DOCSLIB.ORG

First Record of Clonostachys Rosea (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) As An

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
First Record of Clonostachys Rosea (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) As An Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 92 (2006) 7–10 www.elsevier.com/locate/yjipa First record of Clonostachys rosea (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) as an entomopathogenic fungus of Oncometopia tucumana and Sonesimia grossa (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) in Argentina A.V. Toledo a,¤, E. Virla b, R.A. Humber c, S.L. Paradell d, C.C. López Lastra a a Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE) UNLP-CONICET, Calle 2 Nro. 584 (1900) La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina b Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos (PROIMI) CONICET, Av. Belgrano y Pje. Caseros (T 4001 MVB), San Miguel, Tucumán, Argentina c USDA-ARS Plant Soil and Nutrition Laboratory, Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA d División Entomología. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. UNLP. Paseo del Bosque s/n. (1900), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina Received 4 August 2005; accepted 11 October 2005 Available online 31 March 2006 Abstract Clonostachys rosea (Link: Fries) Schroers, Samuels, Seifert, and Gams (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) has been reported as a mycopara- site of fungi and nematodes and as saprobe in soils, but this fungus has not been reported previously to be entomopathogenic. Many spe- cies of cicadellid leafhoppers cause economic damage to crops as vectors of plant pathogens. In the present work, we report the Wrst record of C. rosea as an entomopathogenic fungus of two leafhoppers pest, Oncometopia tucumana and Sonesimia grossa (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), in Argentina and evaluate the pathogenicity of C. rosea against them. © 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: Argentina; Cicadellidae; Clonostachys rosea; Entomopathogenic fungi; Hemiptera; Oncometopia tucumana; Sonesimia grossa Clonostachys rosea (Link: Fries) Schroers, Samuels, Seif- tested successfully as a biological control agent against ert, and Gams [formerly known as Gliocladium roseum Bai- diVerent fungal plant pathogens including S. sclerotorium nier; teleomorph: Bionectria ochroleuca (Schweinitz)] (Lib.) de Bary (Ervio et al., 1994), Verticillium dahliae Kleb. (Schroers et al., 1999) is known from temperate and tropi- (Keinath et al., 1991), and several species of Botrytis (James cal regions (Schroers, 2001) and is common in an extraordi- and Sutton, 1996). In Argentina the presence of Gliocladium nary range of habitats in tropical, temperate, sub-arctic, roseum in soil was reported (Cabello and Arambarri, 2002) and desert regions of the world. It has been reported from but this fungus has not been reported previously to be cultivated grassland and woodland, forest, heathland, entomopathogenic. Previous reports of entomopathogenic freshwater, and coastal soils, particularly those of neutral fungi aVecting hemipteran insects in South America mostly to alkaline pH (Sutton et al., 1997). This fungus has been involve cercopid pests of sugar cane in Brazil (Marques frequently associated with cysts of Heterodera spp., Globo- et al., 1981). The few records of entomopathogenic fungi dera spp. and other nematodes in soil and with sclerotia of from hemipterans in Argentina represent hosts in the fami- Sclerotina sclerotorium (Lib.) de Bary, Phymatotrichum lies Coccidae, Aphididae, Cixiidae, and Aleyrodidae (Mar- omnivorum Duggar, Rhizoctonia solani Kühn, Botrytis spp., chionatto, 1935; Toledo et al., 2004; Yasem de Romero, and Verticillium spp. and other soil fungi and plants materi- 1984, 1985). Cicadellid leafhoppers represent a large group als (Sutton et al., 1997). As a mycoparasite C. rosea was of insects important to agriculture, with approximately 22,000 species described worldwide (McKamey, 2002). The * Corresponding author. Fax: +54 221 423 2327. Cicadellinae is the largest subfamily of this group and has a E-mail address: [email protected] (A.V. Toledo). cosmopolitan distribution; many species of this group can 0022-2011/$ - see front matter © 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.jip.2005.10.005 8 A.V. Toledo et al. / Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 92 (2006) 7–10 be abundant and cause considerable damage to crops as C. rosea obtained from insects, and to evaluate the patho- vectors of plant pathogens (Nielson, 