Dani Ardor's Reactions Toward Her Trauma in Ari

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DANI ARDOR’S REACTIONS TOWARD HER TRAUMA IN ARI ASTER’S MIDSOMMAR

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

By CICILIA BELLA ANGGRAENI Student Number: 174214096

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA YOGYAKARTA 2021

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DANI ARDOR’S REACTIONS TOWARD HER TRAUMA IN ARI ASTER’S MIDSOMMAR

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

By CICILIA BELLA ANGGRAENI Student Number: 174214096

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA YOGYAKARTA 2021

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

“There is no need to compare yourself to others because your life is your life!” – Stray Kids’ Bang Chan

“Happiness is just living the days and trying to get better every day.” – DAY6’s Park Sungjin

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For my beloved parents, big brother, friends, AND MYSELF,

This is a gift for you.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to thank Jesus Christ for guiding me until I can finish my undergraduate thesis. With His blessings, everything will be possible.

I would like to express my gratitude to my thesis advisor, Ni Luh Putu

Rosiandani, S.S., M.Hum, for her guidance and patience to finish this undergraduate thesis. Besides my thesis advisor, I would like to express my gratitude to my thesis co-advisor, Dr. Tatang Iskarna, for also lending his energy to help me finishing my undergraduate thesis.

This thesis will not be finished without the help of the people around me. I would like to thank my parents, Sapto Triyono and Yulita Budiningsih, and my brother, Benedictus Daniel Anggoro, to give me endless support while I was working on my thesis at home. I would like to thank my support systems: SM,

Maria Dwika Furina Pratiwi, Brian Ardya Indrajat, Zulfikar Ranu Sasmita, and

Salsabila Ratna Amalia, for always cheering me up to erase the stress within me. I would also like to thank DAY6, Stray Kids, and Yerin Baek because their songs help me to get my motivation back in the middle of finishing my undergraduate thesis. Lastly, I would like to thank myself for not giving up in finishing this thesis despite the obstacles during the progress of it. My gratitude will not be enough to pay their support back. I am beyond grateful to have them all in my life.

Thank you so much.

Cicilia Bella

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ...... ii APPROVAL PAGE ...... iii ACCEPTANCE PAGE ...... iv STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ...... v LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH ...... vi MOTTO PAGE ...... vii DEDICATION PAGE ...... viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... ix TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... x LIST OF FIGURES ...... xi ABSTRACT ...... xii ABSTRAK ...... xiii CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ...... 1 A. Background of the Study ...... 1 B. Problem Formulation ...... 3 C. Objectives of the Study ...... 3 D. Definition of Terms ...... 3 CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ...... 5 A. Review of Related Studies ...... 5 B. Review of Related Theories ...... 14 1. Theory of Characterization ...... 14 2. Theory of Trauma ...... 16 C. Theoretical Framework ...... 21 CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ...... 22 A. Object of the Study...... 22 B. Approach of the Study ...... 23 C. Method of the Study ...... 23 CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ...... 25 A. Dani’s Portrayal in Midsommar ...... 25 B. Dani’s Trauma in Midsommar ...... 30 C. Dani’s Reactions toward Her Trauma ...... 43 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ...... 57 REFERENCES ...... 61

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LIST OF FIGURES

No. Figure Page

1. Fig 1. Dani’s Parents’ Corpses 31 2. Fig 2. Terri’s Corpses 32 3. Fig 3. Man Performing Ättestupa 35 4. Fig 4. Dani being Dumbfounded 36 5. Fig 5. Maja and Christian 38 6. Fig 6. Josh and Pelle 39 7. Fig 7. The Feast 40 8. Fig 8. Dani Smiling 46 9. Fig 9. Dani and Josh 47 10. Fig 10. Dani Vomitting 48 11. Fig 11. Dani and Pelle 49 12. Fig 12. Dani Sobbing 50

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ABSTRACT

Anggraeni, Cicilia Bella. (2021). Dani Ardor’s Reaction Toward Her Trauma in Ari Aster’s Midsommar. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Traumatic experiences are the experiences that someone has after encountering misfortune events. Dani Ardor, the main character in the Midsommar movie written by Ari Aster, experiences several misfortunate events. Those experiences make Dani suffers from trauma and she gives different reactions to it. There are three problems in this study. The first one is about Dani’s portrayal in the movie. The second one is about Dani’s traumatic experiences, which cause her trauma. The third one is about Dani’s reaction toward her traumatic experiences. This study uses the qualitative-descriptive data method by collecting the information from the Midsommar movie and its script. The writer also collects them from supporting books and articles to analyze the problem formulation in this study. The approach used is the psychological approach using the theory of character & characterization proposed by Boggs and Petrie and the theory trauma proposed by Huang.. In the movie, Dani is described as someone sympathetic and cautious. Her sympathetic nature is depicted through how she shows her concern to the people around her. Meanwhile, her cautious nature is expressed by how she is aware of the danger in Hälsingland. These natures make Dani have deep emotional attachment with the people around her which results Dani’s fear of being left by them whom she loves. However, there are three experiences that traumatize Dani: her family’s death, Ättestupa, and the mating ritual done by Christian and Maja. After experiencing the traumatic experiences, Dani shows different reactions. They are divided into immediate and delayed reaction. They include emotional, physical, cognitive, behavioral, and social or interpersonal reactions. The emotional reaction which comes to Dani is categorized as an immediate reaction. Later, the physical reaction is found as both immediate and delayed reaction. Then, Dani’s cognitive reaction results as delayed reaction. Her behavioral reaction is described as a delayed reaction. Lastly, her social or interpersonal reaction appears as a delayed reaction.

Keywords: trauma, Midsommar, Dani Ardor, death.

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ABSTRAK

Anggraeni, Cicilia Bella. (2021). Dani Ardor’s Reaction Toward Her Trauma in Ari Aster’s Midsommar. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Pengalaman traumatis adalah pengalaman yang dimiliki oleh setiap orang yang mengalami kejadian tidak menyenangkan. Pada film Midsommar, tokoh utamanya yang bernama Dani Ardor mengalami beberapa kejadian tidak menyenangkan dan dia bereaksi kepada traumanya dengan cara yang beragam. Penulis merumuskan tiga permasalahan pada penelitian ini. Masalah pertama yaitu penggambaran tokoh Dani di film. Masalah kedua yaitu pengalaman- pengalaman traumatis yang dialami oleh Dani. Masalah yang ketiga yaitu bagaimana reaksi yang ditunjukkan Dani setelah mengalami pengalaman- pengalaman traumatisnya. Untuk menganalisis rumusan masalah pada penelitian ini, penulis menggunakan metode kualitatif-deskriptif dengan mengumpulkan data dari film dan skrip Midsommar serta buku-buku dan artikel yang relevan dengan pembahasan rumusan masaslah pada skripsi ini. Pendekatan yang diterapkan pada skripsi ini adalah pendekatan psikologi dengan menggunakan teori karakterisasi dari Boggs dan Petrie dan teori trauma dari Huang. Diceritakan pada film Midsommar bahwa Dani adalah seseorang yang bersimpati dan berhati-hati. Sifat Dani yang penuh simpati ditunjukkan pada cara dia menunjukkan kepeduliannya kepada orang-orang di sekitarnya. Sedangkan, karakteristiknya yang berhati-hati ditunjukkan saat ia menyadari bahwa ada bahaya yang mengintai di Hälsingland. Beberapa karakteristik yang disebutkan ini membuat Dani mempunyai keterikatan emosional yang mendalam dengan orang- orang di sekitarnya. Hal ini menimbulkan rasa takut akan ditinggalkan oleh mereka yang Dani cintai. Namun, ada tiga pengalaman traumatis yang dimilikki Dani: kematian keluarganya, Ättestupa, dan perselingkuhan di antara Christian dan Maja. Setelah mengalami kejadian traumatis, Dani menunjukkan beragam reaksi yang dikategorikan sebagai respon segera dan respon lambat. Beberapa reaksi ini melibatkan reaksi emosi, fisik, kinerja otak, sikap, dan sosial atau interpersonalnya. Reaksi emosi yang datang pada Dani dikategorikan sebagai reaksi segera. Kemudian, reaksi fisiknya dapat dijumpai sebagai reaksi segera dan reaksi lambat. Sementara itu, reaksi kinerja otak Dani dikategorikan sebagai reaksi lambat. Reaksi sikap yang ditunjukkan Dani dikategorikan sebagai reaksi lambat. Terakhir, reaksi sosial atau interpersonalnya muncul sebagai reaksi lambat.

Kata Kunci: trauma, Midsommar, Dani Ardor, death.

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Literature is part of human beings’ life. According to Klarer (2005, p. 1), literature is defined as the cultural and historical phenomena where the production and reception conditions can be investigated. Klarer wants to focus on the cultural and historical context in determining what literature is. He also stated that literature was a human’s trace that is left through creative expression. Thus, in exploring creativity, visual imagery is needed (2005, pp. 1-2).

Literature exposes human being’s experiences within the story. Various experiences is shown through how the main characters act, speak, or think. One of them is a traumatic experience. According to the American Psychological

Association (APA), trauma is an emotional response after awful events, such as natural disasters, sexual abuse, or a significant loss. The long term reactions can be identified when the person who suffers trauma is experiencing unstable emotions, flashbacks, even physical symptoms like headaches and nausea

(Trauma, 2020). The main character’s experiences are usually wrapped in various kind of literature such as drama, prose, poem, novel, short stories etc. However, the writer chose to analyze Dani Ardor, the main character of Midsommar movie to examine her traumatic experiences which were developed throughout the movie. The existence of Dani’s traumatic experiences is found in the movie script.

