach .. advocated in this model does not totally eliminate field investigations across impacted areas, but gives clearer cut directions as to how a CRM project should logically proceed. .. Because infonnation yield can be estimated and pre-ordained levels ofdocumentation are being advocated to direct research across various land fonns/habitats on which the project rests, the potential for significant resources along an alignment can be estimated. Project designs can be .. reviewed for the existence ofhigher yield areas. For example, one might easily document and compare the potential yield of an upland corridor versus a corridor through a low-land area. More importantly, corridors can be compared arithmetically (considering the project length and the .. percentages ofhigh yield areas along these corridors) in order to detennine which corridor might have the highest potential for impacts. Percentage matrices might be developed for multiple corridors considering low yield versus high yield regions. Areas totally disturbed by modem development (urban growth, commercial development, prior disturbance by highway construction, etc.) can also be considered in this impact statistic. Conditions such as widening ofexisting right­ of-way could also be shown to be less ofan overall impact than new construction across an undisturbed area. It could also be demonstrated that longer corridors might have a greater impact than shorter ones. Local conditions including the availability ofdry habitats, higher resource potentials, and the juxtaposition ofmultiple, potentially significant site types found in a particular .. habitat can be abstractly considered in the fonnulation ofavoidance avenues.

Obviously, the potential for all known sites types and site bearing habitats in the given physiographic region are considered in the predictive model. Project specific implementation of such an approach can only proceed with an idea and understanding ofthe local environmental .. conditions within the study area. The supposed and/or exact positioning ofany given resource can only be detennined later or by the documentation ofactual land use and specific depositional sequences along the corridor area. The reconnaissance level survey becomes a step on which our understanding ofthe entire project is refined. In fact, reconnaissance might only be needed on a preferred alignment itselfwhile other alternates which might never be impacted would not have to be as discriminately documented in the field. Available remotely derived environmental data and a .. consideration ofpreviously known archaeological resources would suffice when only predictive .. impact statements along a give corridor are needed .

lit 21 .. Current modeling strategies along a single alignment can not solve final resolution problems, that is predicting exact resource frequency and, in particular, the exact position of significant ones. Regarding the benefits ofmodeling, the selection of a preferred corridor (i.e. a preliminary finding ofno adverse affect) can be reached by considering the following four - conditions: 1) ifconclusion regarding potential impacts can be addressed; 2) if a preferred corridor can be designed to miss most previously recognized eligible properties; 3) if all recognized National Register properties (particularly burial and ceremonial sites) are avoided by the preferred alignment or ifprovisions for mitigation are made ifany significant resources were to be impacted; and 4) ifrecommended level ofrecordation, evaluation and mitigation are achieved along the preferred alignment. This is clearly a most cautious approach considering the limitations ofthe predictive model as they have been developed herein. - Conclusively, such approaches can not be used in lieu oflocal background investigations which can tell us the exact position ofpotentially significant resources. Reconnaissance level survey to document the local conditions and to positively identity all land forms having the - likelihood ofcontaining significant cultural resources would have to be completed to minimally clear any project. However, the predictive model can be used to compare various alignments and described the potential impacts prior to fieldwork. It is the authors opinion that these considerations can allow the planning process to proceed to a logically designed preferred corridor without actually gathering field data. Clearly, this approach hesitates from extensive multi­ corridor fieldwork but the model is not a replacement ofintensive fieldwork within the prefered corridor itself.

-

.. .. - 22 .. .. LAKE PLAINS PREDICTIVE MODEL This particular project is located within the Lake Plain physiographic region, an area formed within a relatively flat basin which drains northward into modem Lake Erie. This physiographic region is best expressed in northwestern Ohio in an expansive region sometimes called the Black Swamp. However, the Lake Plains continue eastward and are found all along the southern flank ofLake Erie. Here they are only represented as a narrow band north ofthe Lake .. Escarpment from Cuyahoga County eastward to Ashtabula County. Geomorphologically, the region is very subdued, since the natural topography was scoured by a variety ofrepeated glacial .. events. Following continental glaciation, the entire land surface was then further modified by one and sometimes multiple cycles oflake margin erosion and lake bottom deposition.

The entire region was first covered by a thin layer ofclay-rich till deposit reflective of Late Wisconsin glaciation. Sometime after the final glacial retreat, a series of well-sorted alluvial materials were deposited. These deposits represent a series ofmarginal lake stages in the form of distinct lake bottoms and multiple relict beach ridges formed around the receding perimeter ofthe Late Wisconsin Erie lobe (Goldthwait et al. 1961). Today major expanses oflake bottom lacustrine sediments, punctuated by distinctly sandy lake margin features, are seen in northern Ohio. These varied deposits form a strong environmental dichotomy of very poorly drained flats covered in elm-ash swamp forests and wet beech associations versus well drained rises (dunes) and long ridges (relict beaches) harboring oak forests and oak/grassland opens (Gordon 1966; .. 1969:28,40,44-47; Kaatz 1955: 18) . These floral communities are considered to be directly related to soil characteristics, topographic relief, and drainage characteristic found in any particular area. Kaatz (1955: 1) suggests that the relict lake bottoms appear as "nearly one continuous region ofstanding water, or so wet as to ooze water when walked upon". One ofthe earliest written accounts ofthe region can .. be found in David Zeisberger's 1781 diary (Bliss 1885: 30,45). Zeisberger ascribed the wet swampy conditions to the level terrain and the clayey nature ofthe soil. He also remarked on the occurrence of " ... Beech-swamp or ash, linden, elm, and other trees such as grow in wet places." .. One can theorize that these conditions had a direct impact on the selection ofareas for actual habitation.

This expansive but varied environmental fabric is also broken by the formation of drainage ways and major streams, the latter possible reflecting the re-entrenchment ofolder preglacial valleys. Characteristically, natural stream courses are marked by lacustrine deposits broken by better drained bluffs overlooking the valleys. Within the valleys themselves complex alluvial situations are found composed of floodplains and sometimes terrace land forms. Kilborne (1832: 12) noted well-drained lands of" ... first quality for a short distance on either side... " of local .. streams . .. 63 .. Changes in relief and local soil conditions would have had an impact on the local drainage conditions within any particular location. Available environmental data clearly indicates that the Lake Plain physiographic region is composed ofexpansive poorly drained flats and a variety of .. better drained, more hummocky lake margin deposits. Periodically these normal conditions are down cut by streams where a variety of formations normally occur. For the purposes ofthis model, the pronounced drainage dichotomy between broad very poorly drained upland flats punctuated by differing, but limited habitats related to relict beach ridges or found in lowland valley cannot be over emphasized. Hypothetically, this dichotomy would have directly impacted the development ofsites and the types of activities conducted across the region by aboriginal groups. In general, the Lake Plain physiographic area can be broken down into eight individual habitats based on geomorphological deposition (lake plain flats, beach ridges, floodplains, stream valley formations etc.) and local drainage characteristics (better-drained and imperfectly drained) . .. A summary of any particular local condition can be documented by addressing soils data from any .. particular location . The most conspicuous well drained features in the region are the beach ridges previously discussed. Not only would they have afforded better conditions for travel, beach ridges may have .. been selectively utilized by aboriginal groups for hunting and collecting. Because ofthe obvious environmental changes found on beach ridges, it can be theorized that sandy conditions along these thoroughfares constituted a more favorable area in terms ofresource potential. Previous research simplistically built a case for the attractiveness ofstands ofoak and oaklhickory trees for fall nut collection (Otto 1975: 2). More deleteriously, mast directly attracted both large and small animals. Carnivores naturally would have been attracted by these smaller herbivores like mice and .. squirrel utilizing the canopy. However, large game species like deer, bear and turkey would have equally favored the food supply afforded on all well drained relict lake margin features. Within the Lake Plain physiographic region, the resources associated with these favorable canopies would .. have been sought out and holistically exploited by native peoples .

In contrast, Zeisberger seemed most impressed with the abundance of crayfish, being .. preyed upon by raccoon and fox across the lake bottom (Bliss 1885: 45). Earlier, Zeisberger's diary indicates that the traveling party hunted deer (ibid.: 30) but questioned the faunal resource potential ofthe Black Swamp compared to other regions. One might imagine this may be a .. reference to the improved conditions found in lowland areas, on beach ridges, or the conditions found on better drained moraines which circumscribe the Lake Plain physiographic region .

.. Potential habitats and previously reported site types are examined in Tables 3 and 5. These occurrences are based on the data previously offered in the cultural setting and the summary of .. cultural remains reported in the literature section ofthis report. The previously prepared setting is more regionally written and is a temporally organized, running narrative ofthe types ofsites and temporal components that might be found in this physiographic region. Locally derived site data tends to support the developed model. The following will focus on local conditions influencing settlement and make general predictions with regards to the types ofresources that may be found .. in the immediate project area. 64 ..

A total of21 temporally/functionally specific site types are known to be represented within the Lake Plain physiographic region. No habitat excludes the occurrence ofrecorded sites since the current system ofOAI recordation includes all kinds ofcultural data. Generally speaking, imperfect drainage conditions negatively affect the frequency and types ofresources found in any particular habitat. More substantial resources (i.e. more permanent habitations, more functionally diverse sites and more intensively utilized regions and identifiable ceremonial sites) are usually limited to better drained land forms. In contrast, less intensive habitations and more transient behaviors utilized a wider range of habitat types. Sites with very low artifact frequencies, including isolated finds and lithic scatters, might be found on all land forms. This pattern has been .. recognized for many years (Baker 1977: 3-8,22-27; 1978b:3-7; and 1980: 6-13; ODOT 1987) . Because offunctional limitations caused by poorer drainage, certain habitat types have a higher potential information yield. Isolated finds and superficially deposited lithic scatters regardless ofthe period oforigin, have little potential for the National Register. Archaeological investigations at these site types should be limited to the recordation ofa representative sample of these resource types from any particular project. Transient behavior across a region might produce .. significant resources. However, this type ofbehavior is also represented by superficial refuse deposits which are also easily disturbed by modem human activity. Again, they are easily rendered insignificant. The information yield from habitats where these limited site assemblages .. occur are felt to have low yields or only very low yields even ifundisturbed remains are found . These low yield areas include imperfectly drained upland relict lake bottom flats, terrace surfaces and minor floodplain areas. Field recordation ofthe position ofthese areas and documentation of .. a representative sample ofthe sites which occur under these conditions is the only recommended investigation strategy. More care must be taken ifundisturbed land forms are found (i.e. like uncultivated bluff margins, etc.) making even transient resources potentially significant.

- Better drained lake plain features (dunes, beach ridges) can contain evidence ofmore substantive behavior including complex habitation sites and resources ofa ceremonial nature . .. Bluffmargins, terrace margins, and better drained floodplain margins are situated in environmentally more complex catchments possibly supporting for example, the most diverse site types, repetitious human endeavors, and the most complex depositional scenarios found in this physiographic area. Blufflike, truncated beach ridges overlooking stream valleys consistently produce intensive site evidence possibly because ofthe juxtaposition ofcomplex environmental .. features, the availability ofnatural transportation corridors, and the occurrence ofexcellent well drained living floors provided by the sandy landform.

Archaeological remains atop relict beach features have been documented to be more intrusive in nature. Deposits extending below the plow zone have a higher potential data yield than the superficially deposited resources previously described. All sites ofthis potential complexity have to be at least minimally documented. Evaluation of any functionally diverse, better preserved resource is also the recommended investigation strategy. The documentation of undisturbed resources most commonly create situations where avoidance and mitigation

65 preservation measures might have to be taken. These latter situations will always have high information yields. Predictively the documented position of these habitats will have to be considered a consequence ofalignments that cross such regions or should be given higher potential impact during the selection ofa corridor which might utilize these regions in alignment.

This particular study area does not express every unique habitat but only a fraction of the distinct ones from the Lake Plains physiographic region. To clarify the site potential along a corridor and define the types ofresources which may be impacted, local environmental conditions have to be reviewed and summarized. It would appear that only limited types of sites might be found in the area which will be discussed in the modeling ramifications section which follows . .. Regional Exploitation Patterns/Settlement Systems

As indicated, habitation sites in the region are located on better-drained land forms with resource diversity highest in catchments associated with natural streams. Although not all site types, by necessity, have to be directly related to permanent water sources, the topographic nature ofthe lowland catchments exhibit greater diversity than typical upland lake plain habitats where less diverse plant life is found. Typical resources like waterfowl, fish, and mussel would have .. been found only in lowland catchments. All environmental and physiographical data would suggest that the entire Lake Plain region would have been conducive to at least limited types of prehistoric activities. Isolated remains can occur on any upland flat. Additionally lithic scatters .. and sometimes dense accumulations ofrefuse have been found on all better drained eminences (beach ridge, dune, etc.) and particularly adjacent to flowing water. Based on available typological data, all temporal periods are represented on the Lake Plain. Most commonly, prehistoric activity was apparently limited to functionally repetitive assemblages and a few temporally specific components which repetitiously occur at many different positions across the region .

.. The lithic scatters and isolated artifacts have been commonly interpreted as the product of a hunting and gathering subsistence pattern in operation from the Early Archaic through the Early Woodland. Activities during these periods would have included the establishment oftemporary .. camp sites for the exploitation oflocal resources. These broad scatters of archeological material lacking functional diversity seem to be related to small groups ofpeople simply crossing the area to identify and extract local resources. However, it would appear that both foraging and collecting groups would have been tethered to selected habitation floors which were markedly well-drained and from where the immediate vicinity could have been exploited. The following sections were .. designed to more clearly elucidate the exploitation and settlement strategies once used in northern and northwestern Ohio.

Obviously, the limited scope ofthis research does not allow for the definition ofcyclic hunting and gathering systems in their entirety. It is also beyond the scope ofthe work to .. determine iftemporally distinct phases were fully nomadic, semi-nomadic, or semi-sedentary. .. 66 ..

.. Given the known, but limited, occurrence of semi-sedentary Late Woodland/Late Prehistoric villages, one can assume that later phases were probably practicing a collecting and not a foraging strategy. Later, horticultural activities seemed to have produced a seasonal surplus of food and there is evidence that such food reserves were stored. It would be hard to attribute the occasional occurrence ofLate Prehistoric refuse found in uplands and along minor streams as related to a foraging pattern. This tactical change, late in the prehistoric record, will be discussed later in this .. summary.