1968). Sonesimia genicity of C. rosea by means of preliminary laboratory grossa Signoret (Cicadellidae: Cicadellinae, Cicadellini) bioassays against two species of hemipteran pests. occurs in Southern Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia and in the Clonostachys rosea was isolated from adult females of provinces of Misiones and Tucumán in Argentina (Remes Oncometopia tucumana Schroder collected in March 2003 Lenicov et al., 1999). This species has been found to vector on Lantana camara L. (Fam. Verbenaceae) plants at Horco the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa wells in Brazilian citrus Molle, Tucumán province (26°46Ј50.1ЉS and 65°19Ј38.3ЉW, crops (Yamamoto et al., 2002). The genus Oncometopia Stål 703 m elevation), and from adult females of S. grossa col- (Cicadellidae: Cicadellinae) contains the largest number of lected in September 2003 on Eryngium sp. (Tourn) L. (Fam. species of any genus in the tribe Proconiini, and some are Apiaceae) plants from Colón, Entre Ríos province economically important (Young, 1968). For example, (31°51Ј15.1ЉS and 58°19Ј23.5ЉW, 25 m elevation). These Oncometopia orbona (Fabricius) is an important vector of sites are located in the Northwestern and Northeastern phony peach disease in the southern United States (Young, regions of Argentina, respectively. 1968). Oncometopia facialis is implicated in X. fastidiosa Infected insects covered by white cottony mycelia (Figs. transmission in citrus and coVee in Brazil, as the cause of 1A and B) and strongly Wxed to the plant substrate were citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC) (Lopes, 1999; Yamamoto collected in sterilized plastic containers and returned to the et al., 2002). The distribution of Oncometopia is from laboratory for isolation, identiWcation, and fungal charac- Northern United States to Brazil, Argentina, and Bolivia terization. (Young, 1968); in Argentina these insects are found in Tuc- Fungal cultures were obtained from monosporic isolates in umán and Misiones provinces (Remes Lenicov et al., 1999). the manner described by Lecuona (1996) and incubated for The objective of our study was to search for fungal patho- three days at 25°C on Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA)+ gens of the Cicadellidae, to characterize two isolates of antibiotic:penicillin G 40,000 U/ml (Merck, Germany) and Fig. 1. Clonostachys rosea. (A and B) On Sonesimia grossa. (C) Primary conidiophores, phialides, and conidia. (D) Secondary conidiophores, phialides, and conidia. (E) Conidia. Scale bars: (A and B) 3 mm; (C) 15 m; (D) 11 m; (E) 10 m. A.V. Toledo et al. / Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 92 (2006) 7–10 9 streptomycin 80,000 U/ml (Parafarm, Argentina), on dark- distilled water). Cadavers were mounted in lactophenol + ness. Measurements of fungal structures (conidia, conidi- cotton blue (0.01% w/v) and infection with C. rosea was ogenous cells, and mycelia) from cultures were made to checked. enable speciWc identiWcation. Fungal material could not Our observations of morphological features of C. rosea be measured directly from host insects since only imma- agree with those previously reported by Schroers et al. ture, nonsporulating mycelium was evident on host (1999) and Schroers (2001). Colony diameters at 7 days cadavers. post-incubation (19–27 mm) are closer to those described Microscopic and macroscopic descriptions were made by Schroers et al. (1999). Primary conidiophores phialides from potato-dextrose agar (PDA) and oatmeal agar (OA) measured 20–43 £ 3 m (Fig. 1C), secondary ones 10– according to the standards used by Schroers et al. (1999) 17 £ 2–2.9 m (Fig. 1D) and conidia 4–11.6 £ 2–3.9 m and Schroers (2001). Mycelia were mounted in lactophenol (Fig. 1E). These are more similar to measurements reported cotton blue (0.01% w/v) and observed though phase con- by Schroers (2001). Both Argentinean isolates presented trast with an Olympus CH3 microscope. Fungal prepara- phialides shorter and narrower than those described by tions were photographed using a Nikon Optiphot Schroers et al. (1999). microscope equipped with diVerential interference contrast Mortality for O. tucumana reached 82.5% by 14 days (DIC) and Wtted with a Canon Power Shot A80 camera. after inoculation, but fungal infection was conWrmed for Infected insect hosts were photographed using an Olympus only 12.5% of the dead insects. We did observe phialides SZ–PT stereo microscope Wtted with a PM-C35B camera. and conidia growing out of dead hosts. For T. rubromargi- Clonostachys rosea isolates were deposited in the Myco- nata mortality was 45.5% after 14 days