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A movie script is one of the literary works that matters. According to

Field, a movie script or screenplay, a story is told with pictures, dialogues, and description, which are put in the context of dramatic structure and purposes as its nature (2006, pp. 19-20). In other words, a movie script is a written version of a play or movie. From this written version, the actions that are done by the characters can be visualized into live-action. Thus, the message would be realistic.

Based on the plot in the movie script, Midsommar is a movie about Dani

(Florence Pugh) and Christian (Jack Reynor) a couple that goes to a rural Swedish village that celebrates a once-in-a-blue-moon festival. This trip leads to terrible tragedies that make Dani suffer a lot (Midsommar, 2019). In the Midsommar movie, we cannot find the medical treatment of the depressed characters but a repression phenomenon. According to Barry, repression is the act of ignoring or forgetting traumatic events in the past (2009, pp. 92-93). Many traumatic events happen to Dani before and during the trip. Therefore, Dani intends to ignore the events that happen to her. Since Midsommar shows the psychological phenomena undergone by Dani, it indicates the relation between literature and psychology.

According to Aras, psychology and literature have a strong relationship because both discuss human beings and their perceptions, reactions, individual and social concerns related to their value that they believe in life (2015, p. 251).

Therefore, in analyzing Dani’s traumatic experiences and the reaction to the impact of traumatic experiences, a psychological approach is needed.

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The writer intends to analyze how traumatic experiences or events may influence someone’s sanity. Besides exploring the events that cause discomfort to

Dani, the writer also analyzes Dani's reactions to her trauma.

B. Problem Formulation

The research questions based on the background of the study written in the last part can be formulated as follows:

1. How is Dani Ardor portrayed in Midsommar?

2. What are the traumatic experiences undergone by Dani in Midsommar?

3. How does Dani react toward her trauma in Midsommar?

C. Objectives of the Study

There are three objectives in this study. It intends, first, to reveal Dani’s portrayal in the movie. Second, to find the traumatic experiences throughout the film. Third, it is to show Dani’s reactions toward her traumatic experiences within the movie.

D. Definition of Terms

This thesis takes several definitions from different sources to understand someone’s reaction toward traumatic experiences. The first term mention is

“reaction.” According to Webster’s Dictionary, the term reaction can be defined as the direct response toward a specific event (1989, p. 799). The second term is trauma. According to Elman, it refers to “deferred action”; the events which

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cause an individual to have a great shock are never experienced anymore, but only through belated repetition (1994, p. 56). Meanwhile, according to American

Psychological Association (APA), trauma is defined as an emotional response after awful events, such as natural disaster, sexual abuse, or a significant loss

(Trauma, 2020).

The writer concludes that reaction is the response after a particular event happens, triggered by specific stimuli. At the same time, trauma is stated as an impact after someone experiences an incredible or terrible experience that causes discomfort to themselves, such as natural disaster, significant loss, or sexual assault.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A. Review of Related Studies

This thesis discusses Dani’s traumatic experiences and the reactions toward them. Since the main focus is trauma, this part reviews several related studies that are related to the topic. The first study is a thesis written by Sulaeman in 2014 entitled The Analysis of Trauma in Staub's Novel Scared to Death. The second study is a thesis written by Rodan in 2018 entitled The Impact of

Psychological Childhood Trauma into The Main Character, Libby Day, in Gillian

Flynn's Dark Places. The third study is a journal article written by Sakinatun,

Mardewi, and Indriyani in 2019 entitled “Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders of

Main Character in Every Thing will be Fine Movie Directed by Wim Winders”.

The last study is an article entitled “Midsommar: Thing Theory” written by

Spadoni in 2020.

The first study is a thesis written by Sulaeman, The Analysis of Trauma in

Staub's Novel Scared to Death (2014). The thesis analyzes Elsa and Marin

Queen’s trauma and the symptoms in a novel entitled Scared to Death. He formulated two research questions to find the portrayal of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) experienced by two characters in the story and how they heal the condition (2014, p. 4). This thesis uses a qualitative method with an intrinsic psychological approach to discuss and answer the research questions. (2014, p.

22).

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The thesis finds several post-traumatic disorder symptoms experienced by

Elsa and Marin Queen: intrusive, arousal, and avoidance (2014, pp. 24-28). Elsa’s intrusive symptoms in the novel are seen when she had a flashback about her son, who had been dead. His name was Jeremy. Elsa keeps on thinking about his death, and it makes her feel disturbed and annoyed because his son’s shadow keeps on lingering on her mind (2014, pp. 32-33). Her avoidance symptoms can be seen in the way Elsa avoided any conversation topic related to her son. She does not want to be reminded about his death since it brings pain only instead of happiness (2014, p. 37). For the arousal symptoms, Elsa becomes frightened because of the thoughts about someone keeping an eye on her while there is none.

Her mind keeps on telling her that she needs to be protective toward herself and her daughter (2014, p. 40).

The same thing happens to Marin Queen. Her intrusive symptoms appear when she sees a rat emoji because it reminds her of the rat in Caroline’s purse. It means that Marin has a flashback about an unfortunate event which she does not want to remember. Besides the rat emoji, Marin also has a flashback about her dead husband. She thinks that her life would be much better if her husband were here with her. The memory about her husband does not go away, so that Marine was being trapped in it (2014, pp. 35-36). Marin’s avoidance symptoms are seen in the way she wishes to go out of her house. It happens because Marin keeps on getting frightened since the house is the place where her husband was murdered.

The memory haunts her until she feels miserable (2014, p. 39). The last symptom, arousal, is seen when Marin has difficulty concentrating and breathe. The trauma

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of losing her husband causes the problem. She currently lives with anxiety and fear of getting the flashback about the event her husband was murdered (2014, p.

42).

Besides the findings of the symptoms, Sulaeman also wrote about the way the characters heal themselves. The characters heal themselves through three methods. They are reasonable mastery, caring attachment to others, and a meaningful purpose in life (2014, pp. 43-50). Elsa’s reasonable mastery is found in the novel. Elsa tries to control her situation by placing a lone chair in front of the door to prevent someone from getting into her house. This way is effective since Elsa feels more secure because she can finally avoid something unpredictable that haunts her days (2014, p. 44). Elsa also uses a “caring attachment to others” method to heal herself. She meets her therapist, Mike, and tells everything about her problems. Mike is the only one who can help her while

Elsa is still having her thoughts about Jeremy (2014, pp. 44-45). To make her life better and meaningful again, Elsa chooses to convince a carefree caseworker for his daughter, Renny. Elsa does this because she wants Renny to have perfect parents figures as Elsa tries to get her life purposes back after the loss of his son,

Jeremy (2014, pp. 45-46).

Marin does not use all three ways, which are the same as Elsa does, to heal herself. She only uses two methods, which are “caring attachment to others” and

“having a meaning purpose of life.” The way Marin seeks help from others is similar to Elsa’s. Lauren, Marin’s friend, accompanies her during the tough days so Marin can be better eventually. Lauren also gives Marin some useful advice

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(2014, pp. 46-49). Another way Marin takes to heal herself is by having a meaningful purpose in life. This act is represented by how she stops overthinking because she wants to have a better life in the future. Instead, she starts doing good deeds to the world to heal from the trauma (2014, pp. 49-50).

This study is related to the present study because both studies discuss trauma. The only difference is the study's object because the previous research analyzes a novel while the present study examines a movie script.

The second study is a thesis written by Rodan from Sanata Dharma

University entitled The Impact of Psychological Childhood Trauma into The Main

Character, Libby Day, in Gillian Flynn's Dark Places (2018). This thesis discusses the impact of psychological childhood trauma on the main character named Libby Day in a novel entitled Dark Places. Rodan wrote two research questions that aim to find the character description, the kinds of psychological trauma, and the impacts on them (2018, p. 3). He uses library research methodology to analyze and answer the research questions as written before

(2018, p. 19).

The undergraduate thesis finds that Libby Day is not a lovable child. She is only a little girl who loves to play with her siblings. However, when it comes to her brother named Benjamin ‘Ben’, a satanic-worshipper, she becomes the lovable one. Libby knows to handle Ben and make him feel happy (2018, pp. 21-22).

After the massacre happens to her family, Libby becomes quiet. She changed from a friendly person to someone quiet due to the significant loss even though

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Ben survives. Libby can only say nonsensically as the massacre happened because of the witch her brother brought to the house rather than saying something logically (2018, pp. 22-24). When Libby becomes an adult, she becomes surrounded by anxiety and later becomes awkward with Ben. However, the past event makes her a healthy individual in her adult days, trying to fix her and Ben's things. Since Libby’s days from her childhood until her adult phase are closely related to her trauma, which is categorized as childhood trauma (2018, pp. 24-30).

What makes the previous study and the present study different is the object of the research. The last research uses a novel written by Gillian Flynn entitled

Dark Places, while the current study uses the Midsommar movie script written by

Ari Aster. Moreover, previous research specifically discusses childhood trauma.

In the present study, the kind of trauma is not necessarily specified.

The third study is a journal article written by Sakinatun, Mardewi, and

Indriyani, “Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders of Main Character in Every Thing will be Fine Movie Directed by Wim Winders” (2019). This journal article analyzes the post-traumatic stress disorder experienced by Thomas Eldan, who crushed a kid named Christopher twelve years ago (2019, p. 85). The journal uses a descriptive qualitative method supported by library discussion to explain the theory of post-traumatic stress disorder (2019, p. 89).

The journal article finds several aspects of post-traumatic stress disorder: types, causes, and effects (2019, p. 89). Before showing the findings associated with post-traumatic stress disorder, the journal article explains Thomas Eldan’s

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portrayal in the movie (2019, p. 90). It discusses the quality of Thomas Eldan. He is described as a friendly man. He is humble to his friends; therefore, he has a bunch of friends who are there for him at the moment (2019, p. 90). Besides being friendly to the people around him, Thomas is also responsible. When the accident that involved a kid named Christopher happened in the past, he took care of

Christopher properly. (2019, p. 90). He is described as a hardworking man in the movie. Thomas is passionate about his work, writing and producing good novels in his career. Therefore, many people adore him due to his dedication to writing

(2019, p. 90).

