Competing Genera of Diaporthales
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Leaf Spot Characteristics of Phomopsis Durionis on Durian (Durio Zibethinus Murray) and Latent Infection of the Pathogen
ACTA UNIVERSITATIS AGRICULTURAE ET SILVICULTURAE MENDELIANAE BRUNENSIS Volume 64 22 Number 1, 2016 http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201664010185 LEAF SPOT CHARACTERISTICS OF PHOMOPSIS DURIONIS ON DURIAN (DURIO ZIBETHINUS MURRAY) AND LATENT INFECTION OF THE PATHOGEN Veeranee Tongsri1, Pattavipha Songkumarn1, Somsiri Sangchote1 1 Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand Abstract TONGSRI VEERANEE, SONGKUMARN PATTAVIPHA, SANGCHOTE SOMSIRI. 2016. Leaf Spot Characteristics of Phomopsis Durionis on Durian (Durio Zibethinus Murray) and Latent Infection of the Pathogen. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, 64(1): 185–193. A survey of leaf spot disease on durian caused by Phomopsis durionis was conducted in durian growing areas in eastern Thailand, Chanthaburi and Trat provinces. It was found that lesions with yellow halos on both mature and young leaves are variable in sizes (1–10 mm in diameter). In this study, nine morphologically distinct isolates of Phomopsis were obtained from durian leaf spots. Some of them produced small number of pycnidia on potato dextrose agar a er incubation for 30 days. Artifi cial inoculation on wounded leaves of durian seedlings, resulted in the production of browning areas with yellow halos and pycnidium formation at 13 days and 20 days a er inoculation, respectively. Furthermore, red-brown spots with yellow halos on leaf tissues were observed at 32 days a er inoculation. High density of Phomopsis was observed in durian symptomless leaves and fl owers indicated the latent infection of the pathogen in the fi elds. Interestingly, crude extract of durian leaf with preformed substances demonstrated inhibition of spore germination and germ tube growth of the pathogen, Phomopsis sp., on water agar. -
Studies on Cytospora Canker Disease of Apple Trees in Semirom Region of Iran
Journal of Agricultural Technology 2011 Vol. 7(4): 967-982 Available online http://www.ijat-aatsea.com Journal of Agricultural Technology 2011, VISSNol. 7 (16864): 967-9141-982 Studies on Cytospora canker disease of apple trees in Semirom region of Iran Mehrabi, M.1, Mohammadi Goltapeh, E.1* and Fotouhifar, K.B.2 1Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Tarbeiat Modares University,P.O.Box: 14115-336, Tehran, Iran, 2Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture Science & Plant Protection, University of Tehran, Iran Mehrabi, M., Mohammadi Goltapeh, E. and Fotouhifar, K.B. (2011) Studies on Cytospora canker disease of apple trees in Semirom region of Iran. Journal of Agricultural Technology 7(4):967-982. Identification of the fungal species associated with Cytospora cankers of apple trees in the Semirom region of Isfahan Province, Iran, was established. One-hundred and fourteen isolates belonging to different species of this group of fungi were isolated and identified. Identification was based on morphological characteristics including; size of stromata, the color, shape and size of discs, the number of ostioles per disc, the presence or absence of a conceptacle, number and arrangement type of locules, size and shape of conidiophores, size of conidia, The teleomorphs including; the size of ascomata, the number and size of perithecia, the size of asci and ascospores were all considered. Six species belonging to three genera were associated with cytospora canker disease of apple trees in Semirom region, Iran which comprised of Cytospora cincta, C. schulzeri, C. leucostoma, C. chrysosperma, Valsa malicola and Leucostoma cinctum. Key words: Valsa, Leucostoma, Semirom region, disease. -
Cytospora Canker