but fungal growth logical Collections of the Instituto de Botánica Spegazzini was observed only in 11.8% of dead insects. Some apprecia- (LPS; La Plata, Argentina), at the Centro de Estudios Para- ble mortality was registered in control insects (15–20%), but sitológicos y de Vectores (CEP; La Plata, Argentina), at the this might have been due to the fact that the insects were USDA-ARS Collection of Entomopathogenic Fungal Cul- Weld-collected and of mixed ages. tures (ARSEF; Ithaca, New York), and at the Centralbu- In conclusion, the present study provides the Wrst report reau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS; Utrecht, Netherlands). of C. rosea as an entomopathogenic fungus of O. tucumana The accession numbers of C. rosea from O. tucumana are and S. grossa (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) extending our LPS 780, CEP 050, ARSEF 7200, and CBS 115882, and the knowledge of the occurrence and distribution
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Diversity of Endophytic Fungi from Different Verticillium-Wilt-Resistant
    J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. (2014), 24(9), 1149–1161 http://dx.doi.org/10.4014/jmb.1402.02035 Research Article Review jmb Diversity of Endophytic Fungi from Different Verticillium-Wilt-Resistant Gossypium hirsutum and Evaluation of Antifungal Activity Against Verticillium dahliae In Vitro Zhi-Fang Li†, Ling-Fei Wang†, Zi-Li Feng, Li-Hong Zhao, Yong-Qiang Shi, and He-Qin Zhu* State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, P. R. China Received: February 18, 2014 Revised: May 16, 2014 Cotton plants were sampled and ranked according to their resistance to Verticillium wilt. In Accepted: May 16, 2014 total, 642 endophytic fungi isolates representing 27 genera were recovered from Gossypium hirsutum root, stem, and leaf tissues, but were not uniformly distributed. More endophytic fungi appeared in the leaf (391) compared with the root (140) and stem (111) sections. First published online However, no significant difference in the abundance of isolated endophytes was found among May 19, 2014 resistant cotton varieties. Alternaria exhibited the highest colonization frequency (7.9%), *Corresponding author followed by Acremonium (6.6%) and Penicillium (4.8%). Unlike tolerant varieties, resistant and Phone: +86-372-2562280; susceptible ones had similar endophytic fungal population compositions. In three Fax: +86-372-2562280; Verticillium-wilt-resistant cotton varieties, fungal endophytes from the genus Alternaria were E-mail: [email protected] most frequently isolated, followed by Gibberella and Penicillium. The maximum concentration † These authors contributed of dominant endophytic fungi was observed in leaf tissues (0.1797). The evenness of stem equally to this work.
    [Show full text]
  • Use of Entomopathogenic Fungi for Fruit Fly Control in Area-Wide SIT Programmes
    Use of Entomopathogenic Fungi for Fruit Fly Control in Area-Wide SIT Programmes Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna, 2019 DISCLAIMER The material in this document has been supplied by the authors. The views expressed remain the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the government(s) or the designating Member State(s). In particular, the FAO, IAEA, nor any other organization or body sponsoring the development of this document can be held responsible for any material reproduced in the document. The proper citation for this document is: FAO/IAEA. 2019. Use of Entomopathogenic Fungi for Fruit Fly Control in Area-Wide SIT Programmes, A. Villaseñor, S. Flores, S. E. Campos, J. Toledo, P. Montoya, P. Liedo and W. Enkerlin (eds.), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/International Atomic Energy Agency. Vienna, Austria. 43 pp. Use of Entomopathogenic Fungi for Fruit Fly Control in Area- wide SIT Programmes Antonio Villaseñor IAEA/IPCS Consultant San Pedro La Laguna, Nayarit, México Salvador Flores Programa Moscafrut SADER-SENASICA, Metapa, Chiapas, México Sergio E. Campos Programa Moscafrut SADER-SENASICA, Metapa, Chiapas, México Jorge Toledo El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Tapachula, Chiapas, México Pablo Montoya Programa Moscafrut SADER-SENASICA, Metapa, Chiapas, México Pablo Liedo El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Tapachula, Chiapas, México Walther Enkerlin Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna, Austria Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna, 2019 FOREWORD Effective fruit fly control requires an integrated pest management approach which may include the use of area-wide sterile insect technique (SIT).