All available artifactual data suggests the emphasis ofhunting but not to the exclusion of other activities. This opportunistic subsistence approach is clearly indicative of a foraging pattern. The diffuse distribution ofrefuse is at least indirectly related to infrequent, short-lived, but .. repetitious use ofselected locales through time. Highway related archaeological investigations suggest foraging activities produced both resource extraction loci and residential or transient campsites formerly established in association with headwater areas. These sites were once part of a network ofsettlements which complimented a seasonal exploitation cycle. Tool diversity is clearly indicative ofmulti-functional activities a selected habitation sites. Diversity might also suggest that bands inhabiting these residential sites were composed ofentire families or extended .. family units. Here, residency was at least temporarily established. The size and composition ofthe refuse, if correlated to a hunting and gathering strategy, would seem to suggest a pattern of "foragers moving consumers [the band] to goods [the resources] with frequent residential .. moves ... (Binford 1980: 15)" . Other lines ofevidence also suggest functional complexity at sites which is indicative of .. foraging. Although little evidence ofhide processing is reflected in the refuse data, moderate functional diversity is suggested by the occurrence of a scraping tool. The frequency ofboth scraping tools and projectiles, in light of Judge's (1974) research, would again suggest foraging. .. However, the rather infrequent occurrence of scraping tools, the absence ofother tool and non-tool categories, and the rather low functional diversity would seem to imply that some upland areas were not occupied for any extended period oftime. Upland camps should not be considered l1li intensively occupied base camps which have only been found on truncated land forms.

Chance resource encounters, an aspect of foraging, are indicated by the infrequent .. occurrence ofchert cores in some samples. Multiple chert types suggest that early groups were not logistically motivated or that they only selected one lithic source. The diverse array of flake types and cores recovered from the campsites suggest that bifacial tools and flake tools were expeditiously manufactured and used. Such an archaeological pattern probably developed out of convenience and is evidence ofa non-logistical orientation. In contrast, a collecting pattern would .. have either produced sites with chert pebbles, cores and decortication flakes in greater abundance or refuse deposits would have been relatively free of cores and decortication flakes. .. Isolated remains and sites with only one class ofartifacts (i.e. a flake scatter) were interpreted as foraging debris. Such sites have been previously reported in most areas. In contrast, .. lithic scatters showing multiple classes ofdebris (i.e. both flakes and bifaces) were interpreted as .. 67 ..

.. camp site debris. Again, there seems to be a tendency for open campsites to be focused on or along well drained bluffmargins, rises and beach ridges which cross-cut the landscape. Obviously, some less functionally diverse patterns ofrefuse may relate to either a short lived - campsite or chance activities across broad resource extraction loci. In some cases, these two classes offoraging sites cannot be confidently segregated by using the previously recovered sample. III Small sites stand in sharp contrast to major riverine base camps. Most likely these large sites were composed ofnucleated multi-family bands, which amalgamated in the spring to exploit lowland and riverine faunal resources and emerging plant life available after the spring thaw. Sites at shoals to address spawning fish are quite conspicuous especially during the Middle and Late .. Woodland periods. Simultaneously, uplands with lower productivity would have been less attractive, though hunters ranging from lowland riverine areas may have ventured along the upper valley regions in order to extract local resources.

Once resources around the fair weather base camps were exhausted or unavailable because ofchanging climate conditions, base camps may have fissioned later to occupy more transient .. camps, particularly in the fall and winter months. Hunting at these camps may have intensified and exploitation ofmast resources (i.e. fall nuts and fruits) may have been more critically important. The beach ridges would have answered these needs. The southern exposure and the well drained ridge would have provided a strategic position for both hunting and gathering.

The occurrence oflate components regionally was probably the result of a logistically .. oriented collecting strategy. As Binford (1980:15) states "... collectors move goods to consumers with fewer residential moves ... " The occurrence ofprojectile points and the apparent rarity of ceramic storage vessels indicates that indigenous hunters were ranging from village sites and .. occupying functionally specific hunting stations to collect meat and hides. These activities were probably designed for the sole purpose ofconfronting dispersed mammalian species like white-tailed deer, bear, and elk ranging across the entire grass or wooded areas found in the .. region. The infrequency and wide-spread nature oflate diagnostic tools suggests that these hunting excursions were not focused on other meat producing species or particular floral resources specifically available there. All lowland sites appear relatively large and/or were repetitiously occupied as indicated by the wealth ofrefuse and the occurrence ofthick midden deposits. These "base camps" would have contained relatively large populations composed of several extended families. Activities at these large base camps would have focused on lowland game animals, spawning fish, and plant food resources available during the growing season. Interfluvial areas were probably more attractive during foul weather conditions when smaller bands or a single .. extended family focused their attention on more diffuse mast and upland game resources . ..

68 - Local Environmental Conditions! Modelin& Ramifications

A detailed discussion ofthe environment has been previously discussed. However, specific details required to address the predictive model will be repeated. Published physiographic data was reviewed to determine the potential for the establishment ofprehistoric habitation sites across the study area. However, the current resolution ofpublished environmental/soil data may not delineate some smaller or unique environmental areas. Field review was required to more clearly identify what environmental features will be impacted and to correlate this data to a .. predictive settlement model. Environmentally the project crosses a nearly ubiquitous upland area composed ofa level­ lying lake-plained surface. As a result, the immediate area can be considered to have rather .. limited diversity with no lowland/riverine environs found. Minor intermittent tributaries occasionally cross the area. Low, poorly developed beach ridge are reported between Domersville Road and Adams Ridge Road in Adams Township, Defiance County, Ohio. Local soils studies have defined the preponderance ofhydric soils indicative oflacustrine deposits. The rather linear deposit ofrelict sand are the most complex topographic and geomorphological features causing local drainage patterns to vary from very poorly drained flats to low ridges with better drainage.

In general, site predictability criteria, particularly those for significant sites, are not met .. across certain portions ofthe project area. The chances offinding prehistoric cultural remains, particularly significant ones, within the entire project area are doubtful. Soils data would suggest that much ofthe area is relatively level and was once imperfectly drained negatively impacting the establishment and placement ofhabitations across much ofthe area. Cultural debris, which clearly - reflects intensive habitation is nearly non-existent where swampy flats and hydric/muck soils formerly occurred. However, isolated tools are sometimes found regardless ofenvironmental condition. Due to post depositional disturbance and other site deformation processes (Le. farming activities, collecting, etc.) scattered remains are not considered to be particularly significant.

Previous roadway development, the more conspicuous occurrence of areas exhibiting improper or poor drainage, and the limited area where preferred habitation zones each suggest that the potential presence of significant prehistoric resources is quite low except along the beach ridges where sandy deposits are found. More substantive prehistoric resources have only been - reported along stream bluffs, on truncated sandy ridges and terrace margins overlooking major stream valleys like the Maumee River. Predictively, there seems to be a higher likelihood of finding more easily interpretable and more highly significant archaeological sites on better­ drained land forms particularly those found south of the project area along the course ofthe Maumee River. It is unlikely that significant resources would be found away from these areas unless the project crosses some unforseen habitat. At the least, the constructed model suggests 1) recordation oflocal environmental factors, and 2) a representative sample of all site types be collected. The occurrence ofa well-drained terrace margin and the likelihood offinding more substantial cultural resources, seems to suggest that assessment level sampling and possibly mitigative investigations might be needed ifintensive habitation areas were encountered in .. 69 .. relatively undisturbed conditions. Gathering these types of infonnation is minimally required to satisfy Section 106 requirements for any federally-funded project. It is equally important that comparative infonnation is gathered to test the model in order to refine our understanding of the .. Lake Plains settlement for future investigations .

• ...... 70 ..

Table 3: Aboriginal site types and their reported locations on the Lake Plain - physiographic region (Delta approximations based on known sites and negative survey data). - SITE TYPES SITE BEARING HABITATS* N.R. (Temp. Period) Lake Beach Truncated Dune Bluff/Terr. Terr. flats & Plains ridge B. ridge field margins FloodQlains (Qotential) I Villages (LP) no no yes no common no HIGH .. Hamlets II (MW-LW) no no no no common no HIGH

Base Camps III (EA-EW) no no yes? no common no HIGH IV (MW-LW) no no yes no yes no HIGH - Transient Camps V (PI-EA) no rare yes yes yes no LOW VI (LA-EW) rare ------universally common------no LOW - VII (MW-LW) no ------universally common------no LOW VIII (LP-PH) no yes yes yes yes no LOW

- Isolated Finds IX (PI-EA) no yes yes yes yes no NONE X (LA-EW) yes ------universally common------yes NONE XI (MW-LW) rare rare yes yes common yes NONE - XII (LP-PH) no rare rare yes yes yes NONE XIII Lithic Scatters .. (Arch.-Wood.) no ------universally common------rare NONE Isolated Mounds (northeastern Ohio only) - XIV (EW-MW) no no no rare no no HIGH Earthworks/Enclosures (northeastern Ohio only) - XV (EW/LP) no no no no rare no HIGH Isolated Burials*** XVI (LA/Kame) ------none reported------HIGH - XVII (Late/sand deposit) no no yes yes yes** no HIGH - XVIII Towns (ElM H) no no no no yes no HIGH XIX Camps, ElM H) no --may occur but rarely reported-- no HIGH XX Isolated Farms (MH) no -----Qoorly known----- yes no HIGH - * values updated since earlier fonnulation (Baker 1997b); ** positive for Early Historic Period only.

- 71 ..

Table 4: Estimated information yields and recommended investigation strategies to be used - across the various habitats within the Lake Plain physiographic region*. Regional habitats Land-use Depositional Information Recommended (Site T~nes) Characteristics Yield Invest. Strate~ Upland flats (poor-drained lake relics) X and XI only cultivated superficial none recordation undisturbed superficial low recordation

Upland Rises (better-drained) - VI, X, XI cultivated superficial none recordation .. undisturbed superficial low evaluation ofVI Beach Ridges V through XIII cultivated superficial low to high evaluation undisturbed superficial high avoid/mitigate

Truncated Beach Ridges • I, III through XIII cultivated subplowzone low to high evaluation XVI through XIX undisturbed intrusive high avoid/mitigate

.. Dune FieldslIsolated Dunes V through XIV, XVIII, cultivated subplowzone low to high evaluation .. XIX undisturbed intrusive high avoid/mitigate Bluff Margins** I thro. XV, XVIII, cultivated subplowzone low to high evaluation .. XV though XX undisturbed intrusive high avoid/mitigate .. Terrace Surfaces (poorly drained) X through XIII cultivated superficial none recordation undisturbed intrusive low to high evaluation

Terrace Margins - I thro.XV, XVIII thro.XX cultivated subplowzone low to high evaluation undisturbed intrusive high avoid/mitigate

Floodplains (well drained margins) I thro.XV, XVIII thro.XX cultivated buried low to high evaluation - undisturbed buried high avoid/mitigate .. Floodplains (minor-poorly drained) X through XIII cultivated superficiallredeposi ted none recordation undisturbed intrusive low to high evaluation

* Site Type and Habitat correlations have been modified from earlier formulations (Baker 1997b). **sites and higher densities ofremains and components are common overlooking confluences.

72 RESULTS -- FIELDWORK

An archaeological field survey was conducted for the DEF/HEN-24-11.91/0.00 project by - Office ofEnvironmental Services staff and college interns. The purpose ofthe survey was to gain a better perspective on the physiography ofthe project area and to detennine if any resources might be impacted by the proposed construction. This investigation did not include a review of historic/architectural resource which was conducted under separate contract (see Hampton 2000).

The proposed project will primarily include widening the existing two-lane facility to a four-lane limited access roadway. Additionally, the potential for impacts to archaeological resources at the location ofthree proposed interchanges, five overpasses, and five road closures - with cul-de-sacs were considered. Disregarding previously surveyed areas, the current investigation addressed an area measuring 11.8 miles (19.05 km) in length. It has been estimated .. the proposed construction project will encompass about 527 acres. However, major portions of this area have been previously disturbed by highway and county road development during the 1960s or before. The survey address approximately 305 undeveloped acres including strip fields .. within the existing right-of-way (170 acres) and areas ofproposed new right-of-way (135 acres) which may be needed to improve various intersections between Defiance and Napoleon, Ohio .

.. Based on the 1999 literature search, it was determined that intensive investigations across the western end ofthe project area was not required. This area, including undeveloped portion of the existing right-of-way (2.1 miles or 3.6 km in linear extent), the proposed location ofthe .. Patterson Road overpass, and the Domersville Road interchange, was found to have been previously surveyed (see Picklesimer 1991; Eberhard 1994; and Baker 1997a) and no additional Phase I investigation were deemed necessary based on the original scope and findings (Figures 6 - and 7). Initiated investigations included a literature search and a reconnaissance level visual - inspection ofthe entire project area. This review was designed to document the local physiography, consider surface conditions and landuse pattern, but most importantly to logistically organize the actual field investigations and maximize the efforts ofthe field survey once it began. - Work initially focused on reconnaissance activities to document disturbance (Figure 8), land-use patterns, ground cover (Figures 9 through 11), unique physiographic areas (Figures 12 and 13), and to relocate previously reported sites (Figures 14 and 15).

Fieldwork was scheduled to maximize surface collection strategies and minimize testing. The bulk of the project area was surface collected in the spring following cultivation and as crops - of soy beans and com were emerging. Work across some wheat fields was not conducted until mid-July following harvest when the field was in low stubble. Again this strategy was designed to maximize ground exposure and the results ofthe survey. Much ofthe field work was conducted - intermittently over five days in June and July 1999. OES staff initiated the field survey on June 17, 1999, encountering emerging crops com and soy bean in most fields. The project scope was modified with the definition ofpossible access roads and road closures. These changes required further investigations be conducted on April 3, 2003. The survey crew selected this date so crop ., - 73 - free fields, which had undergone fall plowing/disking and winter weathering, would be encountered.

The actual identification survey first focused along the existing undeveloped right-of-way or on state land paralleling and north ofthe existing two-lane roadway (Figures 9, 10, and 12). Our work then addressed interchange, overpass, and cul-de-sac area (see for example Figure II). Survey along proposed access roads were not conducted until their design was made available. - Final designs for access roads in the Domersville Road and Elliot Road vicinity were not available until the Winter of2002-2003 (See Appendix A). Survey of these additional areas was conducted in early spring again to take advantage offall cultivation, winter weathering ofexposed soils, and - vegetation free ground surfaces. The field review and reconnaissance level survey which intensely examined the bulk ofthe project area determined that the proposed project will not impact any significant archeological properties.

Unique or designated survey locations (Le. Lt, L2... Lx), the encountered landform and landuse pattern, the survey method, the survey results, and any recommendations are summarized in the table found in Appendix B. Copies ofthe original quadrangles carried in the field are also included in Appendix B which show the relative position of each designated (L)ocation area. The survey area was solely contained within upland area away from major streams or rivers. With few - exceptions nearly the entire project area will cross a level, poorly drained lake plained surface (see the photolog in Appendix A). The only physiographic exceptions included a poorly developed beach ridge near (west) Adams Ridge Road (Figure 12) and a second beach ridge near (east) - Domersville Road (Figure 13), and a small segment ofbluffline near the Rest Area between CR17 and TR17C in Napoleon Township, Henry County, Ohio.