report on RPD No. 604 PLANT April 1996 DEPARTMENT OF CROP SCIENCES DISEASE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN CYTOSPORA OR LEUCOSTOMA CANKER OF SPRUCE Cytospora or Leucostoma canker, the most common and damaging disease of spruce, is caused by the fungus Leucocytospora kunzei, synonym Cytospora kunzei (teleomorph or sexual state Leucostoma kunzei, synonym Valsa kunzei). This canker occurs on several conifers from New England to the western United States. Colo- rado or Colorado blue (Picea pungens) and Norway spruce (Picea abies), used for ornament and in wind- breaks, are the species most commonly affected in Illinois. The disease has reached epidemic proportions on Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) and Douglas- fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) in the eastern Rocky Mountains due to a succession of dry years in the area. Other trees reported as susceptible to the disease are given in Table 1. Spruce trees less than 10 to 15 years old usually do not have Cytospora canker. In landscape nurseries, how- ever, small branches of young Colorado blue and oc- casionally white spruces may be killed. Three varieties of Leucostoma kunzei are recognized by some spec- ialists: var. piceae on spruces, var. superficialis on pines, and var. kunzei on other conifers. Figure 1. Colorado spruce affected by Cytospora Dead and dying branches call attention to Cytospora or canker. Leucostoma canker with older branches more suscep- tible than young ones. The fungus kills areas of bark, usually at the bases of small twigs and branches, creating elliptical to diamond-shaped lesions. If the lesions enlarge faster than the stem and girdle it, the portion beyond the canker also dies. -
Pathogenicity and Distribution of Two Species of Cytospora on Populus Tremuloides in Portions of the Rocky Mountains and Midwest in the United T States ⁎ M.M
Forest Ecology and Management 468 (2020) 118168 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Forest Ecology and Management journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/foreco Pathogenicity and distribution of two species of Cytospora on Populus tremuloides in portions of the Rocky Mountains and midwest in the United T States ⁎ M.M. Dudleya, , N.A. Tisseratb, W.R. Jacobib, J. Negrónc, J.E. Stewartd a Biology Department, Adams State University, Alamosa, CO, United States b Department of Agricultural Biology (Emeritus), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States c USFS Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO, United States d Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States ABSTRACT Historically, Cytospora canker of quaking aspen was thought to be caused primarily by Cytospora chrysosperma. However, a new and widely distributed Cytospora species on quaking aspen was recently described (Cytospora notastroma Kepley & F.B. Reeves). Here, we show the relative pathogenicity, abundance, and frequency of both species on quaking aspen in portions of the Rocky Mountain region, and constructed species-level phylogenies to examine possible hybridization among species. We inoculated small-diameter aspen trees with one or two isolates each of C. chrysosperma and C. notastroma in a greenhouse and in environmental growth chambers. Results indicate that both Cytospora species are pathogenic to drought-stressed aspen, and that C. chrysosperma is more aggressive (i.e., caused larger cankers) than C. notastroma, particularly at cool temperatures. Neither species cause significant canker growth on trees that were not drought-stressed. Both C. chrysosperma and C. notastroma are common on quaking aspen, in addition to a third, previously described species, Cytospora nivea. -
Downloaded the Homologous Hits That Have Coverage Tion for This Species Was Also Available (Tanaka 1919) Scores of > 97% and Identity Scores of 98.5%
Wang et al. Phytopathology Research (2020) 2:35 https://doi.org/10.1186/s42483-020-00076-5 Phytopathology Research REVIEW Open Access Fungal species associated with apple Valsa canker in East Asia Xuli Wang1,2, Cheng-Min Shi3, Mark L. Gleason4 and Lili Huang1* Abstract Since its discovery more than 110 years ago, Valsa canker has emerged as a devastating disease of apple in East Asia. However, our understanding of this disease, particularly the identity of the causative agents, has been in a state of confusion. Here we provide a synopsis for the current understanding of Valsa canker and the taxonomy of its causal agents. We highlight the major changes concerning the identity of pathogens and the conflicting viewpoints in moving to “One Fungus = One Name” system for this group of fungal species. We compiled a list of 21 Cytospora species associated with Malus hosts worldwide and curated 12 of them with rDNA-ITS sequences. The inadequacy of rDNA-ITS in discriminating Cytospora species suggests that additional molecular markers, more intraspecific samples and robust methods are required to achieve reliable species recognition. Keywords: Perennial canker, Cytospora, Species recognition, Nomenclature, Malus Background Valsa canker has emerged as a global threat to apple Apple (Malus domestica Borkh) is one of the most industry (CABI and EPPO 2005; EPPO 2020), and is widely planted and nutritionally important fruit crops in particularly destructive in East Asia (Togashi 1925; Uhm the world (Cornille et al. 2014; Duan et al. 2017). At one and Sohn 1995; Abe et al. 2007; Wang et al. 2011). Its time nearly each area had its own local apple cultivars causative fungus, Valsa mali (Ideta 1909; Tanaka 1919; (Janick et al. -