    [Show full text]
  • Integration of Entomopathogenic Fungi Into IPM Programs: Studies Involving Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) Affecting Horticultural Crops
    insects Review Integration of Entomopathogenic Fungi into IPM Programs: Studies Involving Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) Affecting Horticultural Crops Kim Khuy Khun 1,2,* , Bree A. L. Wilson 2, Mark M. Stevens 3,4, Ruth K. Huwer 5 and Gavin J. Ash 2 1 Faculty of Agronomy, Royal University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 2696, Dangkor District, Phnom Penh, Cambodia 2 Centre for Crop Health, Institute for Life Sciences and the Environment, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland 4350, Australia; [email protected] (B.A.L.W.); [email protected] (G.J.A.) 3 NSW Department of Primary Industries, Yanco Agricultural Institute, Yanco, New South Wales 2703, Australia; [email protected] 4 Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University), Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2650, Australia 5 NSW Department of Primary Industries, Wollongbar Primary Industries Institute, Wollongbar, New South Wales 2477, Australia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected]; Tel.: +61-46-9731208 Received: 7 September 2020; Accepted: 21 September 2020; Published: 25 September 2020 Simple Summary: Horticultural crops are vulnerable to attack by many different weevil species. Fungal entomopathogens provide an attractive alternative to synthetic insecticides for weevil control because they pose a lesser risk to human health and the environment. This review summarises the available data on the performance of these entomopathogens when used against weevils in horticultural crops. We integrate these data with information on weevil biology, grouping species based on how their developmental stages utilise habitats in or on their hostplants, or in the soil.
    [Show full text]
  • Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Gliocladium Analysed from Nuclear Large Subunit Ribosomal DNA Sequences
    Mycol. Res. 98 (6):625-634 (1994) Printed in Great Britain 625 Taxonomy and phylogeny of Gliocladium analysed from nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA sequences STEPHEN A. REHNER AND GARY J. SAMUELS USDA, ARS, Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory Room 304, Building OIIA, Beltsville, BARC-W, Maryland 20705, U.SA. The phylogenetic distribution of Gliocladium within the Hypocreales was investigated by parsimony analysis of partial sequences from the nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA (28s rDNA). Two principal monophyletic groups were resolved that included species with anarnorphs classified in Gliocladium. The first clade includes elements of the genera Hypocrea (H. gelatinosa, H. lutea) plus Trichodema, Hypocrea pallida, Hypomyces and Sphaerostilbella, which are each shown to be monophyletic but whose sister group relationships are unresolved with the present data set. Gliocladium anamorphs in this clade include Gliocladium penicillioides, the type species of Gliocladium and anamorph of Sphaerostilbella aureonitens, and Trichodema virens (= G. virens) which is a member of the clade containing Hypocrea and Trichodema. A second clade, consisting of species with pallid perithecia, is grouped around Nectria ochroleuca, whose anamorph is Gliocladium roseum. Other species in this clade having Gliocladium-like anamorphs are Nectriopsis sporangiicola and Roumeguericlla rufula. The species of Nectria represented in this study are polyphyletic and resolved as four separate groups: (1)N. cinnabarina the type species, (2) three species with Fusarium anamorphs including N. albosuccinea, N. haematococca and Gibberella fujikoroi, (3) N. purtonii a species whose anamorph is classified in Fwarium sect. Eupionnofes, and (4) N. ochroleuca, which is representative of species with pallid perithecia. The results indicate that Gliocladium is polyphyletic and that G.