- All beach ridge features (i.e. less than 3% ofthe entire survey area) were found to be heavily eroded/deflated. No artifacts were observed across these subsoil exposures composed of - sorted course material. Due to the potential for cultural remains, the survey strategy was doubled to increase the likelihood for encountering aboriginal remains. In one case (i.e. the beach ridge east ofDomersville Road where 33DE263 was recorded) the landform was also found to be bulldozed and landscaped with a modern house and new amenities (Figure 14). The sites extended occupational period, its destruction, partial conversion ofthe property to highway use, and reuse ofthe remaining portion ofthe site north ofexisting SR 24 has eliminated the value ofthe site for interpretation. The site 33DE263 is considered to have diminished integrity and is not considered eligible for inclusion to the National Register of Historic Places. - Across the bulk (98%) ofthe project area, level and very poorly drained relict lake bottom surfaces were encountered. Most areas were actively farmed though disturbances including road grading and the existence ofprevious roadways, house construction, landscaping/pond construction limited the potential for intact archaeological sites in some (limited) areas. Scattered parkland/woodlots were encountered and some fields could not be collected due to the occurrence ofhay fields or no-till farming practices. Again these location areas or fields were small, scattered, and limited to areas that were once very poorly drained. Considering linear distances, we estimate that 85 % ofthe entire project area was surveyed with expected results. Based on environmental evidence and modeling data the likelihood of encountering any significant site was very low based - on environmental evidence, our literature search documenting the position ofknown sites, and - 74 modeling data assembled herein. No further work is recommended along unsurveyed portions of the project area and we feel the findings from the reported sample accurately reflects aboriginal landuse patterns and the types ofsites one might encounter across very poorly drained portions the .. lake plain physiographic region . The investigation ofundeveloped areas which might be impacted by the construction .. along SR 24 in Defiance and Henry counties resulted in the recovery oftwo prehistoric biface tool fragments (Figure 16). Both artifacts were found in the same field in an area just beyond the bluff­ line of a small, unnamed natural tributary ofthe Maumee River. The first tool encountered was defined as a Late Archaic Lamoka (?) stemmed hafted biface midsection fragment (see Ritchie 1961 for typologically comparable examples). The second was defined as the proximal end of a Late Archaic Ashtabula hafted biface (Converse 1994: 102-103). Interpretively, the former hafted biface fragment may have functioned as a projectile while the latter may have served as a knife.

Though both specimens relate to the same Prehistoric Period, they don't appear to be directly related either physically or culturally. The two recovered specimens were found 800 to 900 feet apart. Intensive surface survey around each initial find spot failed to identifY any additional lithic remains. The loss ofthese two tools most likely represents two distinct events .. given the typological evidence at hand and considering the fact that two distinct materials were used in their manufacture. Therefore, the two sites (33HY270 the Lamoka hafted biface and 33HY271 - the Ashtabula hafted biface) are interpreted as an isolated finds clearly representing hunting activities on the lake plain north ofthe Maumee River valley. Their occurrence along the - unnamed tributary may represent native use and possibly repetitive reuse ofthe water course as a - transportation landmark and/or the reuse ofrelatively dryer bluff areas for exploitation activities. It is the staffs opinion the identified sites are unlikely to yield additional information important in the interpretation ofthe Late Archaic Period and as such the sites are not considered .. to represent a significant resource eligible for the National Register of Historic Places. No further work is recommended at 33HY270 or 33HY271. Additionally, no further archaeological investigations are warranted across the remainder ofthe impact area since no additional archaeological remains were encountered by a transect survey employing an intensive five meter, .. and sometimes 2.5 meter, survey interval across 85% ofthe entire project area ......

75 - - RESEARCH STRATEGICS BASED ON LAND USE APPROXIMATIONS In addition to preparing a summary of field investigations, a variety ofdata treatments - including background research, working hypothesis, and contextual overviews were prepared to better characterized the project area culturally. Background and contextual documentation was not just used in the preparation of the required Phase I literature search but was also designed as a - guide in making good archaeological management decisions. ODOT requests that field data be collected at an adequate level for interpretive accuracy but, at the same time, the work should also be cost effective. Some understanding of where sites might be found and/or what site types that - might be encountered during a survey is an aid in the development of these cost effective field strategies. - Stratification ofthe project area into known, distinctive habitats was designed to identify those specific areas where potentially significant archaeological resources might be found and to design a sampling strategy where low probability areas are quickly identified to reduce needlessly - repetitive work and the collection of redundant information. The following summary is focused on two questions. Can the identified sites and landuse patterns be considered predictable? How did the results of the survey compare to previously known site distributional patterns? The following - summary is designed to address the survey results, document most accurately land-use hypothesis presented herein, and considered the accuracy of survey as so designed. The latter can be - evaluated based on comparing the results ofthis survey with the results ofprevious surveys across the same physiographic area .

.. Continued sampling oflow probability areas during the current and two related surveys allowed for a level of accuracy testing. The gather data makes in patently clear that certain, poorly-drained habitats or major portions ofthe Lake Plain physiographic area do not require - intensive field investigations to document the presence/absence ofhistoric properties of an archaeological nature. The findings of the current survey and other surveys along US 24 through Paulding, Defiance, Henry and Lucus counties should be implemented during future - investigations. The following analysis makes it obvious that once the environmental nature of any project area has been documented by background research and field reconnaissance, further sampling of certain habitats is needlessly redundant since the occurrence of an historic resource is - unlikely. Further sampling across these areas can be eliminated in an effort to lower the overall survey cost in money and time. At the same time, such savings allow the archaeologist to focus .. attention on those habitats which are most likely to harbor significant archaeological resources . Varying inductive and deductive methods have been used to approximate aboriginal land­ use or settlement patterns with ever greater levels ofaccuracy. The accurate description and - interpretation of prehistoric settlement patterns based on archaeological data gathered along highway corridors is not a new topic. Estimates can be found in some ofthe earliest of CRM reports prepared for highway projects (see for example Baker 1976: 19-24 or Baker 1977: 22-27). In order to develop both site and or regional interpretations, certain assumptions were made that exploitation patterns were dependant on the presence or absence of certain environmental features - and the position of a habitation site was selected to take advantage of optimal conditions; i.e. .. resource availability, drainage underfoot, etc. (Baker 1976: 6 and Baker 1977: 9-10). These early 76 efforts to understand the rational behind the site selection process were hampered, since little - comparative data was available for any in-depth treatment or comparison. This "first level of approximation" was only based on blind survey since locally comparable data was typically unavailable. These early efforts did result in some interpretation or a simple discussion focusing on the findings ofthe immediate corridor survey in an attempt to show how the recently identified .. sites and environmental features correlate. Later, detailed regional cultural settings considering temporal, functional, and locational data were developed. These discussions were used to aid in the definition ofregional land-use patterns so the site potential could be anticipated prior to fieldwork (see Baker 1997b: 25-26 detailing the methodology). These efforts were designed to compensate for a lack oflocal site data from any given study area. This "second level ofapproximation" allowed for some limited comparison and/or simple hypothesis building and testing. In these reports it was asked were the - results ofthe survey expected or unexpected based on a region's known land-use patterns? .. The discussion ofsettlement/subsistence patterns is usually considered only of secondary interest in most CRM studies since project area infrequently encompass or embrace an entire region or all the elements ofa single environmental system or physiographic area. The limited scope ofmost projects disallow a full interpretation of any synchronic exploitation pattern in its - totality. However, the consideration and interpretation ofcomposite exploitation patterns can aid in the prediction of site locations. During the last ten years, predictive models ofaboriginal land­ .. use have been developed to deduce the potential for archaeological sites within a given project area. These current research efforts have been designed to stratify the project area environmentally and to identify particular regional habitats and consider the site potential for each habitat. Based .. on the general physiographic setting, local environmental factors, and correlative site data, the presence/absence ofvarious site types atop particular landforms have been predicted (see Baker 1997b: 33-46 for a discussion of the approach). Therein developed was a simple matrix considering temporal data, site type data, and habitat type. This data matrix was designed to show how various, known site types are distributed across the landscape. To date, values have been generated from known sites reported across each of several individual physiographic regions - found in the State ofOhio (Lake Plain, Till Plain, Unglaciated Plateau, etc.). The development ofa predictive model for each physiographic area found in the State of - Ohio can be though ofas a "third level ofapproximation" regarding aboriginallanduse. The model approximations were based on stratification and total sampling ofthe entire project area at a directed minimal standard ofidentification (see SHPO 1994 guidelines). The resultant data matric was designed to be expandible and/or correctable. The reported values in the presented models were never considered to be static but were designed to serve as simple, testable hypotheses to be refined as new or differing landuse/site data accumulated. In fact, the refined and - wider use of predictive models have been proposed. Today, we are in a better position to present and more closely review regional site data. Weare also in the position to develop a "fourth level of approximation", or delta approximations, since we believe that modeling research should also consider negative data or reconsider the .. numerous redundant investigations which have failed to record, or have infrequently recorded, archaeological resources across particular habitats or across certain portions of a particular

77 physiographic region. The following summary serves several purposes, to consider the accuracy of .. the survey just conducted and refine the predictive model for the Lake Plain Physiographic Region. More importantly this new measure based on "delta approximations" ofsettlement and .. land-use improves the survey quality and can be used to better calculate the level ofsampling needed to consider the potential for historic resources which might be impacted by highway .. construction activities .

Research Approach

Background research efforts for the following summary were designed to encompass an arbitrary but rather extensive area (designated herein as the Research Area) to gain a broad - understanding ofprehistoric land use patterns. During this study, we were interested in having the ability to address resources from a variety ofdifferent cultural periods and also gathering data in .. order to address how various site types from each ofthese prehistoric periods are distributed across the landscape. Our first rather basic research question was designed to determine what are the physiographic situations where sites have been previously recorded. This question was .. designed to predict the likelihood of sites within a given project area and define areas which might be considered culturally sensitive. In addition, some idea ofthe potential site significance can be gained in this slightly broader study. Such data is useful in developing field research strategies and determining the adequacy offield data once it is amassed. It should also be noted that criticism has been leveled at the previously present models as having unsubstantiated values in the matrix .

.. The Research Area included in the current study has the upper Maumee River valley and contiguous upland areas on either side ofthis waterway as a focus. Research gathered information from the bulk ofthe recorded (OAI) sites found on nine quadrants along the upper Maumee River from the Ohio-Indiana State Line (Woodburn North, Ind.-Ohio Quadrangle, found in Paulding County (Antwerp, Ohio and Paulding, Ohio Quadrangles), across Defiance County, Ohio .. (Sherwood, Ohio; Defiance West, Ohio; Defiance East, Ohio; and Florida, Ohio Quadrangles), and well into western Henry County, Ohio into Napoleon Township (Napoleon West, Ohio and Napoleon East, Ohio Quadrangles). To manage the data better and aid in their discussion, .. summaries will focus on the distribution ofsites from both "Upland Zones" away from major streams and "Lowland Zones" or environmental areas which would included the lower Auglaize River, the lower Tiffin River, and Maumee River mainstem in the catchment.

The research was designed to encompassed a physically broad area so data from two primary sources could be encumbered: 1) sites reported by the research from the former Regional Preservation Office ofthe Ohio Historic Preservation Office, and 2) data gathered during the last 25 years from CRM field research. A significantly higher number of archaeological sites have been inventoried in Defiance County suggesting that archaeological investigations have more commonly focused in this county rather than Paulding County. The bulk ofthe reported sites were previously inventoried by the now defunct Region Preservation Office, once found at Defiance College. The majority ofthe inventoried sites seem to have been reported to the office by .. avocational archaeologists and private landowners. Many ofthe recovered artifact assemblages are located in personal collections. According to the Ohio Historic Preservation Office site - 78 ..

inventory, sites with Paleo, Archaic, Woodland and Late Prehistoric components have been .. documented. However, the majority of the sites were not assigned to any specific period or site type. Many ofthe forms alluded to certain components (for example protohistoric, historic, etc.) but provided little direct historic evidence or empirical archaeological data on which such - interpretations were made. Questionable interpretations were not listed as known components but an attempt was made to review photographic documented artifacts (i.e. empirical data) included on most ofthese early forms so as to elicit the represented components.

In contrast, the more recent CRM field investigations have been less interested in particular kinds ofresources and/or sites oflocal interest to land-owners and the avocational - archaeologists. Areas survey were not selected for any cultural potential and the resultant reports contain simple documentation ofwhat was found in each project area. The CRM reports potentially address a wider range ofboth landforms and archaeological resources than those - previously recorded via preservation research. Since the proposed Research Area encompasses both types ofinvestigations (i.e. RPO research areas and arbitrary CRM project areas), one can .. assume that the widest variety ofcultural data is available for summary interpretations. Many areas appear to be devoid ofresources and the following study will address negative data from the immediate DEFIHEN 24 study, previous investigations along Route 24 in Henry, Paulding and .. Defiance counties, and a host ofprevious investigations all across the entire Lake Plain Physiographic area. Review ofthis vast area and the surveys within it was designed to document particular landforms or habitats which have either consistently or, more importantly, have .. inconsistently produced empirical evidence indirectly representing prehistoric activity. .. .. Known Research Area Resources A total of404 site locations were reviewed on the nine quadrants which formed the Research Area. Again, the research was focused on aboriginal remains found immediately along the Maumee River mamstem, the low portions ofmajor streams, and sites recorded across intervening upland areas. Ultimately, 14 uniquely Euro-American sites were excluded from further review. Additionally, 30 sites along the Lower Auglaize River (Defiance West, Ohio and .. Defiance East, Ohio quadrangles) and 22 sites along the Lower Tiffin River above Brunersburg, Ohio (Defiance West, Ohio quadrangle) were not included in this study. However, it was noted that these sites focus on bluff and terrace areas along these major lowland waterways. The common occurrence of sites along these major streams suggest the physical extension pattern to - be described along the Maumee River mainstem. Obviously all lowland catchments were used by a variety of aboriginal groups during sequential temporal phases from the Paleo-Indian Period through the Middle Historic Period.