Diseases of Trees in the Great Plains
United States Department of Agriculture Diseases of Trees in the Great Plains Forest Rocky Mountain General Technical Service Research Station Report RMRS-GTR-335 November 2016 Bergdahl, Aaron D.; Hill, Alison, tech. coords. 2016. Diseases of trees in the Great Plains. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-335. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 229 p. Abstract Hosts, distribution, symptoms and signs, disease cycle, and management strategies are described for 84 hardwood and 32 conifer diseases in 56 chapters. Color illustrations are provided to aid in accurate diagnosis. A glossary of technical terms and indexes to hosts and pathogens also are included. Keywords: Tree diseases, forest pathology, Great Plains, forest and tree health, windbreaks. Cover photos by: James A. Walla (top left), Laurie J. Stepanek (top right), David Leatherman (middle left), Aaron D. Bergdahl (middle right), James T. Blodgett (bottom left) and Laurie J. Stepanek (bottom right). To learn more about RMRS publications or search our online titles: www.fs.fed.us/rm/publications www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/ Background This technical report provides a guide to assist arborists, landowners, woody plant pest management specialists, foresters, and plant pathologists in the diagnosis and control of tree diseases encountered in the Great Plains. It contains 56 chapters on tree diseases prepared by 27 authors, and emphasizes disease situations as observed in the 10 states of the Great Plains: Colorado, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming. The need for an updated tree disease guide for the Great Plains has been recog- nized for some time and an account of the history of this publication is provided here. -
Grapevine Trunk Diseases Associated with Fungi from the Diaporthaceae Family in Croatian Vineyards*
Kaliterna J, et al. CROATIAN DIAPORTHACEAE-RELATED GRAPEVINE TRUNK DISEASES Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2012;63:471-479 471 DOI: 10.2478/10004-1254-63-2012-2226 Scientifi c Paper GRAPEVINE TRUNK DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH FUNGI FROM THE DIAPORTHACEAE FAMILY IN CROATIAN VINEYARDS* Joško KALITERNA1, Tihomir MILIČEVIĆ1, and Bogdan CVJETKOVIĆ2 Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb1, University of Applied Sciences “Marko Marulić”, Knin2, Croatia Received in February 2012 CrossChecked in August 2012 Accepted in September 2012 Grapevine trunk diseases (GTD) have a variety of symptoms and causes. The latter include fungal species from the family Diaporthaceae. The aim of our study was to determine Diaporthaceae species present in the woody parts of grapevines sampled from 12 vine-growing coastal and continental areas of Croatia. The fungi were isolated from diseased wood, and cultures analysed for phenotype (morphology and pathogenicity) and DNA sequence (ITS1, 5.8S, ITS2). Most isolates were identifi ed as Phomopsis viticola, followed by Diaporthe neotheicola and Diaporthe eres. This is the fi rst report of Diaporthe eres as a pathogen on grapevine in the world, while for Diaporthe neotheicola this is the fi rst report in Croatia. Pathogenicity trials confi rmed Phomopsis viticola as a strong and Diaporthe neotheicola as a weak pathogen. Diaporthe eres turned out to be a moderate pathogen, which implies that the species could have a more important role in the aetiology of GTD. KEY WORDS: Diaporthe, Diaporthe eres, Diaporthe neotheicola, Croatia, pathogenicity, Phomopsis, Phomopsis viticola In Croatia, grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is cultivated M. Fisch., and Togninia minima (Tul. -
The Phylogeny of Plant and Animal Pathogens in the Ascomycota
Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology (2001) 59, 165±187 doi:10.1006/pmpp.2001.0355, available online at http://www.idealibrary.com on MINI-REVIEW The phylogeny of plant and animal pathogens in the Ascomycota MARY L. BERBEE* Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada (Accepted for publication August 2001) What makes a fungus pathogenic? In this review, phylogenetic inference is used to speculate on the evolution of plant and animal pathogens in the fungal Phylum Ascomycota. A phylogeny is presented using 297 18S ribosomal DNA sequences from GenBank and it is shown that most known plant pathogens are concentrated in four classes in the Ascomycota. Animal pathogens are also concentrated, but in two ascomycete classes that contain few, if any, plant pathogens. Rather than appearing as a constant character of a class, the ability to cause disease in plants and animals was gained and lost repeatedly. The genes that code for some traits involved in pathogenicity or virulence have been cloned and characterized, and so the evolutionary relationships of a few of the genes for enzymes and toxins known to play roles in diseases were explored. In general, these genes are too narrowly distributed and too recent in origin to explain the broad patterns of origin of pathogens. Co-evolution could potentially be part of an explanation for phylogenetic patterns of pathogenesis. Robust phylogenies not only of the fungi, but also of host plants and animals are becoming available, allowing for critical analysis of the nature of co-evolutionary warfare. Host animals, particularly human hosts have had little obvious eect on fungal evolution and most cases of fungal disease in humans appear to represent an evolutionary dead end for the fungus. -
Management of Strawberry Leaf Blight Disease Caused by Phomopsis Obscurans Using Silicate Salts Under Field Conditions Farid Abd-El-Kareem, Ibrahim E
Abd-El-Kareem et al. Bulletin of the National Research Centre (2019) 43:1 Bulletin of the National https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-018-0041-2 Research Centre RESEARCH Open Access Management of strawberry leaf blight disease caused by Phomopsis obscurans using silicate salts under field conditions Farid Abd-El-Kareem, Ibrahim E. Elshahawy and Mahfouz M. M. Abd-Elgawad* Abstract Background: Due to the increased economic and social benefits of the strawberry crop yield in Egypt, more attention has been paid to control its pests and diseases. Leaf blight, caused by the fungus Phomopsis obscurans, is one of the important diseases of strawberry plants. Therefore, effect of silicon and potassium, sodium and calcium silicates, and a fungicide on Phomopsis leaf blight of strawberry under laboratory and field conditions was examined. Results: Four concentrations, i.e., 0, 2, 4, and 6 g/l of silicon as well as potassium, sodium and calcium silicates could significantly reduce the linear growth of tested fungus in the laboratory test where complete inhibition of linear growth was obtained with 6 g/l. The other concentrations showed less but favorable effects. The highest reduction of disease severity was obtained with potassium silicate and calcium silicate separately applied as soil treatment combined with foliar spray which reduced the disease incidence by 83.3 and 86.7%, respectively. Other treatments showed significant (P ≤ 0.05) but less effect. The highest yield increase was obtained with potassium silicate and calcium silicate applied as soil treatment combined with foliar spray which increased fruit yield by 60 and 53.8%, respectively. -
Hypoxylon Canker
LANDOWNER UPDATE: CYTOSPORA CANKER Cytospora canker, caused by a fungal cuts to avoid accidentally spreading the pathogen known as Leucostoma kunzei, is disease. the most common disease of Norway spruce and Colorado blue spruce in Delaware. Spraying fungicides is not recommended for These trees are not native to Delaware but this disease. Some fungal material is located have been widely planted because they make internally and therefore will not be affected attractive yard specimens. by sprays. This disease usually affects older trees. Homeowners often notice that the needles on the lower branches of their trees turn brown (Figure 1), and eventually these branches die. Usually, branch dieback is accompanied by profuse resin flow from cankers on infected branches (Figure 2). Cankers are dead areas that sometimes have small black fungal fruiting bodies around their edges. If left