Even though Thomas is described as a good man in general, he has post- traumatic stress disorder due to Christopher's accident in his past. The type of post-traumatic stress disorder he suffers at the moment are comorbid post- traumatic stress disorder, complex post-traumatic stress disorder, vehicular trauma, and torture (2019, pp. 91-92). Comorbid post-traumatic stress disorder is seen when Thomas feels panic and depressed when he remembers the past accident. Complex post-traumatic stress disorder is seen when Thomas hurts himself by drinking too much alcohol due to the past accident. He also suffers severe emotional disturbance. Vehicular trauma is seen after the accident happens.

Thomas told Sara, his partner, that he just hit someone with the car, but he does not want to talk about it anymore. Lastly, torture is seen when Thomas tries to attempt suicide due to the unbearable trauma he has. However, his life is saved by his coworker, and he is brought to the hospital for treatment (2019, pp. 91-92)

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The cause of Thomas’ post-traumatic stress disorder is various. The journal article mentioned that the causes of his post-traumatic stress disorder are a severe accident, anxiety and depression, and severe injury (2019, pp. 92-94). The severe accident here is about the car accident he had back then because it killed

Christopher. Knowing that he has killed someone, he feels traumatized whenever he remembers the scene (2019, pp. 92-93). Before getting involved in the car accident, Thomas has already been depressed and has anxiety daily. Sara, his girlfriend, wants a baby from him, but he is not ready to raise a child. This matter causes him to have depression eventually (2019, p. 93). As time goes by, Thomas cannot endure it any longer, and then he attempts suicide, but he survives.

Because of that, he gets serious injury until he should be hospitalized (2019, pp.

93-94).

Post-traumatic stress disorder has specific effects on Thomas in his daily life. The first effect he experiences is self-injury caused by depression, which is no longer able to be endured (2019, p. 94). The second effect is that Thomas tends to have suicidal thoughts and behaviours. He even attempts suicide once, but he survives after his coworker helps him (2019, pp. 94-95). The third effect is

Thomas becomes an alcoholic person. He does this to calm himself down whenever he has a panic attack (2019, p. 95). The last effect is depression. The accident burdens him so much since he keeps on remembering the scene. It makes him have a difficult time (2019, p. 95).

What makes the previous study different from the recent one is the object of the research. Both studies use different objects of research. The last research

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uses Every Thing Will Be Okay movie. In recent research, the writer uses the

Midsommar movie script written by Ari Aster to analyze the main character, Dani.

Even though the previous study is different from the present one, the last one helps the writer frame the present study, which focuses on the impacts of traumatic events on the survivors.

The fourth study is an article written by Spadoni entitled “Midsommar:

Thing Theory” (2020). The article reviews the movie Midsommar movie based on the scenes within the film. It relates the scenes with several opinions said by particular people who are mastering different fields. This article is divided into three parts:animism, commodity, and boogeyman (2020, pp. 3 -13).

In the article, Spadoni talked about animism which views the movie from its characteristics. It is started by describing a different horror movie since the scenes are mostly shown under the sunlight and clear sky unlike the others thatisplay the nighttime (2020, p. 3). According to Spadoni, this setting of time includes in one of the movie’s manipulation. Besides the setting, the backdrop also becomes the distraction to the audiences. For example, a scene shows a bear in a cage that brings attention to the audience. Midsommar also uses significant details to the background found in the backdrop decoration which uses occult folkloric images (2020, p. 4). Later, the backdrop decoration's significance helps the audience understand the kind of atmosphere that is trying to be shown within a particular scene. Since the critics prefer movies that avoid too much detail in favor of a functionalist and modern aesthetic, Ari Aster – Midsommar’s script writer – applies it in the movie (Spadoni, 2020, pp. 5 - 6). Photoégenie is the term to describe

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a merge of two concepts: the essence of cinema and the essence of filmed objects.

According to Epstein in his essay, objects teeming with inhuman life, in this context, seen in the runic languages of the Hårgas. They puts a rune under someone’s bed and paint their room’s wall with magical symbols (2020, p. 7). Midsommar also connects persons and objects, seen in how flowers are mimicked by swaying women and dancing women evoke a wall patternaused by Hårgan’s drug (2020, p.

8).

The second discussion is commodity. There are plenty of materials which are used in the movie. Spadoni talked about the secret in Midsommar movie that is unfavorable for the object because it makes life in the camera seem unpleasant

(2020, p. 10). The movie's climax is displayed similarly to Martha Stewart Living magazine due to their flower decorations' resemblance. The film gives the audience its surprises at the end, still (2020, p. 10). The figures in this movie depict their beautiful decoration, but some of the audiences might not realize it.

The houses are decorated beautifully in country styles and suggest the similar color scheme between each other. The runes are also decorated well on the wall of the places (2020, p. 11).

The third discussion is about bogeymen. Here, Spadoni discussed about how the movie fools the non-Swedish people by the facts which he exposed.

Midsommar’s Swedishness exists for them, but in making the film, the truth is otherwise (2020, p. 13). The progress of the shooting took place in Hungary, not

Sweden. Patrik Anderson proposes the concept of Hårgas and the costumes are designed by Andrea Flesh, who is not a Swedish but a Hungarian. Besides, the

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idea of Midsommar movie shows the audience mostly about daytime. The daytime nevertheless gives a hidden meaning which might scare the audience (2020, p.

13).

The article about Midsommar written by Spadoni is related to the present study. Both studies discuss the elements within Midsommar even though there are also differences in both. The article only reviews the movie based on film theory and not discusses explicitly the characters in it. The present study examines a particular character, Dani Ardor, and her reaction toward her trauma in the movie.

Thus, the present study functions to support the previous study by the data given in the analysis.

B. Review of Related Theories

To answer the research questions written in the first chapter, specific theories are applied to help the writer discuss and analyze them. The theories needed as follow:

1. Theory of Characterization

This theory is needed to reveal Dani’s characteristics in the Midsommar movie. This study uses Boggs and Petrie’s theory of characterization (2012, pp.

49 - 55). Based on this theory, there are eight ways to describe a particular character; they are:

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a. Characterization through Appearance

This theory is needed to see a character’s visual image to make certain assumptions about its character. The premises can result from the facial features, dress, physical build, and mannerisms (2012, p. 50) b. Characterization through Dialogue

Dialogue plays a vital role in describing a character. The thoughts can be revealed through the word choice, stress, pitch, and pause pattern in the speech.

Grammar, vocabulary, and dialects can also help the audience to understand a character’s description (2012, p. 50). c. Characterization through External Action

The external action of a character can describe themselves. It might reflect someone’s quality of personality depends on the person’s motivation to do particular activities (2012, pp. 50 - 51). d. Characterization through Internal Action

Besides the external actions, which can be seen clearly by the other characters, a character's internal action can also describe a particular nature. The internal actions include the character’s secrets, unspoken thoughts, daydreams, aspirations, memories, fears, and fantasies (2012, p. 52). e. Characterization through Reactions of Other Characters

Other characters can give various reactions to the other ones in a movie.

Sometimes, these reactions provide a piece of important information about a character’s description even before they do not appear on the screen (2012, p. 52).

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f. Characterization through Contrast: Dramatic Foils

This way is the most effective one to describe a character. Here, the use of foils – the method of contrasting characters whose behaviour, attitudes, opinions, lifestyle, physical appearance, etc., towards the main characters (2012, p. 53). g. Characterization through Caricature and Leitmotif

Caricature exaggerates the dominant features or personality traits of certain characters. Meanwhile, the leitmotif is described as the repetition of a single action, phrase, or idea until it becomes a unique feature or trademark of certain characters (2012, pp. 65 - 66). h. Characterization through Choice of Name

The choice of name can reflect a character’s personality description by looking at the terms that possess appropriate qualities of sound, meaning, or connotation (2012, pp. 54 - 55).

2. Theory of Trauma

According to Huang, trauma occurs due to unfortunate events such as war, sexual assault, violence, natural disaster, etc. When someone gets hurt emotionally or physically, the possibility to have trauma increases (2014, p. 7).

Besides the unfortunate causes, the impacts of trauma are also tragic. Based on the concept of trauma proposed by Huang, the effects of trauma can be found on an individual’s functioning and mental, physical, social, emotional, or spiritual well- being (2014, p. 7).

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The concept of trauma proposed by Huang is closely related to its three

“E”s. They are event(s), the experience of the event(s), and effect (2014, p. 7).

The explanation of these “E”s as follow:

a. Events

Events are the actual threats that someone receives in their life. Natural

disasters, sexual assault, or violence are categorized as an extreme threat of

psychological or physical harm. Besides hazards, the events can be life-

threatening neglect for children, which may impact their development. The

circumstances might happen once or repeatedly over time. (2014, p. 8).

b. Experience

The experience can determine whether the events are included in a

traumatic event or not. It is not always about a traumatic one. Therefore, a person

should know about the impact of it on them. How the individuals label those

experiences is based on how the experiences disrupt them psychologically and

physically; for example, a sexual assault victim may be accompanied by a sense

of humiliation, leading to “bad” or “dirty” feelings within themselves. Another

example is children who experience domestic violence, which may fear reaching

for help (2014, p. 8). c. Effects

Effects are a critical component of trauma because it occurs immediately or lately. In some conditions, the trauma effects can last in the long or short term.

Meanwhile, the individual is not aware of the connection between traumatic events and the consequences. The examples of trauma effects are the incapability

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to cope with everyday stress, having a trust issue toward people in general, managing cognitive processes, inability to express emotions and feelings, and so on (2014, p. 8).