The reported artifact assemblages found in our Research Area include materials from each .. ofthe four major time periods. Components in the study area range from Paleo (T= nine) to Archaic (T=122), Woodland (T=70) and Late Prehistoric (T= ten). No fully documented Protohistoric sites have been reported but Early Historic Period (T= 17) sites ofpossible aboriginal origin have been identified. It should also be mentioned that 124 sites reflect some form of - prehistoric landuse but the temporal context listed on the OAI form is currently in question or the .. - 79 ..

period ofoccupation could not be determined due to the lack ofdiagnostic remains. Obviously, .. the total number of individual sites does not equal the total number of aboriginal components. In part, this is based on the occurrence ofMiddle and Late Historic Period (non-aboriginal) sites which are also well represented and/or a site frequency pattern reflecting intensive Euro-American .. expansion into the Maumee River region during the 19th Century. Variations in count (i.e. total number of sites versus total numbers of components) is also reflective of the multi-component .. nature ofmany resources in the Upper Maumee River region. In these cases, a single site might exhibit the remains from two or more distinct periods or phases. In other words, a single site may be included in several tallies considering either the temporal period or functional interpretation of .. the reported remains . Overall, five types ofprehistoric sites have been reported along the Upper Maumee River .. and in contiguous uplands which form the literature search Research Area. These include: burial/ceremonial sites, isolated finds, lithic scatters, open transient camp sites (i.e. expressed by only moderate functional diversity), and base camp (including possibly fishing camps and/or lowland resource processing stations). The later base camp assemblages are considered to have relatively high functional diversity particularly when the late assemblages have the inclusion of ceramic artifacts. Isolated finds, though numerous in some upland regions, have not been consistently reported (only 32 times) along the upper Maumee River watershed. This appears to be an artificial or non-aboriginal pattern based solely on the nature ofthe previous investigations and/or due the absence of detailed investigations across some landforms. Dispersed hunting and .. collecting patterns must have occurred throughout the region leaving individually lost or broken and discarded artifacts widely distributed. In contrast, lithic scatters (T=21 0) sometimes having diagnostic artifacts most frequently occur in the inventory. Lithic scatters are broadly distributed across most habitats but are less frequently seen in upland areas and appear almost non-existent - on level, lacustrine surfaces . .. Assemblages (84 examples) with moderate to high functional diversity (those with scraping tools, pottery, etc.) also occur in the region. Functionally diverse refuse assemblages are .. used to argue for the patterns of exploitation for both transient camps and more permanent base camps. Only along the Maumee River do functionally robust refuse assemblages consistently occur. The frequency and distribution of residential sites across lowland and upland areas will be .. discussed in greater detail later. Interestingly few burial/ceremonial type sites (3 examples) have been reported in the area though Ohio is renowned for its mounds and other portions of northwestern Ohio (till plain/end morainelkame areas beyond the black swamp) are known for the .. occurrence ofLate Archaic cemetery sites . Our research was interested in the distribution of varying site types and documenting how certain site types only occur at particular points on the landscape. The following discussion is a - summary ofthe various "up-land" and "low-land" temporal components/temporally specific activities found at sites and is not an individual tabulation ofthe sites themselves. As a result, each temporal element of a multi-component site will be mentioned whenever it is appropriate. In part, these figures are reflective ofthe repetitive use of certain landforms including terraces and bluffs along the Maumee River. The near ubiquitous occurrence of sites along the Maumee River .. is not just a product ofprevious research patterns but is a direct result of intensive and re­ .. occurring patterns of aboriginal exploitation which focused on the presence of diverse lowland 80 - resources which are found along the Maumee River and other streamside areas. Flood plains and - terraces, because ofthe better drained nature would have allowed for improved transportation and also have a high potential for a welcoming, well-drained surface on which transient and base - camps would have been established.

Lowland Site Data

The review of404 site forms in the Upper Maumee River region resulted in the - identification of255 sites which contained either the Maumee River mainstem, or the lower portions ofAuglaize and Tiffin rivers in their catchment. Ofthe total number ofsites, 115 site are of unknown temporal origin and may be described as isolated lithics and/or lithic scatters. On rare occasions such scatters might also exhibit a scraping tool which may be indicative some temporary form ofhabitation. Many sites in the region were only reported as Archaic (T=27) or Woodland (T= 18). Occasionally sites that were originally reported as only Archaic or Woodland - could be re-classified into a unique period/phase based on photographic documentation which is sometimes found on the site form. However, each ofthe known prehistoric periods are repeatedly - represent by open sites along the Maumee River. Individual lowland components include four fluted point sites, two Late Paleo Period sites, 19 Early Archaic Period sites, 47 Late Archaic Period sites, five Early Woodland sites, one - Middle Woodland site, 58 Late Woodland Period sites and seven Late Prehistoric Period sites. No Protohistoric sites have been recorded in the study area. Many sites were classified as being ofthe historic-era with little information to classify them to their cultural origin. However, some are considered to be aboriginal given their age (Early Historic) or by other cultural/typological information contained on the original inventory. To date, two Early Historic burial sites have been - reported. Early Historic aboriginal towns have been reported on three terrace/island areas but seem to be more commonly found on bluff (T= five) areas. Five other Early Historic sites have also been reported. Based on the limited quantities ofremains from these five sites, one might - imagine they represent Early Historic Period aboriginal camps or more substantial but poorly investigated major occupations which would require further investigations to fully document the resource archaeologically. Four Early Historic Period military occupations including three camps - and one fort (Fort Defiance) have been recorded and are listed herein due to their direct relationship to contemporaneous aboriginal land use patterns. Possibly because of local interest, later military sites (i.e. one fort and four other encampments) from the War of 1812 have been - recorded along the upper Maumee River. Later 19th Century sites (including Middle and Late Historic habitations and one abandoned Middle Historic town) have been rarely recorded but should commonly occur or be frequently found along the Upper Maumee River because of - intensive patterns ofnon-native landuse. Site types occurring along blufflines and on terraces include isolated finds, lithic scatters, - burial sites, and open multi-component camp sites. Due the nature ofprevious investigations (i.e. information generated from informants with little subsequent assessment level investigations) and the overlapping nature ofoccupancy it is impossible to determine if certain components are - transient camps with moderate functional diversity or actually base camps with high functional

- 81 - - diversity. For instance, six Paleo-Indian sites (two artifacts from bluffs and four from terrace - surfaces) which appear to be limited to the isolated occurrences ofhunting tools in the midst of broad lithic scatters. The remaining undiagnostic material could just as easily date to continual use ofbluffs and terraces by any number oflater people. Minimally however, the assemblages from these areas probably reflect some form ofestablished habitation so the sites could easily represent evidence for a series oflowland transient camps designed to support repetitious patterns of hunting/foraging. Similarly, it is impossible to differentiate whether the 83 other reported lowland - Archaic Period sites are overlapping scatters or are actually more substantial camps. In contrast, many ofthe lowland Late Woodland components (58 sites plus the 18 undifferenciated Woodland sites) include ceramic remains in their respective site assemblage. The presence ofceramic remains along the margins of terraces all along the Maumee River suggest the presence ofbase camps possibly used as seasonal fishing stations. Regardless, these late camps exhibit .. assemblages having relatively high functional diversity arguing against only limited forms of transient behavior. .. Again, small, temporary habitation sites, commonly appear along lowland stream bluffs and terraces throughout Defiance, Henry, and Paulding counties. Camps and stations with more diverse tools assemblages (minimally applied when scraping tools were reported) occur 24 times in the research area. Certain sites were also designated camps when ceramics, mussel shell, and - animal bone occurred. Though isolated Late Prehistoric artifacts and lithic scatters with late projectile points (T=8) occur along the Maumee River, no late, highly organized semi-permanent villages have been reported locally. Identification may have been limited by the scope ofprevious - investigations or local deposits ofmodern alluvium may mask intensively occupied areas in some cases. Our current understanding with regards to the distribution of prehistoric burial sites (T= 1), prehistoric ceremonial sites (T=1), and historic cemeteries (T=I) is limited due to the infrequent - number ofthese sites in the study area. Again, these numbers under-represent the actual distribution ofburials along the upper Maumee River valley. However, their position in lowland - areas do correlate to the most heavily and consistently occupied portion ofthe physiographic area.

Upland Sites Data - Our review included the identification of91 upland sites regionally. Just over halfofthese sites (T=50), though prehistoric, are ofunknown temporal origin. Recorded temporal components _ found on the other sites include Paleo (one component), Early Archaic (14 components), Late Archaic or Archaic (29 components), Early Woodland (one component), Middle Woodland (one component), Late Woodland (11 components), and Late Prehistoric (three components). Many - upland sites exhibit only low functional diversity or most upland assemblages were reported to be limited to isolated finds (T=17) and lithic scatters (T=47). Based on this evidence most uplands appear only to have been used as extractive loci exploited only for a supply of available superficial resources. No diverse tool assemblages including processing equipment and ornaments were noted in upland areas except along well drained beach ridge formations (8 sites) or where plains and beach ridges were truncated by small streams (7 sites). Isolated scraping tools (three occurrences) were sometimes reported along upland bluffs. These tools may be indicative of the establishment oftemporary camps in upland areas. It is patently obvious that camps have not been

- 82 - reported from once poorly drained interf1uvial areas. Again~ it should be emphasized that all .. known camps correlate to a limited part ofthe landscape where the most well-drained habitats are .. known to occur. Obviously, fewer sites (T=38) occur along beach ridges and upland bluffs than on lacustrine or lake bed surfaces (T=42). Considering the infrequent occurrence ofbetter-drained .. formations (linear beach ridges, dunes~ upland bluffs overlooking ephemeral streams, etc.), site components occur at a much higher frequency per acre on beach ridges and upland bluffs than .. they do on any ancient lacustrine surfaces . Paleo-Indian, Early Woodland, Middle Woodland, and Late Prehistoric components occur very infrequently in upland regions. In contrast, Archaic sites, particularly Late Archaic sites occur frequently and are widely distributed across uplands. No doubt this is a pattern reflective of perpetual foraging across broad areas and over an extended time period (note: the Early and Late Archaic Periods occur over a period measuring ten times longer than any subsequent later cultural period). Interestingly, Late Woodland may also occur in upland regions since ceramic-bearing transient (?) camps do occur along remote portions ofbeach ridges (note: five ceramic-bearing Late Woodland components are reported along a Whittlesey stage beach ridge from five to six .. miles north of the Maumee River just west ofAdams Ridge Road). Again all evidence for habitation is limited to only the most well drained habitats which would have provided both acceptable living floors and natural transportation corridors through expansive regions of .. uninhabitable swampland.

Nel:ative Data

Regarding the DEFIHEN 24 project area, the previously developed literature search determined that: 1) few archaeological investigations have addressed the impact area, and 2) there have been few archaeological sites per acre recorded locally. This information could suggest that truly, there are few sites in the immediate area and the potential for impacts to significant archeological resources is low. On the other hand, a cause and affect situation could exist where .. few sites have been reported because few investigators have seriously considered the research potential oflacustrine deposits to produce Significant archaeological resources. .. The previously developed model ofland-use suggests that few advantageous habitats exist in the immediate DEF/HEN 24 project area which would support intensive land-use patterns and would encourage the frequent development of either transient camp, base camps, etc. (with at least limited occupational duration), or would result in the development of archaeological sites and refuse patterns construed as significant for interpretative purposes. Some investigators may contend the infrequency ofsites, particularly significant ones, across certain portions ofthe Lake Plain Physiographic area has not been proved. The current model has noted the position ofknown site types on particular habitats (positive data). To consider the model as a testable hypothesis one must ask, is the current distributional pattern a reflection ofactual aboriginallanduse pattern? How can it be shown, on a regional level, that there is not direct correlation between site density .. and investigation frequency regionally? This notion can be disproved by addressing the wealth of 83 ..

negative data (when CRM studies has resulted in little or no evidence oflanduse) which has been .. a consistently observed pattern as documented by field research over the last 25 years.

Considering the Research Area, about 76% of the known aboriginal sites have been reported in lowland areas. Only 13% ofthe known archaeological sites occur across upland flat and/or upland bluffs, and 11 % ofthe known sites appear along sandy beach ridges and on dryer dune surfaces. The statical importance ofthese numbers is ofa greater significance since lowlands and sandy lake margin formations occur across only a very low percentage ofthe surface ofthe counties in the Research Area.

Soils data was used to characterize the distribution oflowland river valleys, beach ridges, and relict lake bottom deposits across Defiance, Henry and Paulding counties (USDAJSCS 1960, .. 1974, and 1984). The quality ofavailable soils data varies from county to county since evolving methods were used to define the physical frequency ofcertain soils (Le. certain geomorphological deposits by default) regionally. In Defiance and Henry counties, the extent ofmajor surfaces were .. based on the extent of certain soil associations that were either predominately composed of lacustrine sediments, the distribution ofsandy soils and sandy loam soils indicative oflake margin deposits, or the distribution of alluvial and outwash soils only found along major waterways. The percentages ofthese landform types were calculated based on either the acreage ofindividual soils or individual associations in comparison to the total number ofacres in the respective county. Since only selected soil types and predominate associations were considered Defiance County, .. only 90% of263,860 acres total acres in the county were addressed (236,946 acres) during our calculation. Since the definition ofHenry County landforms were more closely typed to distinctive soil associations (relict lacustrine deposits, alluvial soils, and sandy soils) and less on .. predominate soil types, 100% ofcounty's 266,240 acres were addressed in the following calculations. Analysis ofPaulding County's habitats were based on individual soil frequency or the numbers ofacres for gley soils (indicative oflacustrine deposits), alluvial soils (commonly .. occurring along major waterways), and soils high in sand content (indicative of lake margin deposits). Certain minor soil types not easily classified into one major group were excluded from .. the frequency analysis. As a result, only 92% ofPaulding County's 266,240 total acres were factored into the analysis (predominant soils types are distribution across 245,473 total acres).

Relict lake bottom (lacustrine soils) deposits occur across at least 87% ofthe landscape in Paulding County, 78% landscape in Defiance County, and 88% ofthe landscape in Henry County. However, only l3% ofthe total number ofknown sites in the Research Area are distributed across .. this same, very poorly drained landscape. In contrast, 11 % ofthe total number ofknown sites are found on dunes and along sandy beach ridge deposits. Sandy soils indicative ofthese upland features only occur across one or two percent ofDefiance County, about one half a percent ofthe .. landscape in Paulding County, and maybe four percent ofHenry County. Using currently available frequency data, one is at least seven times more likely to identify a prehistoric archeological site .. along a beach ridge than across a lacustrine deposit ofequal size . Regionally, only a low percentage ofthe total landscape is associated with major valleys or lowland areas. Analysis determined that only about three percent ofPaulding County's total .. landscape, about ten percent ofDefiance County's landscape, and about eight percent ofHenry .. County's landscape can be described as a soil formed on a terrace and alluvial deposit. Again, .. 84 - nearly 76 percent ofthe known sites were found in only a very small fraction ofthe total ... physiographic area. Soils percentage clearly illustrate an extremely high density for sites in lowland settings, a relatively high density of site along beach ridges and the extremely low density of sites across expansive areas ofpoorly-drained relict lake bottom habitats. The known ... occurrence of sites across all three subareas (lacustrine flats, sand deposits, and on valley floors) clearly demonstrates there is no exclusivity in previous research efforts. Archaeologists have in fact addressed a rather wide range of, ifnot every, individual habitat. The data also suggests a pattern for the inconsistent use ofupland regions aboriginally. Considering the types of sites reported and the habitats where they occur, it is obvious that prehistoric sites in upland areas beyond well-drained sandy deposits are functionally limited to widely scattered isolated finds. - Lithic scatters occurring beyond major river valleys and beach ridge formations are a very rare occurrence. They are almost always positioned on better-drained bluffs overlooking minor natural stream which occasionally flow through this once swampy region of Ohio. The potential for - encountering a significant aboriginal deposit within poorly drained areas ofthe Lake Plain Physiographic region is less than calculable.

Negative data or the absence of sites across upland areas beyond the Maumee valley is clearly insinuated by the distribution of sites in the immediate Research Area. However, it is ... believed this is an ubiquitous pattern extending across the entire Black Swamp region found throughout extreme northwestern Ohio. The rarity of sites across some habitats can be clearly documented by the review ofprevious investigations. The resultant reports demonstrate that ... numerous projects have addressed all habitats regionally. In many cases, fieldwork has shown that many times sites are non-existent or if found they only occur in a few selected habitats .