    [Show full text]
  • Clonostachys Saulensis (Bionectriaceae, Hypocreales), a New Species from French Guiana
    Clonostachys saulensis (Bionectriaceae, Hypocreales), a new species from French Guiana Christian LECHAT Abstract: Clonostachys saulensis sp. nov. is described and illustrated based on a collection on bark of dead Jacques FOURNIER liana in French Guiana. this species is placed in Clonostachys (= Bionectria) based on its clonostachys-like Delphine CHADULI asexual morph, ascomata not changing colour in 3% Koh or lactic acid and phylogenetic comparison of itS Laurence LESAGE-MEESSEN sequences with known species of Clonostachys. Clonostachys saulensis is primarily characterized by non- stromatic, smooth, pale brown, globose ascomata coated with a whitish powdery scurf from base up to half Anne FAVEL height and turning blackish upon drying. Based on comparison of morphological characteristics of sexual- asexual morphs and molecular data with known species, C. saulensis is proposed as a new species. Ascomycete.org, 11 (3) : 65–68 Keywords: Ascomycota, ribosomal DnA, taxonomy. Mise en ligne le 08/05/2019 10.25664/ART-0260 Résumé : Clonostachys saulensis sp. nov. est décrite et illustrée d’après une récolte effectuée sur écorce de liane morte en Guyane française. cette espèce est placée dans le genre Clonostachys (= Bionectria) d’après sa forme asexuée de type clonostachys, les ascomes ne changeant pas de couleur dans Koh à 3% ou dans l’acide lactique et la comparaison phylogénétique des séquences itS avec les espèces connues de Clonos- tachys. Clonostachys saulensis est principalement caractérisée par des ascomes globuleux, sans stroma, brun pâle, couverts d’une pellicule poudreuse blanchâtre de la base jusqu’à la moitié de la hauteur, devenant noi- râtres en séchant. en se fondant sur la comparaison des caractères morphologiques et des données molé- culaires avec les espèces connues, C.
    [Show full text]
  • Cómo Citar El Artículo Número Completo Más Información Del
    Acta Bioquímica Clínica Latinoamericana ISSN: 0325-2957 ISSN: 1851-6114 [email protected] Federación Bioquímica de la Provincia de Buenos Aires Argentina Pomilio, Alicia Beatriz; Battista, Stella Maris; Alonso, Ángel Micetismos. Parte 4: Síndromes tempranos con síntomas complejos Acta Bioquímica Clínica Latinoamericana, vol. 53, núm. 3, 2019, Septiembre-, pp. 361-396 Federación Bioquímica de la Provincia de Buenos Aires Argentina Disponible en: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=53562084019 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Redalyc Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina y el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto Toxicología Actualización Micetismos. Parte 4: Síndromes tempranos con síntomas complejos 1a 2b 3c ` Alicia Beatriz Pomilio *, Stella Maris Battista , Ángel Alonso Resumen 1 Doctora de la Universidad de Buenos Aires En esta Parte 4 de la serie de cuatro artículos sobre micetismos se analizan (Ph. D.), Investigadora Superior del CONICET. los síndromes que se caracterizan por presentar un período de latencia muy Profesora de la Universidad de Buenos Aires. corto, con la aparición de síntomas complejos en menos de 6 horas después 2 Médica. Doctorando en la Facultad de Medici- de la ingestión de los macromicetos. Se discuten los siguientes micetismos: na, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Docente en 1) Toxíndrome muscarínico o colinérgico periférico por especies de Inocy- la Facultad de Medicina (UBA). be y Clitocybe. 2) Toxíndrome inmunohemolítico o hemolítico por Paxillus. 3 Doctor en Medicina (Ph. D.), Médico, Facul- 3) Toxíndrome neumónico alérgico por Lycoperdon perlatum y por Pholiota tad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires nameko.
    [Show full text]
  • OVIPOSICIÓN Y ASPECTOS BIOLÓGICOS DEL HUEVO DE Oncometopia Clarior (HEMIPTERA: CICADELLIDAE) EN Dioscorea Rotundata
    OVIPOSICIÓN Y ASPECTOS BIOLÓGICOS DEL HUEVO DE Oncometopia clarior (HEMIPTERA: CICADELLIDAE) EN Dioscorea rotundata OVIPOSITION AND BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF Oncometopia clarior (HEMIPTERA: CICADELLIDAE) EGG IN Dioscorea rotundata Deivys M. Alvarez1*, Wendy Y. Arroyo1, Antonio M. Pérez2, Javier D. Beltrán3 Recibido para publicación: Noviembre 6 de 2012 - Aceptado para publicación: Diciembre 2 de 2012 RESUMEN Los Cicadellidae son insectos de importancia agrícola por ser vectores de fitopatógenos. Oncometopia clarior es responsable de la transmisión del Virus del mosaico suave del ñame que causa pérdidas en la producción en los cultivos de ñame. Este estudio describe la biología del huevo del cicadélido Oncometopia clarior. Se recolectaron hembras adultas en cultivos de ñame y se confinaron en jaulas de oviposición con plantas de Dioscorea rotundata, se retiraron las hojas con posturas y se incubaron los huevos. Se encontró que la oviposición ocurre en el envés de las hojas y de forma endofítica. Los huevos fueron puestos en filas de 4 a 25 y cubiertos con brochosoma. Su tamaño fue de 2,39 mm ± 0,1197 de longitud y 0,53 mm ± 0,062 de ancho, son de forma alargada con extremos redondeados. La duración del periodo embrionario fue de 6,58 ± 0,98 días. Palabras clave: chicharrita, período embrionario, ñame. ABSTRACT Cicadellidae are insects of agricultural importance because they are plant pathogens vectors. Oncometopia clarior is responsible for transmission of Yam mild mosaic virus that causes yield losses in yam crops. This study describes the egg biology of leafhopper Oncometopia clarior. Adult females were collected in yam crops and confined in oviposition cages with Dioscorea rotundata plants, the leaf with postures were removed and the eggs were incubated.