Trauma survivor reacts differently in meeting traumatic experiences. The reactions may be different depends on the survivors themselves. According to

SAMHSA, there are different kind of reactions that deal with an individual’s emotional, physical, cognitive, behavioural, social or interpersonal, and developmental (2014, pp. 61 - 74). These reactions are divided into two categories which are immediate reaction and delayed reaction (2014, pp. 62-63).

1) Emotional

The trauma survivor may experience anger, fear, sadness, and shame. This impact is dangerous because an individual can be “out of control” or going crazy

(2014, p. 61). Emotional reactions can be divided into several parts: a) Emotional dysregulation: traumatic experiences make the survivor feels

anxious, sad, and shame when the incident happened at their young age

(2014, pp. 61 - 63). b) Numbing: traumatic experiences make the survivor feel disconnected from

their thoughts, behaviours, and memories (2014, p. 63).

2) Physical

Every trauma survivor may get physical reactions because of their trauma

(2014, p. 64). They can be divided into: a) Somatization: this focuses more on trauma survivor’s bodily symptoms

(2014, p. 64).

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b) Biology of trauma: this focuses on biological aspects of a human being,

which might have slight changes after a traumatic experience happened to

someone (2014, p. 65). c) Hyperarousal and sleep disturbances: hyperarousal is the exaggerated

reaction toward an event that happened. It includes sleep disturbance,

muscle tension, and low endurance for shocking events (2014, pp. 65 - 66).

3) Cognitive

Traumatic experiences can also affect an individual’s cognition. They will have difficulties navigating their life through the days. It makes an individual has a different perspective. For example, they believe that this world is no longer safe

(2014, pp. 66 - 67). Cognitive aspects can be divided into parts below: a) Feeling different: the trauma survivors think differently from other people.

They tend to be alienated from society (2014, pp. 67 - 68). b) Triggers and flashbacks: triggers refer to the trauma-topic-related, which

may cause flashbacks to the past experiences trauma survivor has

experienced (2014, pp. 68 - 69). c) Dissociation, depersonalization, derealization: this refers to the symptoms

of breaking off a person’s thoughts, memories, feelings, and actions from

their self-identity (2014, pp. 69 - 70).

4) Behavioural

Traumatic experiences affect an individual’s behaviour. Some individuals tend to reduce stress through avoidant, self-medicating, compulsive, impulsive,

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and self-injurious behaviours (2014, p. 70). A further explanation of behaviour is below: a) Re-enactments: the process of re-experiencing the traumatic experiences

(2014, p. 70). b) Self-harm and self-destructive behaviour: this is stress coping by hurting

the body directly to feel better (2014, pp. 70 - 73). c) Consumption of substance: the trauma survivor seeks peace within

themselves by consuming certain drugs (2014, p. 73). d) Avoidance: the trauma survivor tends to avoid the trauma stimuli, for

example, places, people, or situation which remind them about their

trauma (2014, pp. 73 - 74).

5) Social or interpersonal

After specific traumatic experiences happen, the trauma survivor relies upon support from their closest ones. However, they avoid the support given by their relatives sometimes. This impact causes trust issues within themselves

(2014, p. 74).

6) Developmental

Each developmental stage is vulnerable to an individual. They can experience a particular event that may cause trauma with different reactions to them. The riskiest developmental stage is the childhood stage (2014, p. 74).

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C. Theoretical Framework

This study aims to analyze three problems. The first one is to examine

Dani’s portrayal of Midsommar. The second one is to explore her traumatic experiences. The third one is to discuss her reactions toward traumatic experiences. The first theory used is the theory of characterization. It functions to describe Dani’s portrayal. The second theory is the theory of trauma. It works to analyze which traumatic experiences happened to her and to reveal her reactions toward the trauma. The result of the analysis is based on the theories applied to this study.

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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

A. Object of the Study

The writer used Midsommar’s script written by Ari Aster as the study's object. The movie is also used as the additional reference. He wrote the script in

2017, but it was released two years after, in 2019. Midsommar got several awards from 2019 to 2020. According to the Internet Movie Database (IMDb), there are

25 wins and 55 nominations in total, which are divided into different categories.

Some awards that Midsommar has got are the Trippiest Movie of the Year in

Golden Schmoes Awards, Best Director in Fright Meter Awards, Best Production

Design in Faro Island Film Festival, and Best Screenplay in Fangoria Chainsaw

Awards. (Midsommar, 2019)

The movie shows how Dani goes through her days after her family’s sudden death. Dani’s boyfriend, Christian, helps Dani get through her trauma though he knows that their relationship is on edge. Christian and some of his friends currently work on their thesis and visit a rural village in Sweden. Dani comes along with them. Surprisingly, the village people, called Hårgans, are about to have an uncommon ritual for outsiders like Dani and their friends. Dani’s conditions do not get better in the village, but otherwise, until the end of the story.

The feeling of discomfort is depicted from the beginning until the end of this movie. Midsommar is not the kind of movie that highlights the sunny day, unlike the other horror movies, highlighting their ghosts and jump scares.

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Midsommar constructs the horror atmosphere by showing the audience terrifying graphics and odd background music wrapped in sunny days.

B. Approach of the Study

This study focuses on Dani’s reactions toward her trauma. Therefore, the proper approach to analyze the answer is the psychological approach. There is a connection between literature and psychology to understand a specific literary work. Based on Moghaddam's concept, literature can be the sources of psychological data (2004, pp. 507 - 508). Authors may write stories that encounter a psychological phenomenon that can be analyzed. Literature is written based on human being’s experience. Therefore, it is closely related to our daily life. It is written at different time, which might be influenced by different “era” or

“historical period” (2004, p. 507). In Midsommar, the psychological phenomenon is found, particularly in how the main character – Dani Ardor – lives her days after a tragedy happened to her family. Thus, the writer considers that a psychological approach is needed to analyze Dani’s traumatic experiences and reactions because the psychological phenomenon can be found within the movie and its movie script.

C. Method of the Study

This study uses the library research method. Midsommar movie script is the primary source. The secondary sources are articles, books, and journal articles related to the author, study, and approach used to support this analysis.

The first step in analyzing the movie script was reading the movie script while watching the movie to understand the intrinsic elements. This step helped

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the writer find important information from the intrinsic characteristics such as the characters, setting, plot, and theme.

The second step was to formulate the research questions and to choose the proper approach for this study. The appropriate method was used as the tool to answer the problem formulation in the analysis part. Besides, the approach was also used to make the reader understood the analysis better.

The third step of this study was applying the approaches and theories to the analysis. The writer used several theories, such as the theory of characterization by Boggs and Petrie and the theory of trauma by Huang.

The fourth step was collecting the findings related to the theories applied in the study. The answer needed to be reasonable because the approaches were used. Finally, the last step was drawing a conclusion based on the analysis that had been done.

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CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

Based on the problem formulation formulated in the first chapter, this chapter is divided into three subchapters. The first one discusses Dani’s portrayal in the movie, the second one discusses Dani’s traumatic experiences which cause her trauma, and the third discusses her reactions toward her trauma.

A. Dani’s Portrayal in Midsommar

The portrayal of Dani in Midsommar is seen through Boggs and Petrie’s theory of characterization. There are eight ways to reveal a character’s image through the appearance, dialogue, external actions, internal actions, the reaction of other characters, and the usage of the contrast: dramatic foils, leitmotif, and caricature. In this analysis, not all eight ways are applied to examine Dani’s portrayal. The researcher used Dani’s dialogues with other characters and her external actions to find the portrayal of her because those ways were obviously shown in how Dani’s natures were revealed.

Dani Ardor (Dani) is a college student who takes Psychology major. She has blonde hair and fair skin as her appearance based on the description below:

The young woman lowers the cell from her ear. This is DANI (25), a beautiful but delicate brunette. She hangs up, and turns to her laptop (2017, p. 1).

She is currently in her 20s and working on her graduate thesis. Her boyfriend is named Christian Hughes. He also works on his thesis at that time. Their relationship has been lasted for four years. However, due to the events that happen

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to Dani, she decides to take a rest and she chooses to accompany Christian to work on his thesis instead. He does a research in Hälsingland.

The portrayals that are described below are the characteristics of Dani throughout the movie. As she goes through every experience, her different characteristics show up. Here are the description of each characteristic:

1. Sympathetic

In order to reveal Dani’s sympathetic nature, the theory of characterization by Boggs and Petrie is used. Here, it is revealed that she is concerned to people who are in unfortunate situation. Her being sympathetic can be seen through the way she reaches her sister, Terri, who has bipolar disorder. She has the difficulty to reach Terri because the emails that have been sent to Terri do not get any reply.

Therefore, Dani thinks that something might happen to her sister at home and it makes her feel nervous The dialogues between her and Christian, her boyfriend, show her concern about her sister:

CHRISTIAN (V.O.) She does this every other day, Dani. And only because you let her. DANI Well. I’ve now sent her three emails and still no response... I’m starting to get a little nervous (2017, p. 2).

Another scene that shows Dani’s sympathetic side is seen through the external action. At that time, she is in Hälsingland already. She is in the middle of the crowd when she witnesses a little boy that is about to be thrown into the river for a tradition.

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The boy is taken to the edge of the river, and the men begin to SWING him back and forth. They are preparing to launch him into the water. DANI (CONT’D) NO!!! (2017, p. 66)

It is a tradition done by Hårgan people to sacrifice a little kid by throwing them into the river and letting them drown. However, Dani does not let anything happen to the little boy even though it is part of the tradition. Her response to the little boy’s situation shows her concern about his unfortunate situation. Thus, she chooses to save him from the death.