... Previous investigations can be found summarized in Appendix C. The table in Appendix C was based in the review of 170 CRM archaeological reports prepared since 1977. Each project is roughly identified. The table also presents a description of the job type, its political location, the - project reference, and the reported project size. Results ofeach survey is also included with a summary of impacted landforms, a list of soil types, the given site frequency, and list of site types ... represented. Varying measures ofproject size (i.e. metric, English, length, square feet, etc.) were recorded in the original reports. Ifmetric values were given, the value was standardized to the number ofacres. Ifthe particular project was a road widening the project width was standardized ... to 50 foot. Ifthe project was a pipeline, the project width was standardized to 25 foot. When the width or survey acreage was not specified, new construction activities (two-lane, four-lane, bike­ path, etc.) were standardized to an appropriate width. Based on reported or calculated acreage, it ... was determined the 170 projects encompassed a total of at least 9434 acres from which the distribution and frequency of archaeological resources is known and the absence ofresources has been demonstrated. - About 50 previous surveys were found to be focused on lowland or mixed settings which contained positive indications of archaeological resources. More importantly, research also .. identify numerous projects which would impact upland habitats, particularly those habitats that most commonly occur. Again, 80 to 90 percent ofthe landscape in northwestern Ohio was once very poorly drained lacustrine deposits and in these instances these very broad areas were found to be devoid or nearly devoid of aboriginal archaeological remains. To date, 91 reports were found where no prehistoric resources were observed across lacustrine or relict lake bottom deposits. An

- 85 - additional 13 reports included in Appendix C identify prehistoric remains in the respective project area, but the remains within these reports were limited to isolated (lost, displaced, etc.) lithic artifacts. Sixteen other survey reports contained evidence ofcultural remains across upland areas. However, in each of these cases the report only contained evidence for upland sites from unique, - well-drained habitats (beach ridges, dunes, bluffs) in each ofthose particular project areas. .. Considering the 9434 acres ofland previously surveyed, it has been abundantly documented that upland poorly drained flats have little potential for the occurrence of an archaeological site ofsome merit (i.e. an Historic Property eligible for or list in the NRHP). In fact, upland poorly drained flats rarely contain evidence for even the most inconsequential of site - types (i.e. isolated finds). In upland areas, lithic scatters are only known to occur along bluff-lines and beach ridges. Transient camps, though less frequently reported in uplands, only occur on .. sandy deposits (including beach ridges and dune lands) or along well-drained permanent streams . More likely, transient camps have been reported further downstream, and away from the uplands along major river valleys themselves. Again, base camps and ceremonial sites have only been reported upon better drained landforms having close proximity to lowland, major river valleys. Tactically, future survey efforts should recognize where potentially significant Historic Properties ofan archaeological nature are most likely to occur and make a concerted effort to identify site types which have interpretability, archaeological contexts having good levels ofintegrity, and - landforms having a highest potential for resources to study. - The results ofthe current survey and the reported results ofrecent field surveys for adjoining segments ofUS 24 corridor upgrade uphold these finding. When complete archaeologist will have had the opportunity to survey a linear corridor from the margins of the Lake Plain Physiographic area, now in the Fort Wayne (Allen County), Indiana area to the heart ofthe region near Toledo (Lucus County), Ohio. The linear distance ofthis study area measures 80.9 miles. To date a Phase I survey has been completed for the 37.4 mile long western portion of the US 24 .. corridor which includes portions of Paulding County and western Defiance, County, Ohio. This segment also crosses the current Research Area. The Phase I archaeological survey for the Paulding and western Defiance County portion ofthe corridor investigated 1164 acres along the primary feasible and along short conjoined alternative segments (Schneider et al. 2001 a).

The current US 24 study, discussed herein and crossing through eastern Defiance and western Henry counties, represents the central portion of the US 24 corridor and measures nearly 12.3 miles in length. Phase I investigations encompassed another 328 acres ofland beyond the existing disturbed right-of-way. The Phase I survey for the 25.3 mile long eastern corridor segment through eastern Henry and western Lucas counties had yet to be completed. However, the .. preliminary finding via summary tables were recently made available for comparison . To characterize the types of sites that might be found locally, modeling data was employed to predict the presence/absence ofsite types on various landforms (habitats) along the US 24 corridor. Throughout the corridor, a dual sampling strategy was devised to test the values offered in the model and to identify the presence or absence of significant resource which might be impacted by proposed construction activities. Published data is only available of the western segment ofthe corridor (Schneider et aI, 200Ia). Environmental data based on soils present were used to stratify the area into recognizable habitats on which corridor segments were determined to

86 have either a high or low probability to contain prehistoric sites (see for example Schneider et aI, 2001a: table 1). All high probability areas were sampled at 100% using standard SHPO (1994) Archaeological Guidelines for surface and subsurface investigations. Only conformational sampling was preformed across low probability areas. In two ofthe cases, 65% ofthe P AU/DEF 24 corridor area and 97% ofthe entire DEF/HEN 24 corridor were considered areas of low probability for the occurrence of significant aboriginal resources. Final probability factors have .. yet to be calculated for the HEN/LUC 24 project area. When visibility ranged below 50% (Le. in woodlots and in wheat fields for example) low probability areas were not subsurface sampled. This amounted to 36 percent oflow probability area along PAU/DEF 24 project and 15 percent ofthe low probability area along DEF/HEN 24 project. However, all low probability areas with high visibility (> 50 percent) were surface collected at a standard interval when the opportunity presented itself (i.e. 64% of the low probability area for the PAUIDEF 24 segment and 85% ofthe DEF/HEN 24 segment). Based on these samples, the presence/absence ofpotentially significant archaeological remains were made and the sample formed the basis to the test the data values found the presented model.

Along the PAUIDEF 24 corridor, 84 sites were recorded in both high (86% ofthe total site sample) and low probability areas (14% ofthe total site sample). However, the finding ofthe PAUIDEF 24 survey and the two sites recorded during the DEF/HEN 24 survey were totally consistent with the originally developed site type distributional values. The 86 sites along the US .. 24 corridor from the Indiana/Ohio State Line to Napoleon, Ohio conform to the hypothetical distributional pattern reported in the model. Our office also conducted a preliminary review ofthe site table for the HEN/LUC 24 segment. The results ofthis survey also appear consistent with the .. previous findings, which include the near absence of sites across lacustrine, once poorly drained surfaces and a strong correlation of lithic scatters and small transient camp sites with dune fields .. and beach ridges. It has been clearly document that certain types of sites have a limited distributional pattern while isolated finds might be found on any landform. In conclusion, the use ofa land-use model for the Lake Plain Physiographic region is an effective tool for predicting the potential for various kinds of sites regionally and determining where potentially eligible sites are most often found.

Future Survey Recommendations

A long-range goal ofthe DEFIHEN 24 project, beyond the mere documentation ofHistoric Properties that might be negatively impacted by construction, was a desire to develop new, long­ .. range field research strategies and methodologies to provide a clearer direction for future ODOT cultural resource investigations. Based on the accumulated results ofrecent archaeological inquiry, the following recommended strategies are designed to shift most ofour attention to and .. focus all intensive field investigations toward those habitats that have a better chance ofharboring significant Historic Properties ofan archaeological nature. This approach is designed to help eliminate redundant field investigations and build more relevant field strategies. The following .. recommendations are in congress with all earlier findings, but thoroughly considers the researcher's need for complimentary evidence to better interpret cultural data already in hand. .. 87 ..

Areas ofhigh and low probability for significant resources have been documented across the Lake Plain Physiographic Region. Regarding resources ofthe Middle and Late Historic Periods, rural habitation sites are scattered. Euro-American refuse producing activities are considered to be focal in nature. Existing mapping bears witness to this land use strategy and can be used as an aid in defining the location oflate historic-era resources requiring documentation .. and evaluation. It has also been demonstrated that aboriginal site selection process was focal in nature. Varying site types have been found to correlate to environmental conditions and superficial attributes in a predictable way. Previous modeling efforts have broken several environmentally diverse physiographic regions down into constituent elements or easily recognized habitats having uniquely different and sometimes individual qualities. Modeling then asked and has demonstrated what types of sites are found on each ofthese unique habitats.

To fully understand the quality or interpretability ofan archaeological site also requires consideration ofthe archaeological context ofthe remains encountered. Levels of disturbance must also be taken into consideration when considering the probability for locating historically significant resources. For instance, areas previously disturbed by urban development, soils in steep slope, and areas which are very poorly drained have a very low potential for significant aboriginal resources. Furthermore, upland habitation sites and refuse from transient prehistoric activities tend to be less intrusive in nature and are easily disturbed by farming activities, easily rendering the archaeological context to a level ofinsignificance. In contrast, low-land areas have a wider range ofprehistoric site types than upland areas. Some site types known from low-land areas are more intrusive in nature and are less likely to be easily or totally disturbed by modern use. Again, particular environmental features are found along proposed corridors creating situations which points to either a high or low probability for significant resources. Strategies to best document the evidence from varying sites types have been previously offered in Table 4.

Taking our findings one step farther, "Delta Approximations" or our fourth attempt to approximate aboriginallanduse patterns demonstrate that certain habitats do not require detailed .. levels of archaeological survey to document the likelihood that Historic Properties will not be impacted by development. In these cases, or across certain habitats, only reconnaissance level investigations to: 1) document the particular environmental situation or confirm the accuracy of .. the published environmental data; 2) locate environmentally unique features focal in aboriginal exploitation systems; and 3) document historic archaeological resources (abandoned farmsteads or destroyed houses) as defined via the literature search are required for compliance. However, more intensive field investigations will be needed across certain portions ofthe Lake Plain landscape (for instance, beach ridges, well-drained dunes, bluffs, valley floors, etc.) where sites are commonly found and where more robust, easily interpreted resource types are known to exist. .. Once poorly drained upland lacustrine deposits (relict lake bed surfaces) or hydric soils and hydric components (excluding muck soils) have been defined via the literature search and through conformational reconnaissance survey, no further archaeological sampling is needed. On the other hand, standardized and approved sampling strategies across other habitats is required to document the presence or absence ofarchaeological sites having the potential for inclusion to the NRHP andlor to bring the nature ofthe archaeological context, where potentially significant sites are found, into better focus . .. 88 - .. .. APPENDIXC

.. Lake Plain Archaeological Fieldwork Summary (1977-1999) Data compiled by David Lynch - College Intern ......

.. - I~' Job Name Job Type Township(s) County Reference Project Size landform Soil Type/Association ** Sites Site Types Remarks metric 1 english Isolated Fine Uthic Scatter ••;j'f.1.' DEF-18-13.07 road improvement. Delaware Defiance (Graham, 1979b) .2 miles lake plain latty-Fulton# 0 '7-gJ" , DEF-18-15.55 road improvement Delaware Defiance (Graham, 1979b) .12 miles lake plain Paulding-Roselms# 0 } ) r";l DEF-18-26.29 road improvement Defiance Defiance (DeWert, 1979) 1.3 miles lake plain Hoytville# 0 ~ DEF-CR 42 bridge replacemenl Noble Defiance (Beamer" 1993) 381 m/22.86 km: 2 mixed Paulding Clay# 2 X riverine setting / DEF-24-11.91 road improvement Noble, Richland Defiance (Eberhard, 1994) 3.7km mixed Hoytville-Napanee# 3 X beach ridge II DEF-2.5.07 bridge replacemenl Hicksville Defiance (Nass, 1979a) 250 ft /7500 ft2 mixed Mermillloam# 0 DEF-Ney sewage treatment Washington Defiance (Burdick, 1978a) SO-60 acres lake plain latty-Fulton# 0 DEF-2-8.78 bridge replacemen1 Farmer Defiance (Nass, 1979b) 1800 ft lowland Paulding Clay# 1 X beach ridge II DEF-15.21.54 bridge replacemen1 Highland Defiance (Nass, 1979c) 125000fe mixed Paulding Clay# 4X X riverine setting DEF-10 MVA utility Tiffin Defiance (Pratt, 1989b) 1.435 acres lake plain Roselms" 0 DEF-NISPCO utility Noble Defiance (Goodman, 1993) 1.2 acres lowland Haskins loam$ 0 DEF-Ayersville sewage treatment Highland Defiance (Weller von Molsdorff, 1993b) 55 acres lake plain Blount-Pewamo" 3X X riverine setting II DEF-CR 28 road improvement Defiance Defiance (Baker, 1995) 1.62 ha lake plain Paulding-Roselms# 0 DEF-GM utility Adams Defiance (Picklesimer, 1991) 2.4 mi lake plain Paulding-RoselmS# 6X X riverine setting DEF-Watson Rd road improvement Defiance Defiance (Weller von Molsdorff, 1995c) 1.5 acres lake plain Shoals$ 0 II DEF-Gas utility Tiffin, Farmer Washington Defiance (Sipes, 1997/1998) 14.1 mi mixed Paulding-Roselms# 10 X X riverine setting, beach ridge FUL-Worthington Steel site improvement York Fulton (Hambacher & Branstner, 1995) 270 acres lake plain Paulding Clay# 1 X riverine setting FUL-Dome pipeline Amboy, Royalton Fulton ~I Chesterfield, Gorhan Williams Franklin, Jefferson (Drennen, 1973) 50mi mixed Paulding-Roselms# 0 2 FUL-Clearfield survey Fayette Fulton (Morse, 1981) 2000 m lake plain Blount-Pewamo" 0 FUL-24h.8, 26f.3, 23h.: bridge replacemen1 Franklin, German Fulton (Bush, 1985) 8400 ft2 lowland latty-Fulton# 0 2 ~I FUL-RRH515 housing York Fulton (Bush, 1987a) 60000 m lake plain Sioan-Shoals-Eel# 1 X beach ridge FUL-ANR pipeline Harding Fulton Lucas (Baltz, 1991) 26.3mi mixed latty-Fulton# 0 FUL-109-12.89 road improvement Pike Fulton (Baker, 1994) 3.4 acres lake plain latty-Fulton# 0 2 FUL-TR22 road improvement German Fulton (MEC, 1995a) 160000 m lake plain Sioan-Shoals-Eel# 0 FUL-North Star Steel utility Swanton Fulton (Dames & Moore, 1996) 5.5 acres lake plairi Lenawee-DeIRey# 3 X beach ridge HAN-IR75-36.080 road improvement Allen Hancock (Aument, 1996) 2.43 ha mixed Hoytville# 3X X riverine setting 2 HAN-Electric utility Marion Hancock (Pratt, 1989d) 6979 m lake plain Blount silty loam 0 HAN-Findlay sewage treatment Findlay, Uberty, Aller Hancock (Weller von Molsdorff, 1994a) 7km lake plain Hoytville# 1 X lake plain HAN-Hillcrest site improvement Allen Hancock (Weller von Molsdorff, 1995a) 160 acres lake plain Hoytville# 2X lake plain HAN-Rawson site improvement Uberty Hancock (Hillen, 1993) 12 acres lake plain Blount-Pewamo" 0 HAN-Riverbend park Marion Hancock (Croninger, 1995) 8 acres lowland Blount-Pewamo" 2X riverine setting HAN-Emory Adams park Findlay Hancock (Rutter, 1997b) 19 acres lake plain Sioan-Shoals-Eel# 0 HEN-6-13.45 road improvement Uberty, Napoleon Henry (Gibbs, 1992) 32 acres lake plain latty-Fulton# 0 HEN-Napoleon bridge replacemen1 Napoleon Henry (Wakeman, 1995) 10.6 ha mixed Millgrove-Mermill-Haskins# 0 HEN-Ridgeville sewage treatment Ridgeville Henry (Burdick, 1977) 927000 ft2 lake plain latty-Fulton# 0 HEN-Florida sewage treatment Flatrock Henry (Burdick, 1978c) 60 acres mixed Hoytville-Nappanee# 0 HEN-Malinta sewage treatment Monroe Henry (Burdick, 1978d) SO-60 acres lake plain Paulding-Roselms# 0 HEN-AT&T utility Waterville, Providenc Lucas Washington, Uberty Williams Freedom Henry (Nass, 1988) 55..5 mi mixed Paulding-Roselms# 2X X beach ridge HEN-Oakwood sewage treatment Brown Henry (Beamer, 1992) 51.67 acres mixed Hoytville-Nappanee# 7X X riverine setting, beach ridge~ HEN-McClure sewage treatment Damascus Henry (Eberhard, 1993) 30 acres mixed Millgrove-Mermill-Haskins# 3X X beach ridge HEN-110-7.38 road improvement Damascus Henry (Addington, 1983) 11.5 acres lake plain Millgrove-Mermill-Haskins# 0 HEN-Midway site improvement Washington Henry (Friedman, 1997) 8-9 acres lake plain Millgrove-Mermill-Haskins# 0 LUC-2-11 .82 road improvement Waterville Lucas (Graham, 1979a) 1.7mi lake plain Toledo Association" 0 LUC-2.13.91 road improvement Waterville Lucas (Graham, 1979a) 1.3 mi lake plain Toledo Association" 0 LUC-Westwood Ave road improvement Sylvania Lucas (Pratt, 1978a) 1.8mi liike plain Bixler-Urban$ 1 X lake plain LUC-475-2.54 road improvement Monclova Lucas (Addington, 1986) 2992550ft2 lake plain Lenawee-DeIRey# 3X lake plain LUC-CR136-3.87 bridge replacemen1 Waterville Lucas (Mclaren, 1997b) 5250 ft2 lowland Granby-Ottokee-T edrow# 0 LUC-Bancroft St. road improvement Spencer Lucas (Pratt, 1985c/1990a) 1 mi mixed Granby-Ottokee-T edrow# 4X X beach ridge LUC-University bike path Sylvania Lucas (Johnston & Herr, 1994) 9062m lake plain Granby-Ottokee-Tedrow# 0 LUC-Monroe St. bridge replacemenl Sylvania Lucas (Wakeman, 1994b) .45ha .mixed Urban land Association 0 LUC-Washington St. bridge replacemenl Sylvania Lucas (Wakeman, 1994a) .36 ha mixed Urban land Association 0 LUC-Dorr St. ,. road improvement Oregon Lucas (Gibbs, 1995a) 38.58 ha take plain Bixler-Dixboro$ 0 LUC-Seaman St. road improvement Oregon Lucas (Gibbs & O'Donnell, 1996) 74ha lake plain TOledo-Blount-Pewamo# 0 LUC-CR136a bridge replacemen1 Providence, Watervil Lucas (Croninger, 1986a) 12.1 ha lake plain Granby-Ottokee-Tedrow# 0 / 111'·'.'''' -,,:",' Ii. ';Ii,Iii.o:Ii;;;:;.J'Y --~-----.-~ ­