    [Show full text]
  • Entomopathogenic Fungi and Bacteria in a Veterinary Perspective
    biology Review Entomopathogenic Fungi and Bacteria in a Veterinary Perspective Valentina Virginia Ebani 1,2,* and Francesca Mancianti 1,2 1 Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; [email protected] 2 Interdepartmental Research Center “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-050-221-6968 Simple Summary: Several fungal species are well suited to control arthropods, being able to cause epizootic infection among them and most of them infect their host by direct penetration through the arthropod’s tegument. Most of organisms are related to the biological control of crop pests, but, more recently, have been applied to combat some livestock ectoparasites. Among the entomopathogenic bacteria, Bacillus thuringiensis, innocuous for humans, animals, and plants and isolated from different environments, showed the most relevant activity against arthropods. Its entomopathogenic property is related to the production of highly biodegradable proteins. Entomopathogenic fungi and bacteria are usually employed against agricultural pests, and some studies have focused on their use to control animal arthropods. However, risks of infections in animals and humans are possible; thus, further studies about their activity are necessary. Abstract: The present study aimed to review the papers dealing with the biological activity of fungi and bacteria against some mites and ticks of veterinary interest. In particular, the attention was turned to the research regarding acarid species, Dermanyssus gallinae and Psoroptes sp., which are the cause of severe threat in farm animals and, regarding ticks, also pets.
    [Show full text]
  • Illuminating Type Collections of Nectriaceous Fungi in Saccardo's
    Persoonia 45, 2020: 221–249 ISSN (Online) 1878-9080 www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/pimj RESEARCH ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2020.45.09 Illuminating type collections of nectriaceous fungi in Saccardo’s fungarium N. Forin1, A. Vizzini 2,3,*, S. Nigris1,4, E. Ercole2, S. Voyron2,3, M. Girlanda2,3, B. Baldan1,4,* Key words Abstract Specimens of Nectria spp. and Nectriella rufofusca were obtained from the fungarium of Pier Andrea Saccardo, and investigated via a morphological and molecular approach based on MiSeq technology. ITS1 and ancient DNA ITS2 sequences were successfully obtained from 24 specimens identified as ‘Nectria’ sensu Saccardo (including Ascomycota 20 types) and from the type specimen of Nectriella rufofusca. For Nectria ambigua, N. radians and N. tjibodensis Hypocreales only the ITS1 sequence was recovered. On the basis of morphological and molecular analyses new nomenclatural Illumina combinations for Nectria albofimbriata, N. ambigua, N. ambigua var. pallens, N. granuligera, N. peziza subsp. ribosomal sequences reyesiana, N. radians, N. squamuligera, N. tjibodensis and new synonymies for N. congesta, N. flageoletiana, Sordariomycetes N. phyllostachydis, N. sordescens and N. tjibodensis var. crebrior are proposed. Furthermore, the current classifi- cation is confirmed for Nectria coronata, N. cyanostoma, N. dolichospora, N. illudens, N. leucotricha, N. mantuana, N. raripila and Nectriella rufofusca. This is the first time that these more than 100-yr-old specimens are subjected to molecular analysis, thereby providing important new DNA sequence data authentic for these names. Article info Received: 25 June 2020; Accepted: 21 September 2020; Published: 23 November 2020. INTRODUCTION to orange or brown perithecia which do not change colour in 3 % potassium hydroxide (KOH) or 100 % lactic acid (LA) Nectria, typified with N.