Dani’s concern also shows her concern to the baby who is crying in

Hälsingland. The baby’s weep is loud until Dani feels intrigued as if something happens to her even though she is carried by the blonde woman she meets there.

Dani’s curiosity about the baby appears. Therefore, she chooses to check on the baby’s condition.

DANI (inquiring) Is your baby okay? BLONDE WOMAN Oh, she will be. She has a bone problem. She is not “mine,” though. DANI Oh, I’m sorry...! BLONDE WOMAN (CONT'D) No no - her birth mother is on pilgrimage. It helps them to detach. The babies are raised here by everyone.

At first, Dani wonders about the baby’s condition. Then, she asks about her condition to the blonde woman whom she thought as the baby’s mother because she carries the baby in her hand. Nevertheless, the blonde woman is not

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the baby’s mother. She explains that the baby has a bone problem which causes her to weep. After knowing the answer from the woman, Dani feels relieved because the baby will be fine.

Another scene that shows Dani’s concern to people around her is when

Simon is missing from the village. He is one of the outsiders who come to

Hälsingland with Dani and her group. Simon has a girlfriend named Connie and she is close with Dani because they have done some little talks. When Dani walks around the village while thinking about the reason behind Simon’s disappearance, she is called by a woman to help doing her work in the house.

SMALL WOMAN Would you like to help join us? DANI Sure! But actually - have you seen Simon? SMALL WOMAN Oh, yes, he was driven to the station. Did you not say goodbye? DANI No. I didn’t. But that’s okay... (mind still racing) What are we making? SMALL WOMAN Meat tarts! (2017, pp. 83-84)

Dani has heard the answer from the small women. Her worries do not fade away due to the fact that Simon never says farewell to her or Connie, his girlfriend. Dani looks uncertain with the answer from the small woman, but she chooses to distract her thoughts by helping the woman instead even though she is still unsure about Simon’s sudden disappearance.

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2. Cautious

Dani is also depicted as a cautious person as she has the tendency to be aware of the odd atmosphere radiated within Hälsingland. It can be seen through her behaviors after she witnesses the Hårgan people’s traditions called Ättestupa – a tradition of sacrificing elder people. Dani feels uncomfortable with it therefore she is cautious of her surrounding in the village.

CHRISTIAN You okay, baby? DANI (branching off) I need to not be here right now (2017, p. 57).

Dani’s dialogue, “I need to not be here right now,” expresses her awareness that they are in danger if they stay for any longer in the village. She tries to convince Christian that it is better to leave as soon as possible. Dani is aware that something is wrong there.

DANI Please Christian - we need to leave. This is feeling really wrong (2017, p. 67).

The suspicion grows bigger each time within Dani. Her expression indicates that she does not want to get involved in the weird tradition because she has witnessed someone died in it. The anxiety lingers on Dani, but Christian insists on staying in the village to finish his thesis.

CHRISTIAN (CONT'D) We just need to acclimate- DANI I don’t want to acclimate! I want to leave. CHRISTIAN Baby, I cannot leave right now. Period. I’m doing my thesis on these guys— (2017, p. 67).

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Dani keeps saying “leave” to Christian in the dialogues because she feels something terrible will happen. Instead of leaving, Christian keeps pushing her to acclimate with the tradition since he thinks the thesis is more important than their safety. The conversation gets heated until they quarrel – Dani with her awareness of the danger and Christian with his principle to work on his thesis. However, in the end, they choose to stay since Dani does not want to interrupt Christian’s progress in working on his thesis.

B. Dani’s Trauma in Midsommar

It is the main point why Dani suffers a lot throughout her days. In the movie script, this study finds significant experiences which make Dani’s traumatized. Her natures which are sympathetic and cautious do not expect these events to happen because these are the otherwise. By applying the theory of trauma proposed by Huang with the 3Es (event, experience, and effect), the writer found three experiences, and those are “Dani’s Family’s Death”, Hårga’s

“Ättestupa,” and “The Mating Ritual.” Each experience is discussed below.

1. Dani’s Family’s Death

The first aspect discussed is the event. The death of the family is the event

that Dani faces. It is shown at the beginning of the movie. It is started by

showing Dani’s interaction with her sister named Terri, who suffers from bipolar

disorder, through email. They do not live in the same house because Dani lives

alone in her apartment. They talk about Terri’s desperation through her

messages. Dani starts feeling worried because Terri writes “goodbye” in her

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email, Dani then tries to call Terri by phone, but Terri does not answer the calls.

Their parents are sleeping peacefully in their bed, not knowing what is going to

happen. After some moments pass, the fear that Dani has comes to reality. Her

whole family – dad, mom, Terri – meet their deaths. The scene where her

parents die is seen in the 9th scene:

Figure 1. Dani’s Parents’ Corpses

The bedroom of the sleeping MAN and WOMAN (in their 60s, from the beginning). It is very clear now that they are DEAD. Two police officers survey the room. HARD CUTS to the man and woman being ZIPPED UP into body bags (2017, p. 7).

Terri’s body is found in a separate room where her body sits on the room’s floor. Terri wears an orange shirt, and her laptop is still turned on while she is already unconscious. The laptop shows the emails that she sent to Dani before death came to her at that night. Her body is found dead with the exhaust pipe on her face. No one is around Terri’s body besides the dark room which becomes the place her corpse is found. The moment of Terri’s death is described in the 10th scene:

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Figure 2. Terri’s Corpse

TERRI (24), Dani’s sister, sits on the floor of her bedroom, beside her desk. The end of the other gardening hose has been DUCT-TAPED TO HER MOUTH. A mess of vomit has dried around the edges of the hastily applied tape. On Terri’s desk: her LAPTOP. It is open to the EMAIL THREAD between her and Dani. In the bottom right corner of the screen: “3 New Messages from Dani Ardor.” (2017, p. 7).

The second aspect is the experience. Dani faces this event. Therefore, it is an experience that belongs to her. She is still bothered by her experience related to her family. Even after six months passed, she does not forget about it.

Dani lies on her bed, fully clothed. Her eyes are numb as she stares at the wall (2017, p. 8).

In the description, Dani is described as feeling numb. It is known from her eyes which are staring at the wall. Her eyesight has no excitement because she still remembers what has happened to her family. The experience cannot go away from her mind because it was shocking for her. Dani still needs time to recover from her trauma. Fortunately, she is helped by Christian, her boyfriend. Even though their relationship is not as warm as before lately, he keeps taking care of her properly.

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The third aspect is the effect. The experience that happens to Dani at the beginning of the movie makes her traumatized enough since she has her own medication to help her recover from her anxiety by seeing a therapist based on

Christian’s explanation to Mark below:

MARK (CONT’D) That’s not her again? Seriously?

Christian lets the call go.

MARK (CONT’D) That’s ridiculous, dude. She needs a therapist. CHRISTIAN She has one (2017, p. 6).

Due to the mentall illness Dani has, she cannot hide the pain alone. Therefore, she asks Christian to come over after the news about her family comes to its appearance. The event makes her hurt emotionally because she only has her family to lean on besides Christian himself.

Wide on the LIVING ROOM. We’re centered on the COUCH, where Christian sits. Dani has crumbled there, her head shaking violently against Christian’s lap as she WEEPS. Behind them: a WINDOW showcases snowfall against the dark night. Dani’s sobs are possessed of a profound despair. It’s so intense that it looks painful - dangerous even (2017, p. 7).

The description of the scene shows that Dani cries in despair. It happens because she just received the news about her family’s death. The pain within herself is expressed through an intense cry. In Christian’s embrace, she lets out all the misery which hurts her at the moment. The experience has an emotional effect on Dani.

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Besides the weep, the experience makes Dani sensitive. Moreover, if someone around her brings up the topic of family, she joins the trip with Christian and his friends to Sweden, and she feels uncomfortable in the middle of their way to reach the village. Mark, Christian’s friend, suddenly expresses his feelings about having a group of people he considers family.

MARK (emotional) You guys are my family. The word “family” HITS Dani. MARK (CONT’D) I really mean that. You’re like my real actual Family. Dani SITS UP, suddenly overwhelmed. Christian looks to her. She looks to him. He SMILES, but there’s something false about it. Dani looks SCARED now. This scares Christian. CHRISTIAN Dani? Don’t look like that. Dani STANDS, panic mounting. Her eyes look crazed. DANI I’m sorry. I’m gonna walk (2017, p. 25).

Dani feels uncomfortable in the scene because Mark says “family” even though he does not mean to remind Dani of her family. As it is stated, Dani feels scared. She remembers about her parents and Terri’s death afterwards. Therefore,

Dani’s family’s death is a traumatic experience for Dani since it suits trauma theory.

2. Hårgan’s Ättestupa

Dani’s family’s death experience makes Dani feel more pressured when she needs to acclimate with the Hårgan people’s tradition in Hälsingland. Dani has the urge to heal from the accident, which caused her family to die. But, she needs to go through the days.

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The event done by Hårgan people as a tradition is Ättestupa. In the movie script, the ritual is about sacrificing two older men in their 60s by jumping off the cliff. Meanwhile, in the movie, it is about offering a couple of man and woman in their 70s. Ättestupa is started by having a big meal together. The people who are going to be sacrificed must lead the praying ritual before they eat the meals. After finishing the meals, the people head to the nearest cliff to continue the tradition.

At the peak, the couple bleeds their palms then rubs a stone that has odd patterns.

The second aspect is the experience. Dani, as an outsider, does not think that this ritual is a normal one. She witnesses all the progress from the beginning until the end of it. The fact that the elders must die after performing the ritual leaves a great shock within her. It is because she experiences something which she never saw before.