53.3 ha LUC-Airport Highway road improvement Sylvania Lucas (Mclaren, 1997a) lake plain Colwood Loam# 1 X beach ridge LUC-Tiffin Avenue bridge replacemen1 Sylvania Lucas (Rutter, 1997a) lake plain Urban Land Association 1 X beach ridge LUC-Toledo Express site improvement Monclova Lucas (Pratt, 1977) lake plain Colwood Loam# 0 LUC-Pacific Park housing Sylvania Lucas (Pratt, 1978b) lake plain Toledo-Blount-Pewamo# 0 LUC-Brook Point housing Sylvania Lucas (Pratt, 1978d) lake plain Toledo-Blount-Pewamo# 0 LUC-General Store site improvement Sylvania Lucas (Croninger, 1984) lake plain Toledo-Blount-Pewamo# 0 LUC-Arrowhead site improvement Maumee Lucas (Pratt, 1985e) acres lake plain Toledo-Blount-pewamo# 0 (Pratt, 1985e) riverine setting LUC-Albon Rd. bridge replacemen1 Springfield Lucas . es mixed Granby-Ottokee-Tedrow# 1 X LUC-Crissey Rd. road improvement Springfield Lucas (Pratt, 1985d) lake plain Granby-Ottokee-Tedrow# 0 LUC-CR136b road improvement Providence Lucas (Gibbs, 1996) 2 .mi beach ridge mi lake plain Granby-Ottokee-Tedrow# 1 X LUC-Navy site improvement Toledo Lucas (Skinner, 1986a) 0 "Jacres lake plain Granby-Ottokee-Tedrow# LUC-Missionary Island survey Waterville Lucas (Stothers, 1983) Colwood-Bixler# 5X X island site in Maumee River e~9acres island LUC-CR109 bridge replacemen1 Providence Lucas (Croninger, 1986b) 0 .aPmi lake plain Granby-Ottokee-Tedrow# LUC-Swan Creek flood control Sylvania Lucas (Salkin, 1986) 0 2~70 ft mixed Colwood Loam# LUC-AT&T toledo-whitehouse Monclova Lucas (Sprague, 1989a) 0 ami lake plain DeIRey-Lenawee" medina-whitehousE Monclova Lucas (Sprague, 1989b) X beach ridge 4.5mi lake plain DeIRey-Lenawee"-" 2X plymouth-whitehou Monclova Lucas (Sprague, 1990) 1 X riverine setting 13mi lake plain Colwood-Bixler# LUC-Burlington site improvement Springfield Lucas (Pratt, 198ge, 1990c) beach ridge 65 acres lake plain Granby-Ottokee-Tedrow# 11 X X LUC-Providence park Providence Lucas (Pratt, 1989c) 2 lake plain Digby sandy loam$ 2 X beach ridge 3960m 1625ooft LUC-Columbia Gas utility Lucas (Bennett, 1990) lowland Colwood-Bixler# 0 LUC-Pipeline utility Maumee Lucas (Bennett, 1994) riverine setting 3750 ft lowland Toledo silty clay# 1 X LUC-83 arcom Lucas (Weller von Molsdorff, 1994c) beach ridge site improvement Swanton 52 acres lake plain Granby-Ottokee-Tedrow# 2 X {Warner, 1994) LUC-Postal site improvement Springfield Lucas 2.2 acres lake plain Granby-Ottokee-T edrow# 0 (Pratt, 1984) LUC-Senior Citizens housing Sylvania Lucas 72 acres lake plain Toledo silty clay# 0 (Rutter. 1995) LUC-Maumee Towne site improvement Maumee Lucas 100 acres lake plain DeIRey-Lenawee$ 0 (Weller von Molsdorff, 1995b) LUC-JAC site improvement Monclova Lucas 15 acres lake plain Fulton loam$ 1 X (Weller von Molsdorff, 1995d) LUC-Shugarman site improvement Monclova Lucas 4 acres lake plain Toledo-Latty-Fulton# 0 (Croninger, 1996a) LUC-Forest Lakes housing Sylvania Lucas 166 acres lake plain Granby-Ottokee-Tedrow# 9X X beach ridge LUC-Maumee Crossin! bridge replacemenl Oregon Lucas (Hunter. 1993; Dodson7Brown 1994) riverine setting Wood 1500 ft lowland Latty-Toledo-Fulton# 38 X X (Croninger, 1996b) LUC-Oak Openings bike path Swanton Lucas 1.9mi mixed Granby-Ottokee-Tedrow# 0 (Keener, 1996) . LUC-Duvall site improvement Waterville Lucas 10 acres lake plain Toledo-Fulton# 0 LUC-Ramm site improvement Whitehouse Lucas (Weller von Molsdorff, 1997e) 4.04 ha lake plain Mermill-Metamora-Haskins# 0 LUC-Express site improvement Swanton Lucas (Pratt. 1977) 325 acres mixed Granby-Ottokee-Tedrow# 1 X beach ridge (Pratt, 1986d) LUC-Davis Rd. bridge replacemenl Waterville Lucas 1000 ft2 mixed Bixler-Dixboro$ 0 LUC-Hol Syl Ang Rd road improvement Sylvania Lucas (Pratt, 1986b) 64000 ft2 mixed Dixboro-Colwood$ 0 (Pratt. 1980b) LUC-Millard Ave road improvement Oregon Lucas 1 mile2 mixed Urban Land Complex 0 (Weller von Molsdorff, 1994d) LUC-Metzger Marsh survey Jerusalem Lucas 908 acres lowland Latty-Toledo-Fulton# 0 (Bush. 1981; Murphy, 1987) LUC-SR2 road improvement Oregon Lucas 27.5 miles mixed Latty-Toledo-Fulton# 60 X X riverine setting and beach ric OTT-CR17 road improvement Salem Ottawa (Pratt, 1978g) 1000 ft lake plain Toledo Association# 0 PAU-CR171.2.896 bridge replacemenl Brown Paulding (Weller von Molsdorff, 1997b) .25mi mixed Paulding Clay# 1 riverine setting PAU-CR 105.4.812 bridge replacemenl Crane Paulding (Weller von Molsdorff, 1997a) 2.6 acres mixed Paulding Clay# 2 X riverine setting 4125m PAU-Grover Hill sewage treatment Lattty Paulding (Pratt, 1988b) mixed Roselms$ 1 X riverine setting (Burdick, 1978b) PAU-Antwerp sewage treatment Carryall Paulding 52.5 acres lake plain Latty silty clay# 0 PAU-Oakwood sewage treatment Brown Paulding (Beamer, 1992) 19.6 acres mixed Latty-Fulton# 0 PUT-CR6 bridge replacemenl Blanchard Putnam (Beamer, 1991) 1.4 acres mixed Sioan-Shoals-Genessee# 1 X riverine setting PUT-TR85 bridge replacemenl Jackson Putnam (Sprague, 1992c) 90000 ft2 mixed Sioan-Shoals-Genessee# 0 PUT-CR74 bridge replacemenl Jennings Putnam (Sprague, 1992b) 69375 ft2 mixed Sioan-Shoals-Genessee# 0 PUT-TR61 bridge replacemenl Ottawa Putnam (Sprague, 1992a) 210000ft2 mixed Sioan-Shoals-Genessee# 0 PUT-West Ohio Gas utility Perrysburg Putnam (Haywood, 1992) 14.38 mi mixed Hoytville-Nappanee# X riverine setting and beach ri< 6.68 ha PUT-Sugar Ridge St. bridge replacemenl Blanchard Putnam (Blanton & Herr, 1998) mixed Sioan-Shoals-Genessee# /~X X riverine setting PUT-Blanchard Park housing Ottawa Putnam (Burdick. 1981) 1800 ft2 lake plain DeIRey-Fulton-Toledo# 0 (Salkin, 1987; Stanley, 1985) PUT-Blanchard flood control Ottawa Putnam 15000 ft lowland Sioan-Shoals-Genessee# 2 X riverine setting PUT-Glandorf sewage treatment Ottawa Putnam (Lee, 1990) 216000 ft2 mixed Sioan-Shoals-Genessee# 0 (Hawkins & Walley. 1994) PUT-Retirement housing Ottawa Putnam 3 acres mixed Toledo-Fulton# 2 X riverine setting (Weller von Molsdorff, 1994b) PUT-Ft. Jennings sewage treatment Jennings Putnam 48.6 acres mixed Hoytville-Nappanee# 10 X X riverine setting PUT-23 acre survey Ottawa Putnam (Tolonen, 1995) 23 acres mixed Toledo-Fulton# 0 PUT-Kalida industrial park Union Putnam (DeRegnaucourt, 1996) 42 acres ., mixed Latty-Nappanee# 0 Union Putnam (Weller von Molsdorff. 1997c) between upland drainages PUT-Union industrial park 1~,Q_' mixed Paulding-Roselms# 4X X PUT-Wastewater sewage treatment Ottawa Putnam (Weller von Molsdorff. 1997d) 13·.... lake plain Toledo-Fulton# 0 (Stevens. 1992) PUT-Acme site improvement Monterey Putnam 22 ~,~Y·\".:. &u~lIe-Nappanee# 0 SAN-412-1.10 bridge replacemenl Sandusky Sandusky (Cramer, 1980) 1.35 d.. awee-DeIRev# 0 ~ - SAN-Fremont housing Fremont Sandusky (Pratt, 1980a) SAN-Gibsonburg sewage treatment Madison Sandusky (Kime, 1983a) 1200 m SAN-6-18.73 road improvement Sandusky Sandusky (OOOT-BES, 1988) SAN-53-10.15 road improvement Sandusky Sandusky (Corso, 1993; Pratt, 1991) SAN-CR 53 road improvement Ballville Sandusky (Sprague, 1991) SEN-23-08.33 road improvement Jackson Seneca (Baker, 1980) SEN-Hedges &Boyer park Clinton Seneca (Rutter, 1996) SEN-Tiffin West housing Hopewell Seneca (Weller von Molsdorff, 1997f) SEN-Jones Rd. road improvement Clinton Seneca (Phagan, 1977) SEN-HOP-11-2,46 bridge replacement Hopewell Seneca (Pratt, 1986a) SEN-TR 150-0.10 bridge replacement Pleasant Seneca (Pratt, 1989a) 348m SEN-CR 36 bridge replacement Clinton Seneca (Mustain, 1994) .4ha WOO-Ume City Rd road improvement Rossford Wood (Pratt, 1978f) WOO-51-2.03 road improvement Lake Wood (Graham, 1979c) WOO-TR 55-0.01 bridge replacement Montgomery Wood (Pratt, 1985a) 2612.8 m2 WOO-TR 55-0.03 bridge replacemen1 Montgomery Wood (Pratt, 1985a) 3905.5 m2 WOO-OhioTurn/I-75 road improvement Perrysburg Wood (Bush,1987b) WOO-SR795/1-75 road improvement Perrysburg Wood (Pratt, 1988c) 4500 m2 WOO-I-75, SR18 road improvement Henry, Bloom Wood Allen Hancock (Mustain, 1991) WOO-US20/SR420 road improvement Perrysburg Wood Sandusky (Sprague, 1992d) WOO-280/795-1.91/8.1. road improvement Lake Wood (Bush,1993) WOO-Slippery Elm park trail Uberty Wood (Pratt, 1994) 1.5 km WOO-Oregon Rd bridge replacement Perrysburg Wood (Orr, 1997) WOO-Perrysburg park Perrysburg Wood (Cufr, 1978) WOO-Greenway housing Northwood Wood (Pratt, 1978c) WOO-Tontongany sewage treatment Plain Wood (Pratt, 1978e) WOO-Airport site improvement Bowling Green Wood (Pratt, 1979) WOO-Cedar Park housing Bowling Green Wood (Pratt, 198Oc) WOO-CityPerrysburg survey Perrysburg Wood (Stothers, 1980) WOO-Tontongany" sewage treatment Plain Wood (Kime, 1983b) WOO-Bradner sewage treatment Montgomery Wood.(Skinner, 1986b) WOO-Orleans Park park Montgomery Wood (Pratt, 1986e) 200m2 WOO-Hoytville sewage treatment Jackson Wood (Skinner, 1987a) WOO-Van Tassel fishing area Grand Rapids Wood (Beamer, 1988) WOO-Housing housing Perrysburg Wood (Gray, 1988) WOO-Riverfront survey Perrysburg Wood (Skinner, 1987b) WOO-Rivercrest Park park Perrysburg Wood (Jackson, 1993) WOO-Hood Park site improvement Perrysburg Wood (Seltz, 1995) WOO-Wayne sewage treatment Montgomery Wood (MEC, 1995b) WOO-Cygnet sewage treatment Bloom Wood (Weller von Molsdorff. 1993a) WOO-Columbia Gas utility Perrysburg Wood (Gibbs. 1995b) 11,4 ha WOO-W.W.Knight park Perrysburg Wood (MEC,1995c) WOO-Charles Crest housing Rossford Wood (Kime. 1983c) WOO-Bicentennial Par park Perrysburg Wood (Bennett, 1995) WOO-Access Pointe housing Perrysburg Wood (Eberhard, 1996) WOO-Carter Park park Bowling Green Wood (Kime, 1983c) WOO-65-8,46 road improvement Washington, Middlet, Wood (Butterworth, 1997) 14400 m2 VAN-Convoy sewaae treatment Pleasant VanWert (Kime.J9aad) _ "* Soli hydrology is addressed using symbols, defined below., Urban Land Complex is a highly disturbed soli in whit eli-drained, non-hydric soil. # very poorly drained hydric soli '" somewhat poorly drained hydric soli $ somewhat poorly drained non-hydriC soli with hydric components in depressions and low-lying areas well~dralned soil with hydric components in depressions and low-lying areas .. .. BIBLIOGRAPHY