untreated, the disease can progress up the tree as the fruiting bodies release spores during wet conditions. Figure 2. Resin oozing from a canker. Stress predisposes trees to infection. You can reduce stress by watering your trees during hot summer months without rain. Water at least once per week. Mulch around the base of trees to retain soil moisture. Avoid wounding trees with lawnmowers and weedeaters. Trees suffering from this disease, if left untreated, will often develop other, secondary problems with bark beetles, Figure 1. Dieback caused by Cytospora canker. spider mites, and diseases. It is important to address Cytospora canker on an ongoing The recommended treatments for this basis, through pruning and stress reduction, disease include pruning and stress reduction to help prevent these other problems. -
The Perfect Stage of the Fungus Which Causes Melanose of Citrus1
THE PERFECT STAGE OF THE FUNGUS WHICH CAUSES MELANOSE OF CITRUS1 By FREDERICK A. WOLF Pathologist, Office of Fruit Diseases, Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Depart- ment of Agriculture INTRODUCTION A disease of citrus and related plants to which the common name melanose is applied was ffrst recognized near Citra, Fla., by Swingle and Webber 2 in 1892. Their account of the disease, published in 1896, states that in their opinion it was caused by a " vegetable parasite" which they were not able to isolate in culture. In 1912 a paper by Fawcett3 was published in which he set forth the results of his investigations on a type of stem-end decay of fruits, and he as- cribed the cause of the decay to a previously undescribed organism which he designated PJiomopsis citri. The relationship between this stem-end rot and melanose was not suspected at first. Evidence has been presented by Floyd and Stevens,4 however, and by others who have investigated this problem, which shows that the two forms are undoubtedly caused by one and the same fungus. The rules of proof to establish this relationship have never been completely followed, because thus far it has not been possible for anyone to isolate Pho- mopsis citri from melanose lesions on leaves, twigs, and fruits. In July, 1925, the present writer found, on fallen decaying twigs of lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle), on the grounds of the United States Citrus-Disease Field Laboratory, Orlando, Fia., a species of Diaporthe. Since several species of the form genus Phomopsis are known to have an ascigerous stage belonging to the genus Diaporthe, it was suspected that these specimens were those of the perfect stage of Phomopsis citri. -
Citrus Melanose (Diaporthe Citri Wolf): a Review
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2014) 3(4): 113-124 ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 3 Number 4 (2014) pp. 113-124 http://www.ijcmas.com Review Article Citrus Melanose (Diaporthe citri Wolf): A Review K.Gopal*, L. Mukunda Lakshmi, G. Sarada, T. Nagalakshmi, T. Gouri Sankar, V. Gopi and K.T.V. Ramana Dr. Y.S.R. Horticultural University, Citrus Research Station, Tirupati-517502, Andhra Pradesh, India *Corresponding author A B S T R A C T K e y w o r d s Citrus Melanose disease caused by Diaporthe citri Wolf is a fungus that causes two distinct diseases on Citrus species viz, the perfect stage of the fungus causes Citrus melanose, disease characterized by lesions on fruit and foliage and in the imperfect Melanose; stage; it causes Phomopsis stem-end rot, a post-harvest disease. It is one of the Diaporthe most commonly observed diseases of citrus worldwide. As the disease is occurring citri; in larger proportions and reducing marketable fruit yield hence, updated post-harvest information on its history of occurrence, disease distribution and its impact, disease pathogen and its morphology, disease symptoms, epidemiology and management are briefly reviewed in this paper. Introduction Citrus Melanose occurs in many citrus fungus does not normally affect the pulp. growing regions of the world and infects On leaves, the small, black, raised lesions many citrus species. It affects young are often surrounded by yellow halos and leaves and fruits of certain citrus species can cause leaf distortion. On the fruit, the or varieties when the tissues grow and disease produces a superficial blemish expand during extended periods of rainy which is unlikely to affect the overall yield or humid weather conditions.