Figure 3. Man Performing Ättestupa

The man plummets 200 feet to LAND FATALLY on the jagged rocks below. Upon impact, a FLOCK OF BIRDS ALIGHTS from a tree. Our group is shocked into horrified silence. Dani looks like she’s been knocked out of her body. The birds fly over Dani’s head, and a sudden rush courses through her (2017, p. 55).

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Dani is still in shock, progressing the events which she just witnessed. Her eyes are somehow locked to the scene before her eyes. Then, the other one does the same; jumping off the cliff.

The man LAUNCHES HIMSELF OFF THE CLIFF. Connie GASPS. The man plummets straight down, landing not only ON HIS FEET, but also on the fresh corpse of his friend. This softens the blow, preventing the fall from killing him. The man, all broken bones now, WAILS in horrible pain. The community grumbles with concern. Everyone turns to THREE MEN, each the oldest of their respective generations (the youths, the laborers, and the mentors). They understand what they must do (2017, p. 55).

Dani, who watches the brutal event, cannot say anything. She stands still while gripping Christian’s arms and feeling clueless about what to do in that situation. Christian does not find it horrible. Yet, he finds it exciting. Dani does not even say any words. Instead, she is trapped in her world for a moment. This experience adds more thoughts to her mind.

The third aspect is the effect. Dani is dumbfounded after witnessing the ritual. It depicts how she is in shock after seeing the uncommon scene before her eyes – a brutal murder. No one of Dani’s friends and herself expects it to happen.

Figure 4. Dani being Dumbfounded

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Dani is GRIPPING Christian’s arm. She is completely shellshocked.

Christian turns to Josh; they exchange “holy shit” looks. More EXCITED than troubled. Siv bounds over to Connie and Simon, who are in a panic. Dani trembles, powder-white. Traumatized (2017, p. 56).

In the description, it is clearly stated that the ritual causes Dani to tremble.

She is traumatized by the scene. Even though Christian and Josh – Christian’s friend – feel excited about it, Dani feels otherwise. Connie and Simon, who are also the outsiders like Dani, feel the panic caused by the ritual.

Dani feels worse after the ritual until she breaks down into tears again due to her shock. At first, Christian checks on Dani whether or not she is okay. Later,

Dani chooses to walk away into the place which she can be all alone.

Dani’s walk speeds into a SPRINT. Once out of sight, she stops at a tree, now HYPERVENTILATING. She tries to steady her breath, but it’s too erratic. She breaks down into violent SOBS. These are interrupted by a shrill RETCH (2017, p. 58).

The description in the scene indicates the shock Dani cannot handle. She is hyperventilating, trying to breathe correctly, but she is unable to do it. The violent sobs are shown due to her incapability of making herself feel better. In the scene,

Dani has difficulty remaining calm. Since Ättestupa gives Dani a considerable shock, it is included as a traumatic experience.

3. The Mating Ritual

Not enough about the shock after Dani’s family death and Ättestupa; the next event is the climax. It is about the mating ritual done by Hårgan women.

They have unique ways of making an outsider fall in love with them,

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romantically, by casting a love spell on them. However, the outsider will never be aware that they are under the love spell.

Maja, one of the Hårgan girls, meets Christian for the first time, and she has a crush on him at first sight. It happens when she comes out of her room. She is about to join the dance with other people there at Hårga farmstead.

Figure 5. Maja and Christian

MAJA, in the dancing train, is about to pass the group. She summons the nerve to gently KICK Christian’s back. Christian looks up to see Maja passing by. She SMILES bashfully at him. He confusedly smiles back. Dani notices Christian smiling, but doesn’t see Maja (who has already turned away). Christian RISES, suddenly feeling bold (2017, p. 39).

Moments pass, Christian finally finds the moment to greet Maja. He approaches her to introduce himself properly. Maja slowly gets confident. She owns a rune stone that can make someone keep thinking about the person who puts it under their bed at night. She feels that it is a good idea to make Christian fall in love with her.

We pan away from Dani to reveal that MAJA, several beds over, is AWAKE. She anxiously fingers a freshly carved RUNE STONE. Her eyes are GLUED to Christian, who is fast asleep. Maja climbs out of bed and tip-toes to Christian’s bed. She crouches to SLIDE the rune stone under his mattress. She then runs nervously back to her bed (2017, p. 70).

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In the morning, Josh realizes the existence of the rune stone under his bed.

He asks Pelle immediately to explain what kind of rock that is. After discovering the runestone, Pelle understands the situation. His words provide a piece of brief information for Josh before Christian comes to greet them.

Figure 6. Josh and Pelle

PELLE I think my sister Maja has taken a liking to you. CHRISTIAN Yeah. I think I noticed (2017, p. 71).

Dani does not realize that Maja also prepares the special cake for

Christian. Both of them are in the same room within a small house. It is a house that is used explicitly as a kitchen. Maja prepares the cake containing a material used as a love spell to attract Christian – pubic hair. For Hårgan people, it is a common thing already since they know the step to cast a love spell on someone.

However, for the outsiders, it is very uncommon. They are shocked when they find pubic hair in Christian’s tart during the feast.

Christian seethes. He takes a BITE of his tart. As he chews, he catches something on his tongue. He turns away from Dani, and pulls a PUBIC HAIR from his mouth. His eyes widen with alarm. MARK (seeing this) Oh my God, dude. What the fuck? DANI

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(inquiring) What is it? Christian turns to Dani. CHRISTIAN Just a piece of bone (2017, p. 89).

Christian does not make Dani worried about the strange thing that just happened. Therefore, he says to her that it is just a piece of bone. Yet, Mark does not believe that it is a bone piece because he sees pubic hair in Christian’s hand.

Then, he leans closer to Christian and whispers to him in the 82nd scene:

MARK Was that a fucking pube? CHRISTIAN (CONT'D) Shhh! Calm down. Christian sits “casually” back into his chair. He tucks the pubic hair into his pocket. He looks around to finally ALIGHT on Maja. She is smiling at him. Dani catches this (2017, p. 90).

Everyone gets a glass of mead with orange as its colour. However,

Christian’s drink looks different – pink-tinted mead. It is Maja’s menstrual blood

– another material as a love spell to attract Christian. However, in the movie,

Christian does not feel paranoid because of the beverage. He feels surprised because he found hair within his meals. It makes Christian drown in his thoughts, but he chooses to remain calm.

Figure 7. The Feast

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The time flies until Dani becomes the May Queen. A May Queen is chosen after winning the Maypole dance performed by the young women in

Hälsingland every midsummer. Pelle explains to Dani about what a May Queen is.

PELLE Oh - those are our May Queens. You’ll actually be here for that. JOSH Who are the “May Queens”? PELLE Every midsummer we do the dance of the Hårgas. All the younger women compete and the winner gets crowned (2017, p. 44).

Based on Pelle’s explanation, a May Queen is the winner of the dancing tradition. Dani joins the competition because the women in the village ask her to.

Unexpectedly, she is the one who is able to dance until the end of the competition.

Thus, Dani gets crowned as the new May Queen in Hälsingland.

The Plump Woman suddenly TRIPS over one foot to fall CRASHING to the ground. The Blonde Woman (still facing Dani) TRIPS over the Plump Woman. She COLLAPSES, laughing merrily on the way down. Dani dances past the fallen women. She doesn’t immediately realize that she’s just won the competition. She still looks determined as she continues dancing manically around the maypole (2017, p. 101).

In the other hand, Christian feels that Maja is attracted to him. Therefore, in the big feast to celebrate Dani’s triumph, Christian cannot take his eyes off

Maja even after she goes off.

Maja continues toward the TEMPLE, glancing back at Christian to confirm that he’s still watching her. DANI notices this, despite the fact that everyone is competing for her attention. Dani looks to Christian. He stares dumbly at the table, lost in conflict (2017, p. 105).

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Christian feels like he is “in heat” while looking at Maja, who is also “in heat,” waiting for Christian to come toward her. Maja then leaves the feast and heads to the temple where the mating ritual takes place. After Dani leaves the dining table to do a ritual after being the new May Queen, Christian goes directly to the temple. He is welcomed by the elder, ready to prepare by asking him to inhale the smoke to make him aroused more. Then, he goes inside.

Christian sees Maja being nude with elder women surrounding her. He hesitates to come in, but the women encourage him. After he reaches Maja, the ritual begins. At the outside, Dani feels curious about the temple. She asks one of the women there, but the woman does not give an exact answer. Therefore, she goes to check what is inside the temple.

Through the keyhole, Dani sees Christian’s BACK as he “makes love” to Maja. The surrounding women have fallen deeper into their trance. Dani’s eyes go WIDE with horror. Stunned, Dani backs away from the keyhole. She suddenly doubles over and RETCHES. She rushes out of the temple (2017, p. 109).

The scene of Christian and Maja having intercourse gives a particular effect to Dani. She feels discomfort. The result is directly seen because Dani rushes out of the temple right after witnessing them being together. She startles until she feels nauseous then ends up vomiting on the grass near the temple.

Dani runs outside. She VOMITS onto the grass. She’s in a state of shock. Her breathing is shallow and she looks anxiously around, as if confused as to her whereabouts. The young women rush over to Dani. They surround her, touching her, rubbing her. Dani CAN’T BREATHE. She’s panicking. The Red-Haired Woman directs the women to LEAD Dani to the Main House. They all hurriedly guide her in that direction (2017, p. 109).

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Not only having a nauseous feeling until vomiting, but Dani also breaks down into tears. In the description of the scene above, she is in an excellent state of panic. After the women help her, she starts crying.

Finally, Dani BREAKS DOWN into tears. Everything she’s bottled up, all the emotions that she’s labored to stifle - it all comes BURSTING out. She falls into deep, anguished SOBS (2017, p. 109).