Addington, James. 1983 Phase I / II Archaeological Survey for Relocated S.R. 110, Damascus Township, Henry County, Ohio (HEN-110-7.38). 1986 A Cultural Resource Assessment of the LUC-475-2.54 Interchange Project, Lucas County, Ohio. ... 1996 LUC-Maumee River Crossing (PID 10718) Lucas County, Ohio. The Stuckney­ Buckeye Area Supplemental Information. Aument, Bruce W. 1988 Phase I Literature Review for the Proposed AT&T Medina-Whitehouse Ff 'A' Lightguide Cable ... Alignment, Medina, Lorain, Erie, Sandusky, Ottawa, Wood, and Lucas Counties, Ohio. 1996 Cultural Resource Survey for the Proposed HAN-IR 75-36.080 (PID 11709) Ramp Improvements at SR 613 and Relocation of the SR 613 and TR 14 T-Intersection near the Village of VanBuren in Allen Township, Hancock County, Ohio. - Baker, Stanley W. 1980 Preliminary Cultural Resources Survey of the Proposed Relocation of U.S. Route 23 Near .. Fostoria, Ohio . 1994 Letter Report: FUL-109-12.89 Construction Project Review -- Summary of Literature Search and Archaeological Field Review. 1995 Letter Report: DEF-CR28 (Carter Rd. -- PID 14592) -- Construction Project Review -- Summary of Literature Search and Archaeological Field Review. - Baltz, Christopher J. 1991 Phase II (Inventory) and Phase III (Evaluation) Cultural Resources Investigations on the Proposed .. ANR North Ohio Pipeline Project, Fulton and Lucas Counties, Ohio . Beamer, Herb. 1988 Phase I and II Cultural Resource Survey: Proposed Van Tassel Fishing Access, Grand Rapids .. Township, Wood County, Ohio . 1991 Literature Review and Archaeological Survey: Proposed C.R. 6 Bridge Realignment over the Blanchard River, Blanchard Township, Putnam County, Ohio. 1992 Literature Review and Archaeological Survey: Proposed Oakwood Wastewater Lagoon, Brown Township, Paulding County, Ohio. 1993 Literature Review and Reconnaissance Survey for the CR 42 Bridge Replacement Project and Road Realignment in Noble Township, Defiance County, Ohio. .. Bennett, Patrick M . 1990 Phase I and II Cultural Resources Survey of a Proposed Columbia Gas of Ohio Pipeline in Lucas County, Ohio. .. 1994 Phase I and II Cultural Resource Survey of a Pipeline Replacement Project in Lucas and Wood Counties, Ohio. 1995 Phase I Cultural Resource Investigations for Proposed Improvements in Bicentennial Park, Perrysburg Township, Wood County, Ohio . .. Blanton & Herr. 1998 Phase I Literature Review and Reconnaissance Survey for the Proposed Sugar Ridge Street Bridge By-pass across the Blanchard River in the Village of Gilboa, Blanchard Township, .. Putnam County, Ohio . Bowen, Jonathan. 1983 An Archaeological Survey of Northeastern Sandusky County, Ohio. .. Burdick, R.L. 1977 Ridgeville Corners Sewerage Facility Planning Area Archaeological Survey. (Henry County) 1978a Archaeological Survey for the Proposed Ney (Defiance County), Ohio Sewerage Facility. 1978b Preliminary Archaeological Survey of the Proposed Antwerp Sewerage Project. Paulding County, Ohio. - 1978c Archaeological Survey of the Proposed Florida (Henry County), Ohio, Sewerage Facility. .. - ..

1978d Archaeological Survey of the Proposed Malinta (Henry County), Ohio, Sewerage Facility . .. 1981 Preliminary Reconnaissance Archaeological Survey of the Proposed Site for the Blanchard Park Apartments, Ottawa, Putnam County, Ohio. Bush, David. 1981 The Archaeological Resources of the Ohio Turnpike - Phase II Investigations at Existing and Proposed Interchanges. 1985 A Cultural Resource Investigation of the Proposed 24 h.8, 26 f.3, and 23 j.3 Bridge Replacement .. Project, Fulton County, Ohio . 1987a A Cultural Resource Investigation of the Proposed RRH515 Rental Housing Project Area, York Township, Fulton County, Ohio. 1987b A Phase I and II Cultural Resource Survey of the Proposed Ohio Turnpike 1-75 Alternative "C" Interchange, Perrysburg Township, Wood County, Ohio. 1993 Phase II Cultural Resource Study of the Proposed WOO-280n95-1.91/8.40 Project in Lake Township, Wood County, Ohio. .. Butterworth, Kitty . 1997 Letter Report: Inter-Office Communication: WOO-65-8.46 Corso, Robert A .. 1993 Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey of the Proposed SAN-53-10.15 Highway Improvement Project in Sandusky Township, Sandusky County, Ohio. Croninger, Patricia 1. 1984 A Phase II Archaeological Survey of Portions of the Anderson's General Store Project. 1986a Archaeological Evaluation of the Neapolis-Waterville Bridge 790 Replacement Project over Blue Creek in Lucas County, Ohio. 1986b Archaeological Evaluation of the Providence Neapolis - Swanton Road (Lucas Co Rd 109) Bridge .. # 929 Replacement Project over Blue Creek in Lucas County, Ohio . 1995 Phase I Archaeological Survey, Riverbend Meadows Project, Riverbend Park, Sections 23, T.1N., R.llE., Township, Hancock County, Ohio. .. 1996a Phase I Archaeological Survey of the Proposed Forest Lakes Subdivision, Bancroft Street and Crissey Road, Section 30 T9S R6E, Sylvania Township, Lucas County, Ohio. 1996b Phase I Archaeological Survey of the Proposed 1.9 mile Bicycle Trail, Parking Lot and Storm Sewer Improvements in Oak Openings Preserve Metropark, Lucas County, Ohio. Cufr, Robert J. 1978 Perrysburg Park Site. (Wood County) Dames & Moore. 1996 North Star Steel 345 kV Transmission Line Project Archaeological Investigation, Fulton County, Ohio. DeRegnaucourt, Tony. .. 1996 A Phase I Archaeological Reconnaissance of a Planned 42-acre Industrial Park Area near the Town of Kalida in Putnam County, Ohio. DeWert, John. 1979 Preliminary Archaeological Survey of the Proposed Improvements of SR 18, Defiance, Defiance .. County, Ohio. Dodson-Brown, Deborah. 1994 A Cultural Resources Reconnaissance Survey of the Maumee River Crossing in Lucas and Wood .. Counties, Ohio . Drennen, Bert. 1973 Archaeological Survey of Proposed Pipeline Route through Williams and Fulton Counties, Ohio. .. Eberhard, Brent. 1993 Literature Review and Reconnaissance Survey for the Village of McClure Proposed Wastewater Treatment Lagoon Site, Damascus Township, Henry County, Ohio. 1994 Literature Review & Reconnaissance Survey for the Preliminary Alternatives Segment of the .. Proposed 3.7 km US 24 Expansion (DEF-24-11.91) in Noble and Richland Townships, Defiance County, Ohio. - 1996 Phase I Cultural Resources Investigation for the Proposed Access Pointe Development in .. Perrysburg Township, Wood County, Ohio. Friedman, et al. 1997 Midway Voltage Transmission Substation Expansion Project Archaeological Investigation, .. Washington Township, Henry County, Ohio . Gibbs and O'Donnell. 1996 Phase I Literature Review and Reconnaissance Survey for the Proposed Improvement of the .. Seaman StreetINorfolk Southern Grade Seperation in Oregon Township, Lucas County, Ohio . Gibbs, Kevin. 1992 A Reconnaissance Survey for the Proposed U.S. Route 6/24 and Industrial Drive Interchange (HEN-6-13.45) near Napoleon in Liberty and Napoleon Townships, Henry County, Ohio . .. 1995 Phase I Reconnaissance Survey for the Proposed Improvements to Dorr Street (PID No. 12778) in the City of Toledo, Lucas County, Ohio. 1996 A Phase I Literature Review and Reconnaissance Survey for the Proposed Improvement of .. County Rd 136 (Neapolis-Waterville Road) [PID 12440] in Waterville Township, Lucas County, Ohio. 1996 Phase I Literature Review and Reconnaissance Survey for the Proposed Improvement of the .. Seaman StreetlNorfolk Southern Grade Separation in Oregon Township, Lucas County, Ohio . Goodman, Eugene V. 1993 Phase I and II Cultural Resource Survey for the Proposed NISPCO - Crossroads M & R Facility in Noble Township, Defiance County, Ohio . .. Graham, Paul. 1979a ODOT-BES Cultural Resource Survey Report Project LUC 2-11.82113.91 1979b Transportation Project No. P.F. 425, DEF-18-13.07/15.55. 1979c Cultural Resource Report: Transportation Project No. WOO-51.2.03 PF 557 - Gray, Marlessa A. 1988 A Phase I and II Archaeological Reconnaissance of a 36-acre Proposed Housing Development, .. Perrysburg, Wood County, Ohio . Hambacher & Branstner. 1995 Cultural Resource Inventory Survey: Worthington Steel Company Site Improvements, York Township, Fulton County, Ohio . .. Hawkins & Walley 1994 Phase I Archaeological and Historical Investigation of the Proposed Ottawa Retirement Community in Ottawa, Putnam County, Ohio. Haywood, Norman A. 1992 Phase I and II Cultural Resource Survey of West Ohio Gas Company Proposed 14.38 mile 8 inch gas line for Pro-Tec in Putnam County, Ohio. .. Hillen, Luella Beth. 1993 Literature Review and Reconnaissance Survey for a Proposed Development Tract in Liberty Township, Hancock County, Ohio. Jackson, Kenneth et al . .. 1993 Phase I and II Cultural Resources Investigations of the Proposed Rivercrest Park Development (Phase I), City of Perrysburg, Wood County, Ohio. Johnston and Herr. .. 1994 Literature Review and Reconnaissance Survey for the Proposed LUC University/ Parks Trail, Elks Realignment Bike Path in the City of Toledo, Sylvania Township, Lucas County, Ohio. Keener, Craig S. .. 1996 Phase I Archaeological Investigations for the Proposed 10 acres of the Planned 30 acre Duvall Woodworking Development in Waterville Township, Lucas County, Ohio. Kime, Julie. 1983a Phase I and Phase II Archaeological Survey of the Proposed Gibsonburg, Ohio Sewer, Sandusky County, Ohio. - 1983b Preliminary Archaeological Survey of the Tontongany Wastewater Treatment Plant, Site SS 1200, .. .. Wood County, Ohio. - 1983c Preliminary Archaeological Survey of the Carter Park, Bowling Green, Wood County, Ohio. 1983d Phase I and II Archaeological Survey of the Proposed Convoy Wastewater Facilities Expansion, VanWert County, Ohio. Lee, Alfred M. 1990 Phase I Literature Review and Phase II Locational Reconnaissance for the Town of Glandorf, Ohio Facilities Review Plan. McLaren, c.R. 1997a Phase I Literature Review and Reconnaissance Survey for the Proposed Improvements to Airport Highway (S.R. 2) in the City of Toledo, Lucas County, Ohio. 1997b A Phase I Literature Review and Reconnaissance Survey for the Proposed Improvement of - County Road 136 (Neapolis-Waterville Rd) Bridge # 790 in Waterville Township, Lucas County, Ohio. Midwest Environmental Consultants - 1995a Phase I Cultural Resource Survey of the Township Road 22/ Conrail Grade Separation, Sections 33 & 34 TIN R5E, German Township, Fulton County, Ohio. 1995b Phase I Archaeological Survey: 20 acre Parcel and Access Easement for the Proposed Village of Wayne Wastewater Treatment Plant, Nl/2 NW 1/4 SE 1/4 Section 21, T4N R12E, Montgomery Township, Wood County, Ohio. 1995c Phase I Archaeological Survey for a Proposed Pond, Wetland and Parking Area, W.W. Knight .. Nature Preserve, Perrysburg Township, Wood County, Ohio. Morse, David. 1981 Clearfield Village Archaeological Survey, Fayette, Fulton County, Ohio. .. Murphy, Harry . 1987 State Route 2 Western Basin Cultural Resource Assessment, Lucas-Wood-Ottawa Counties, Ohio (PF 1247): Final Report. .. Mustain, et al. 1991 Literature Review and Reconnaissance Survey of the Proposed Interchange Modification of Interstate 75 and Ohio State Route 18 in Henry and Bloom Townships, Wood County and Allen Township, Hancock County, Ohio. 1994 Literature Review and Reconnaissance Survey of the Seneca County Road 36 Bridge Replacement in Clinton Township, Seneca County, Ohio. Nass, John, Jr. 1979a Preliminary Archaeological Survey of ODOT Bridge Project Def.2-5.07 1979b Preliminary Archaeological Survey of ODOT Bridge Project Def.2-8.78 1979c Preliminary Archaeological Survey of ODOT Bridge Project Def.15-21.54 .. 1988 Phase I - II Cultural Resource Survey: A T & T Underground Fiber Optics Line, Proposed Whitehouse-Butler F.T. "A" Cable, Lucas, Henry, and Williams Counties, Ohio. ODOT-BES 1988 An Archaeological Assessment of the SAN-6-18. 73 Interchange Improvement Project in Sandusky Township, Sandusky County, Ohio. Orr, Marilyn. 1997 Letter Report: WOO-Oregon Road Bridge Replacement and Road Realignment (PID 15214) Perrysburg Township, City of Rossford, Ohio. Phagan, Carl 1. 1977 Preliminary Archaeological Survey of the Proposed Seneca County Jones Road Extension .. Project. Picklesimer et al. 1991 A Phase I, II and II (Research, Survey, and Testing) Cultural Resource Assessment of the existing GM Pipelin'e in Defiance County, Ohio. Pratt, G. Michael. - 1977 An Assessment of Prehistoric and Historic Properties withiri the Toledo Express Airport Project, .. ..

Swanton, Ohio. (Lucas County) - 1978a ODOT PrehistoriclHistoric Survey Report, Proposed Westwood Avenue, Detroit Avenue to Hill Avenue. City of Toledo, Lucas County, Ohio. 1978b An Assessment of the Prehistoric and Historic Cultural Resources of the Pacific Park Subdivision, Toledo, Lucas County, Ohio. 1978c An Assessment of the Prehistoric and Historic Cultural Resources of the Greenway Estates Subdivision, Northwood, Wood County, Ohio. .. 1978d An Assessment of the Prehistoric and Historic Cultural Resources of the Brook Point Subdivision Plats I and II, Toledo, Lucas County, Ohio. 1978e An Assessment of the Prehistoric and Historic Cultural Resources of the Valley Stream Subdivision Plats II and III, Toledo, Lucas County, Ohio. .. 1978f Tontongany Sewage Treatment Facility. (Wood County) 1978g An Assessment of the Prehistoric and Historic Cultural Resources of the Lime City Road Improvement Project, Roseford, Wood County, Ohio. 1979a An Assessment of the Potential for Prehistoric and/or Historic Archaeological Resources within - the Anthony Wayne Trail Improvement Project Area, Toledo, Lucas County, Ohio. 1979b An Assessment of the Potential for Prehistoric and/or Historic Archaeological Resource within the Wood County Airport Improvement Project Area, Bowling Green, Wood County, Ohio. 1980a An Assessment of the Potential for Prehistoric and/or Historic Archaeological Resources within the Fremont Community Development Block Grant Project Area, Fremont, Sandusky County, Ohio. 1980b An Archaeological Resource Assessment of the Millard Avenue Extension Project, Toledo, Lucas County, Ohio. 1980c An Archaeological Resource Assessment of the Cedar Park Apartments and Adjacent Project .. Areas, Bowling Green, Wood County, Ohio. 1984 A Phase I and Phase II Archaeological Survey of the Lucas County Senior Citizens Complex, Toledo, Lucas County, Ohio. .. 1985a A Phase I and Phase II Archaeological Survey of the Proposed Rights of Way Acquisition for the Bays Road Bridge over the South and East Branches of the Portage River. 1985b A Phase I and Phase II Archaeological Assessment of the Bancroft St - McCord Rd Intersection Improvement Project, Lucas County, Ohio . .. 1985c An Archaeological Assessment of the Albon Road Bridge Project, Lucas County, Ohio. 1985d An Archaeological Assessment of the Crissey Road Improvement Project, Lucas County, Ohio. 1985e An Archaeological Assessment of the Lauerer Markin Gibb, Inc. Parcel, Arrowhead Industrial .. Park, Maumee, Ohio. 1985f An Archaeological Assessment of the Neapolis-Waterville Road Improvement Project, Lucas County, Ohio. .. 1986a Archaeological Evaluation of the Seneca County Road 11 Bridge (SEN-HOP-1l-2.46) Replacement Project over Wolf Creek. 1986b A Phase I and Phase II Archaeological Assessment of the Holland-Sylvania Road -- Angola Road Intersection Improvement Project, Lucas County, Ohio 1986c A Phase I and Phase II Archaeological Assessment of the Bancroft S1. - McCord Road - Intersection Improvement Project, Lucas County, Ohio 1986d Archaeological Evaluation of the Neapolis-Waterville Bridge 790 Replacement Project over Blue .. Creek in Lucas County, Ohio 1986e A Phase I and Phase II Archaeological Assessment of the Project to replace Davis Road Bridge over Swan Creek, Lucas County, Ohio. .. 1986f Archaeological Evaluation of the Orleans Park Improvement Project, Perrysburg, Wood County, Ohio. 1988a A Phase I and II Archaeological Assessment of the Proposed Charles Crest Apartment Complex, Rossford, Wood County, Ohio. - 1988b A Phase I & II Archaeological Assessment of the Proposed Grover Hill Sewerage Treatment .. Plant, Grover Hill, Paulding County, Ohio . .. ..

1988c A Phase 1 and 11 Archaeological Assessment ofthe Proposed SR 795fI-75 Interchange, Perrysburg Township, Wood County, Ohio. - 1989a A Phase I and Phase II Archaeological Assessment of the SEN-TR150-0.1O Bridge Replacement Project, Pleasant Township, Seneca County, Ohio. .. 1989b A Phase I and II Archaeological Survey of the Proposed 10 MvA Evansport Substation, Tiffin Township, Defiance County, Ohio. 1989c Archaeological Survey of the Proposed Parking Area, Providence Metropark, Lucas County, Ohio. - 1989d A Phase 1 and II Archaeological Survey of the Proposed Hancock-Wood Electric Cooperative Substation, Marion Township Road 212, Hancock County, Ohio. .. 198ge A Phase 1 (Literature Review) Archaeological Survey of the Proposed Burlington Express Air Cargo Hub Improvements at the Toledo Express Airport, Lucas County. Ohio. 1990a A Phase I and II Archaeological Survey of the Bancroft Street Improvement Project Area, Sylvania and Spencer Twps., Lucas County, Ohio. 1990b A Phase I Archaeological Survey of the CR 51 Bridge Replacement Project, Old Fort, Seneca County, Ohio. 1990c A Phase II (Reconnaissance) Archaeological Survey of the Proposed Burlington Express Air Cargo Hub Improvements at the Toledo Express Airport, Lucas County, Ohio. 1991 A Phase I Cultural Resources Survey of the Proposed SAN-53-1O.15 Highway Improvement Project, Sandusky Township, Sandusky County, Ohio. 1994 A Phase I and Phase II Archaeological Survey of the Proposed Slippery Elm Trail Project, Wood .. County Park District, Liberty Township, Wood County, Ohio. 1996 A Phase II Survey of the Seneca County Road 51 Bridge Replacement Project in Old Fort, Seneca County, Ohio. .. Rutter, William E . 1994 Phase I Cultural Resource Reconnaissance of the Proposed Scott Street Realignment at Cherry Street for the Buckeye Basin Greenbelt Parkway. Lucas County, Ohio. 1995 Phase I Archaeological Survey for the Proposed Maumee Towne Center, Sections 27 and 34, T2 12 mile Reserve, City of Maumee, Lucas County, Ohio. 1996 Phase I Archaeological Survey of the Proposed Bicycle Path and Road Widening Project in Hedges-Boyer Park, City of Tiffin, Seneca County, Ohio. 1997a Phase I Archaeological Reconnaissance of the Feasible Alternative Access Improvements, Tiffin Avenue Bridge Project, Toledo-Lucas County Port Authority, Toledo, Lucas County, Ohio. 1997b Phase I Archaeological Survey, Natureworks Grants Program, Emory Adams Sports Park Expansion, 19 acres west of Brookside Dr., City of Findlay, Hancock County, Ohio. - Salkin, Philip H. 1986 Draft Report: A Reconnaissance Level Archaeological Survey of the Proposed Local Flood Protection Project on Swan Creek in the City of Toledo, Lucas County, Ohio. 1987 Report of Investigations -- A Reconnaissance Level Archaeological Survey of the Proposed Local Flood Protection Project of the Blanchard River in Ottawa. Schermer, S. C. .. 1975 Archaeological Literary Survey Report, Antwerp Project. Paulding County, Ohio. 1978 Archaeological Survey of the Van Hyning Creek Area, City of Napoleon, Henry County, Ohio. Seltz, Diane et al. .. 1995 Phase I and II Resource Investigations of the Hood Park Expansion for the City of Perrysburg, Wood County, Ohio. Skinner, Shaune M. .. 1986a A Phase I and Phase II Archaeological Survey of Proposed Excess Property at Naval Weapons Industrial Reserve Plant, Toledo, Ohio. 1986b A Phase I and II Archaeological Survey for the Proposed Wastewater Treatment Plant Site in .. Brander, Wood County, Ohio . 1987a Phase I and II Archaeological Survey of the Proposed Hoytville Lagoon, Jackson Township, - Wood County, Ohio. .. ..

1987b Perrysburg Riverfront Archaeological Survey, Wood County, Ohio. Sipes. - 1997 An Archaeological Reconnaissance of 14.1 miles of Proposed Gas Pipeline Corridor and 4 Associated Access Roads located in Farmer, Tiffin, and Washington Townships, North-Central Defiance County, Ohio. - 1998 Addendum: An Archaeological Reconnaissance of Two Re-Routes to Proposed ANR Pipeline Company Gas Pipeline Located in Tiffin and Washington Townships, North-Central Defiance .. County, Ohio . Sprague, Rae Norris. 1989a Literature Review and Reconnaissance Survey for the Proposed AT&T Toledo-Whitehouse Fiber .. Optics Cable, Lucas County, Ohio . 1989b Reconnaissance Survey for the Proposed AT&T Medina-Whitehouse Fiber Optics Cable through Medina, Lorain, Erie, Sandusky, Ottawa, and Wood Counties, Ohio. 1990 Literature Review and Reconnaissance Survey for the Proposed AT&T Plymouth-Whitehouse Fiber Optics Cable, Lucas County, Ohio. - 1991 Phase I and II Cultural Resource Survey for the Proposed Widening of State Route 53 near Fremont, Sandusky County, Ohio. 1992a Literature Review and Reconnaissance Survey for the Proposed Township Road 61 Bridge Replacement and Road Relocation in Ottawa Township, Putnam County, Ohio. 1992b Literature Review and Reconnaissance Survey for the Proposed County Road 74 in Jennings Township, Putnam County, Ohio. 1992c Literature Review and Reconnaissance Survey for the Proposed Township Road 85 in Jackson - Township, Putnam County, Ohio. 1992d Literature Review and Reconnaissance Survey for the Proposed U.S. 20 Improvement and S.R. 420 Interchange Reconfiguration Between Perrysburg and Woodville in Wood and Sandusky - Counties, Ohio. Stanley, David. .. 1985 Phase I Cultural Resource Survey of a Proposed Flood Control Project along the Blanchard River, Ottawa, Putnam County, Ohio. Stevens. 1992 A Phase I and Phase II Cultural Resource Management Survey of the Proposed Acme Precision .. Expansion Site, Ottoville, Putnam County, Ohio. Stothers, David M., Ph.D. 1977 A Survey and Evaluation of Existing Resources of Prehistoric and/or Historic Significance within the Buckeye Greenbelt Basin 1980 An Assessment of the Prehistoric and Historic Archaeological Resource of the City of Perrysburg. Wood County, Ohio. 1983 Missionary Island: A Preliminary Report Concerning Initial Survey and Test Excavations. - Tolonen, Anthony S. 1995 Phase I Cultural Resource Report on a 23-acre land parcel, Ottawa, Ottawa Township, Putnam County, Ohio. Wakeman, Joseph E. - 1994b Archaeological Literature Review and Reconnaissance Survey for the Monroe Street Bridge Replacement in the City of Toledo, Lucas County, Ohio. 1994a Archaeological Literature Review and Reconnaissance Survey for the Washington Street Bridge - Replacement in the City of Toledo, Lucas County, Ohio 1995 Literature Review, Reconnaissance Survey, and Architectural Documentation for the Napoleon Bridge Replacement over the Maumee River on State Route 108 in Napoleon Township, Henry County, Ohio. Warner, Mark S. 1994 Phase I!II Cultural Resources Survey for a Proposed U.S. Postal Service Facility in Holland, Lucas County, Ohio. - Weller von Molsdorff, Ryan J. - .. · . .. 1993a Phase II Archaeological Investigation for the Cygnet Sanitation Sewer Improvements, Bloom Township, Wood County, Ohio. 1993b Phase I and II Archaeological Investigation for the Ayersville Water Water Treatment Plant, Highland Township, Defiance County, Ohio. .. 1994a Phase I Archaeological Investigations for the Findlay, Ohio Northern Corridor Sanitary Sewer line, Findlay, Liberty and Allen Township, Hancock County, Ohio. 1994b Phase I and Phase II Archaeological Investigation of the Fort Jennings Wastewater Facilities, .. Jennings Township, Putnam County, Ohio . 1994c Phase I and Phase II Archaeological Investigations for the 83 Arcom's Proposed Army Reserve Center, Lucas County, Ohio. 1995a Phase I Cultural Resource Survey for the Findlay Hillcrest Golf Course Housing Development .. Project in Allen Township, Hancock County, Ohio. 1995b Phase I Investigations for a 15 acre Development Site for JAC Products in Monclova Township, Lucas County, Ohio . .. 1995c Phase I Archaeological Investigation for the Proposed Watson Road Improvement, Defiance Township, Defiance County, Ohio. 1995d Phase I Investigations for the Proposed Shugarman Surgical Supply Relocation on a 4 acre tract in Monclova Township, Lucas County, Ohio. - 1997a Phase I Cultural Resource Investigation for the Proposed PAU CR105-4.812 Bridge and Road Replacement and Realignment in Crane Township, Paulding County, Ohio. 1997b Phase I Cultural Resource Management Investigation for the Proposed PAU CRI71-2.896 Bridge .. Replacement and Road Realignment, Brown Township, Paulding County, Ohio. 1997c Phase I Cultural Resource Management Survey for the Proposed 7.8 ha Industrial Park in Union Township, Putnam County, Ohio. .. 1997d Phase I Cultural Resource Management Survey for a Proposed 5.3 ha (13 acre) Wastewater Treatment Plant Improvement in Ottawa Township, Putnam County, Ohio. 1997e Phase I Cultural Resource Management Survey for the Proposed 4.04 ha (10 acre) Development for Ramm Fencing Systems and Grayline Industrial Services in the Village of Whitehouse, Waterville Township, Lucas County, Ohio. 1997f Phase I Cultural Resource Management Survey for the Proposed 3.4 ha (8.5a) Tiffin West Apartments in Hopewell Township, Seneca County, Ohio .

......