Because of the experience Dani has, she feels more pressured within herself. It is why the mating ritual is said to be the climax of Dani’s pain. Based on the description of Dani’s breaking down moment, she chooses to let out all of the emotion she has been holding for too long started from her family's death, the

Ättestupa, until the ritual, which involves Christian. Thus, the mating tradition is included in Dani’s traumatic experience.

C. Dani’s Reactions toward Her Trauma

Getting exposed to different traumatic experiences makes Dani show a different kind of reaction to them. She shows both immediate reaction and delayed reaction to her trauma. Her sympathetic and cautious nature are shaken after encountering the experiences which result the fear of being left alone Since the beginning of the movie, Dani feels the pain resulted from the experiences that happen to her. Since her nature is being a caring and cautious person, she has a deep emotional attachment to the people she trusts. She wants to build a new chapter in her life by meeting new people, but it does not go as expected.

In this part, the responses toward a person’s trauma are divided into several factors, which are emotional, physical, cognitive, behavioural, social or interpersonal, and developmental. However, the writer found five of Dani's six

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reactions in the movie: emotional, physical, cognitive, behavioural, and social or interpersonal.

1. Emotional

In this part, the writer found Dani’s emotional reaction toward traumatic experiences. The first finding is the reaction to her emotional dysregulation. Her emotional dysregulation is shown in the beginning scene after being told that her entire family – her parents and sister named Terri – died. Since the reaction happens right after Dani receives the news about her sister, it is categorized in immediate emotional reaction.

In the scene, Dani feels the pain of being left by her family members. With

Christian in her side, she lets out the feelings which linger on her at the moment.

She currently feels pain, sadness, and anger, which lead her to despair. In Dani’s case, the anxiety comes up when Terri sends her ambiguous emails. Dani does not know about what has happened to Terri and her parents at home. Therefore, Dani keeps on calling the house before she finds out about the truth.

After Dani comes with Christian’s group on a trip to Sweden, Dani experiences the Ättestupa ritual. At first, she does not expect anything weird about the ceremony. However, when she has followed the ritual's progress from the beginning into the end of it, she starts to realize that she should not be there. In the middle of the ceremony, Dani feels numbing. She cannot think clearly, as if her

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emotion has been disconnected from her thoughts and behaviour. Since her reaction is when she faces the ritual at the same time, therefore, it is included in immediate reaction.

Our group is shocked into horrified silence. Dani looks like she’s been knocked out of her body. The birds fly over Dani’s head, and a sudden rush courses through her (2017, p. 54).

The sentence “….she’s been knocked out of her body.” indicates the moment when Dani’s emotion and thoughts’ relation has been disconnected. At the moment, she stands still at her place while watching the ritual. It is the exact moment after one of the elders who sacrifices themselves falls to the rock beneath the cliff. Dani feels overwhelmed by what she has just witnessed. The way she gets overwhelmed is seen when the last person who sacrifices themselves does not die after falling upon the rock. It is found in the 46th scene:

Dani watches, overwhelmed, as the three men (now armed with the cudgel) stalk over to the dying man. The dying man moans pathetically, in too much pain to scream (2017, p. 56).

At the end of the movie, a scene indicates how Dani’s emotion has been disconnected from her thoughts. Dani watches Christian dies before her eyes because he has broken his promise as Dani’s boyfriend as he is caught making love with Maja. Dani has been keeping her anxiety, insecurity, and the stress within herself for months. By watching Christian dies, it indicates Dani’s revenge to her past trauma before she becomes a whole new person. In the end of the movie, Dani smiles while watching the small house which is used for the sacrifice burn down. It is a scene where she finally smiles not because she feels happy but because she finally breaks free from the memories.

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Figure 8. Dani Smiling

A SMILE finally breaks onto Dani’s face. She has surrendered to a joy known only by the insane. She has lost herself completely, and she is finally free. It is horrible and it is beautiful (2017, p. 117).

In the scene, it is clearly described that Dani has lost herself completely.

This moment happens after she finds out about the mating ritual, which involves

Christian and Maja. Dani does not feel or think anything anymore.

2. Physical

The findings in this part consist of three aspects: somatization, biology of trauma, and hyperarousal. However, the writer found two elements in the analysis, which is hyperarousal and somatization. Hyperarousal is about how Dani deals with her sleeping trouble meanwhile somatization is the bodily symptoms caused by the exaggerated response after witnessing a moment that traumatizes her.

The first moment is when Dani has sleeping trouble. It happens because

Dani still cannot manage herself well without Christian’s presence. This does not happen because of Dani’s upcoming trip to Sweden because she is clueless about it at first. Christian tells Dani nothing about the trip because it is revealed when

Dani and Christian are with their friends already.

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The sleeping disturbance is also a part of hyperarousal itself. Since the response does not come right after Dani experiences the event, it is categorized as a delayed reaction. It is seen in the 13th scene:

CHRISTIAN (hesitates) You sure you got enough rest? DANI I wasn’t sleeping anyway (2017, p. 9).

This scene happens six months after Dani received the news about her family’s death. Even though time has passed, she still has sleeping troubles in her days. She seems fine in front of Christian because she does not want him to worry about her condition. She has another sleeping problem when she is in Hälsingland with the others already. She even needs some sleeping pills to make her fall asleep peacefully. The scene where Dani asks for the sleeping pills is seen in the 60th scene:

Figure 9. Dani and Josh

DANI Do you have a sleeping pill? JOSH Sure. Uh... Josh fishes a PILL out of his bag. JOSH (CONT’D) They’re intense, though. You might wanna cut it in half. DANI

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I just need to sleep.

She swallows it whole (2017, p. 69).

This scene reveals how Dani’s sleep disturbance appears after she had a little quarrel with Christian at night after Ättestupa is done. Dani just witnessed another death before her eyes after witnessing her whole family members’ six months ago. It reminds her about the past event, but now she also senses a danger in the village. She does not want to experience being left by people around her anymore because it traumatizes her. Thus, she keeps on insisting that staying in

Hälsingland will bring another trouble for them. Besides arguing about Ättestupa,

Dani also questions her relationship with Christian.

Somatization response is found after Dani witnesses the odd sexual intercourse, which is supposed to be Hårgan’s mating ritual done by Christian and

Maja. She does not believe what has just happened after she peeks through the keyhole. Because the reaction comes right after Dani witnesses the scene, it is included in immediate reaction.

Figure 10. Dani Vomitting

Dani runs outside. She VOMITS onto the grass. She’s in a state of shock. Her breathing is shallow and she looks anxiously around, as if confused as to her whereabouts.

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The young women rush over to Dani. They surround her, touching her, rubbing her. Dani CAN’T BREATHE. She’s panicking. The Red-Haired Woman directs the women to LEAD Dani to the Main House. They all hurriedly guide her in that direction (2017, p. 109).

Dani’s body cannot handle the shock due to her realization that such a ritual exists. She feels nauseous until she finally vomits on the grass due to the intense shock she feels at the moment. Her condition worsens, and she weeps in pain with the other Hårgan women's help to make her feel better. Dani is brought to the Main House afterwards.

3. Cognitive

This part discusses how Dani’s cognitive responses to her trauma. There are three categories discussed which are feeling different, triggers and flashbacks, and depersonalization. However, the writer found one of the three types in this part which is triggers and flashbacks. Dani’s triggers and flashbacks are mainly shown in the beginning before she becomes the May Queen. Because the triggers make Dani reminisce about her past trauma, therefore this reaction is categorized as delayed reaction.

The first trigger is about “family.” Dani’s family’s death leaves a big wound in Dani’s heart. Therefore, she is unable to forget it in the blink of an eye.

In the 17th scene, where Dani has small talk with Pelle, the trigger comes.

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Figure 11. Dani and Pelle

PELLE (CONT’D) You know...I never had the chance to tell you, but I was really so very sorry to hear about - your loss... DANI Oh...! PELLE (CONT'D) ...and what happened. I can’t even fathom. I mean, I lost my parents, too, so I have some idea, but... Dani looks cornered. TEARS have welled up in her eyes. PELLE (CONT’D) Oh, no. Sorry to bring it up! (2017, p. 16)

In this scene, Pelle's words to Dani remind her about her family’s death six months ago. Because the topic triggers Dani to remember the misfortune, she chooses to avoid it. She feels anxious and sad because the trigger appears after

Pelle talks about the incident. The scene changes from an apartment into an aeroplane lavatory. It is shown in the next scene, which is the 18th one:

Figure 12. Dani Sobbing

Dani has entered an airplane’s lavatory, stifling an oncoming deluge. After shutting the door behind her, she BREAKS DOWN in a fit of violent SOBS (2017, p. 17).

After getting triggered by the topic Pelle brings in the middle of the conversation, Dani cannot hold her urge to cry. She breaks down in a place like a

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lavatory to let her cry out. Even though Pelle does not mean to remind her about her family, it still makes Dani feel miserable.

Not only the “family” topic brings Dani into a major flashback to the event that happened six months before, but also the word “family” itself. Dani is sensitive when everything related to the family comes up. In the 25th scene, Dani and the others are sitting on the grass to enjoy the wind. Yet, Mark suddenly brings the “family” word out of nowhere:

MARK (emotional) You guys are my family. The word “family” HITS Dani. MARK (CONT’D) I really mean that. You’re like my actual Family (2017, p. 25).

In the script, it is said that the word “family” told by Mark hits Dani. It means that the story brings the memories of Dani’s family to the surface. She intends to forget about what has happened, but the memories keep on coming back. Dani feels bothered by the word. Therefore, she chooses to be alone for a moment.

4. Behavioural

In this part, the theory discusses four significant points related to someone’s behaviour to react to their trauma. The aspects are re-enactments, self- harm, consumption of substances, and avoiding trauma stimuli. From the four elements explained, the writer found two aspects: the consumption of substances and avoiding trauma stimuli. Since this reaction does not appear right after the incident happens, thus, it is categorized as delayed reaction.

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Dani feels bothered after the ceremony of Ättestupa is over. Her condition worsens after she has a little quarrel with Christian at night before they go to bed.

Thus, Dani chooses to take sleeping pills to make her feel better even though it only makes a slight change. She asks for the sleeping pills from Josh, one of

Christian’s friends. The way Dani react to her trauma about Ättestupa added with her quarrel with Christian is included in delayed reaction because the reaction comes after a while. It can be seen in the 60th scene:

DANI Do you have a sleeping pill? JOSH Sure. Uh... Josh fishes a PILL out of his bag. JOSH (CONT’D) They’re intense, though. You might wanna cut it in half. DANI I just need to sleep.

She swallows it whole (2017, p. 69).

Dani needs to avoid things related to them in her days to get rid of the traumatic experiences. Avoiding the “family” topic has been done since the first time Dani mingles with Christian’s friends. Dani’s reaction comes after months where she is not at the time when her sister and her parents passed away. Thus, this reaction is included in delayed reaction. The first moment is spotted when she has a light talk with Pelle in the 17th scene:

DANI No, I mean - thank you. I just... I'm sorry. (stands up suddenly) I'll be right back. Bathroom. Thank you. Dani rushes off. Pelle watches her with blank eyes. Dani, stifling tears, enters the BATHROOM (2017, p. 17).

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The scene clearly describes how uncomfortable Dani is when Pelle says sorry about her loss. Even though it has been six months already, but Dani still cannot get over it. She directly gives such a response, indicating that she does not feel comfortable because it reminds her of the accident. She feels uncomfortable and finally chooses the bathroom as the place to let her emotion out.

The second moment about Dani avoiding the topic is when Mark mentions the word “family” on their trip to Hälsingland. The thoughts about her family’s death come up into her mind, and once again, she feels uncomfortable. The way

Dani chooses to avoid Mark and the awkward feeling after he says the word

“family” is seen in the 25th scene:

Dani SITS UP, suddenly overwhelmed. Christian looks to her. She looks to him. He SMILES, but there’s something false about it. Dani looks SCARED now. This scares Christian. CHRISTIAN Dani? Don’t look like that. Dani STANDS, panic mounting. Her eyes look crazed. DANI I’m sorry. I’m gonna walk. CHRISTIAN I can walk, too. DANI (CONT'D) No no. Sorry. I’m gonna... Dani starts to walk off, a terrible feeling rising in her (2017, pp. 25-26).

Once again, Dani has to remember the accident just because Mark says the word “family.” He does not mean to remind her about her family, but she takes it differently. Therefore, she feels uncomfortable right after it happens and chooses to walk away to calm herself down instead of making the others feel worried.

5. Social or Interpersonal

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In this part, the theory discusses someone’s reaction toward their trauma by seeking for support from the other people to make their condition better. They can be friends, family, or relatives. In the movie, Dani’s attempt to seek for company is by being with Christian and the new people she meets after the incident about her family happened to get their support. Thus, she can be better eventually.

When Dani gets traumatized because of her family’s death news, she has no one to lean on besides Christian. Even though she knows Christian is sometimes busy hanging out with his friends, she still insists on keeping in touch with him. In the beginning scene before her family’s death news comes up, Dani is shown calling Christian through her phone, asking what Christian is up to at the moment. She only has him to lean on at the moment. Therefore, when she knows about the death news, she asks Christian to come over. This reaction is categorized as the immediate reaction.

CHRISTIAN Hello? On the other end: an extended, agonized MOAN. CHRISTIAN (CONT’D) Dani? DANI (V.O.) (distantly) ...no, no, no, no, no, no, no... CHRISTIAN Sweetheart? What’s going on? But now there’s only heavy, frightening CRYING on the other end. It’s a deep, horrible cry. One of pure animal grief (2017, p. 5).

Dani is speechless at the moment. She wants to say something to Christian, but what comes out from her is only frightening crying, making Christian feel worried about her condition, wondering what has happened at that time. After

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Christian comes to Dani’s place, he tries to take care of her since she cries in despair.

Dani keeps leaning on Christian for months – approximately six months – before Christian asks her to go on a trip to Sweden to work on their thesis. Dani feels much better compared to her condition in the past, which was far from being okay. Here, Dani starts mingling with Christian friends to seek more companies to heal her trauma. This is categorized as the delayed reaction. In the 17th scene, it is seen that Dani agrees to join the trip:

JOSH So, Sweden...! DANI Yeah! PELLE You’re coming, right? DANI I think so...! If it’s not completely destroying your guys’ male bonding plans (2017, p. 14).

Unfortunately, Christian’s friends cannot be Dani’s best company because they still remind her about her trauma because of the family topic, which suddenly comes unexpectedly. However, Dani keeps trying to be okay despite the nuisance she has due to the trauma trigger. During the trip, Dani tries to socialize even though she hesitates at first. As time goes by, Christian cannot be the person Dani leans on anymore. Therefore, she seeks a company from other people.

Surprisingly, Pelle, one of Christian’s friends in the group, gives her the company she needs at the moment. He even remembers Dani’s birthday, which Christian completely forgets.

PELLE (CONT’D)

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Hey: very quick: He hands her a folded up DRAWING. PELLE (CONT’D) Happy birthday. Dani, surprised, opens the paper. It’s a drawing of her FACE (donned with an extremely lush floral crown). The style is simple, but her likeness is captured beautifully (2017, p. 39).

After Ättestupa is done, Dani feels not secure. However, she keeps on lingering on Christian before she becomes the May Queen. Since she has become the queen, the Hårgas treat her properly.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

In this last chapter, the writer concludes Dani’s reaction toward her traumatic experiences in Midsommar. The writer formulates three problems in this study. The first problem is Dani’s portrayal in Midsommar, the second problem is the traumatic experiences experienced by Dani, and the third problem is how Dani reacts to her traumatic experiences. In the first problem, the writer uses Boggs and

Petrie's theory of characterization to reveal Dani’s portrayal in Midsommar. The second problem is answered by applying the trauma theory to identify which experiences are included in Dani’s traumatic experiences. The third problem uses the idea of trauma, which explains Dani’s reaction toward her own trauma in the movie.

The first conclusion from the analysis is Dani’s portrayal in Midsommar.

Dani is described as a person who is sympathetic and cautious. She is compassionate toward her sister, Terri, who suffers bipolar disorder. Since they are not living under the same roof – Dani lives alone in her apartment – Dani feels that she needs to keep an eye on Terri. Dani feels afraid if Terri does something awful at home. Besides her sister's sympathetic feelings, she also feels the same way to the little boy who is about to be sacrificed in a particular ritual, which

Hårgan people in the river bank do. Since the little boy is about to meet his death,

Dani cannot help herself, so she decides to help him. Dani’s concern also appears

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when she sees a baby crying, thinking that the baby is being hurt. She checks on the baby and she knows that the baby has bone problem.

Dani is also portrayed as a cautious person. When she feels there is something dangerous that haunts her and her friends in Hälsingland, she tries to convince Christian about leaving due to her awareness about something hazardous in Hälsingland. Besides being sympathetic and mindful, Dani is also portrayed as a sensitive person. Her family’s death starts the accident, which makes Dani become a sensitive person. Since then, she is developing a trauma when other people talk about family-related-topic. Even Dani feels uncomfortable when Pelle

– Christian’s friend – shows his condolence about her family members' accident.

The second conclusion based on the analysis is about Dani’s traumatic experiences in Midsommar. By applying the theory of trauma proposed by Huang with the 3Es (event, experience, effect) the writer found three major experiences which become the main reasons behind Dani’s trauma. Those experiences are

Dani’s family’s death, Ättestupa, and the mating ritual. Her family’s death appears in the beginning of the movie as the first event she experiences. It makes

Dani feels anxious and she becomes sensitive as the effect of the experience.

Similar to the first event, the second one - Ättestupa – also brings particular effect to her. Because of her past trauma, she cannot handle the shock after experiencing the ritual. It makes Dani dumbfounded. She trembles, but she cannot move her body to go off the place. Thus, the experience makes her feel more burdened. The third experience found is the mating ritual that is done by Christian, her boyfriend.

It is the event that Dani witnesses by herself. The effects of the experience are that

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Dani feels disgusted until she vomits and her trust in Christian as her boyfriend is broken. She feels like being left out by the person she trusts the most.

The third conclusion is about Dani’s reactions to her trauma. Dani gives various reaction because of her nature, as a sympathetic and cautious one. It makes Dani have a deep emotional attachment with people around her. Therefore, when they encounter unfavourable circumstances, she feels a significant loss within her. The first reaction is an emotional reaction which is categorized as an immediate reaction. Dani immediately weeps after she receives the news, she feels numb after experiencing Ättestupa, and she breaks free after witnessing Christian dies. The reactions are shown at the same time Dani experiencing those events.

The second reaction is a physical reaction which is categorized in both immediate and delayed reactions. The immediate reaction is shown in the somatization reaction when Dani feels shocked after witnessing the odd sexual intercourse between Christian and Maja. The delayed reaction is shown in how Dani has sleeping trouble after the accident that happened to her family six months before.

The third reaction is cognitive with the trigger and flashback. It is categorized as a delayed reaction because the trigger, which is “family”, makes Dani have a major flashback to the day her family died. The fourth reaction is behavioural, which is avoidance and consuming substances that are categorized as a delayed reaction.

Dani tends to avoid any topic related to “family” because it reminds her of her family members. Besides, Dani also takes sleeping pills to make her fall asleep quickly. The fifth reaction is social and interpersonal, where Dani tends to look for support from other people, predominantly Christian, since she does not have

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anyone left to lean on. This reaction is categorized as a delayed reaction because it is shown months after her family’s accident.

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