    [Show full text]
  • Biodiversity of Trichoderma in Neotropics
    13 Biodiversity of Trichoderma in Neotropics Lilliana Hoyos-Carvajal1 and John Bissett2 1Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá 2Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Ottawa 1Colombia 2Canada 1. Introduction Trichoderma species frequently are predominant over wide geographic regions in all climatic zones, where they are significant decomposers of woody and herbaceous materials. They are characterized by rapid growth, an ability to assimilate a diverse array of substrates, and by their production of an range of antimicrobials. Strains have been exploited for production of enzymes and antibiotics, bioremediation of xenobiotic substances, and as biological control agents against plant pathogenic fungi and nematodes. The main use of Trichoderma in global trade is derived from its high production of enzymes. Trichoderma reesei (teleomorph: Hypocrea jecorina) is the most widely employed cellulolytic organism in the world, although high levels of cellulase production are also seen in other species of this genus (Baig et al., 2003, Watanabe et al., 2006). Worldwide sales of enzymes had reached the figure of $ 1.6 billion by the year 2000 (Demain 2000, cited by Karmakar and Ray, 2011), with an annual growth of 6.5 to 10% not including pharmaceutical enzymes (Stagehands, 2008). Of these, cellulases comprise approximately 20% of the enzymes marketed worldwide (Tramoy et al., 2009). Cellulases of microbial origin are used to process food and animal feed, biofuel production, baking, textiles, detergents, paper pulp, agriculture and research areas at all levels (Karmakar and Ray, 2011). Most cellulases are derived from Trichoderma (section Longibrachiatum in particular) and Aspergillus (Begum et al., 2009).
    [Show full text]
  • Managing Aboveground Pests: Arthropod Vectors of Citrus Pathogens: Part I February 13, 2019 Lecture Overview
    Managing aboveground pests: Arthropod vectors of citrus pathogens: Part I February 13, 2019 Lecture Overview Part I: • Vector-borne disease concepts • Introduction to Disease Vectors • Taxonomy • Biology • Vector-borne diseases of citrus • Viral Pathogens Part II: • Vector-borne diseases of citrus • Bacterial Pathogens • Case studies: • Citrus Variegated Chlorosis and Citrus greening disease Plant disease epidemics • Can result in large loss of crop yields or decimate entire plant species (e.g. Dutch elm disease) • Approximately 30-40% of damage/loss due to plant diseases Pathogen due to direct or indirect effects of (Vector) transmission and facilitation of pathogens by insects • Three elements needed for disease to occur (‘disease Susceptible Conducive triangle’) host environment • When a pathogen requires a vector to be spread, the vector must be plentiful and active for an epidemic to occur Disease Triangle • Not shown: time (latent period) for disease development Plant disease epidemics Host/Pathogen Relationships • Environmental and physiological factors contribute to the development of disease • Resistance: ability of a host to prevent infection and disease • Virulence: ability of a pathogen to produce disease • Many plant pathogens need to be transmitted by a vector • A pathogen’s host range may be determined by the host range of the vector - it can only infect plants that the insect vector feeds upon Vector/Host Relationships • Generally, the closer the association between vector and host, the greater the suitability of the vector
    [Show full text]
  • Egg-Laying and Brochosome Production Observed in Glassy-Winged Sharps Hooter
    Egg-laying and brochosome production observed in glassy-winged sharps hooter Raymond L. Hix Glassy-winged sharpshooter effective integrated pest management these spots weren’t merely ornaments, (G WSS) females form white spots (IPM) programs, especially aspects re- but he wasn’t sure as to their origin. He on the forewings from secretions lated to insect monitoring. We briefly supposed them to be transferred to the of ultramicroscopic bodies known discuss what is known about GWSS forewings by the hind tibia from the as brochosomes. This occurs af- egg-laying behavior, and present stud- anus. The powdering of the egg mass ter mating of the G WSS and just ies from my laboratory. The implica- was believed to camouflage the eggs prior to egg laying. The first pub- tions of wing-spot formation and from predators and parasites. lished reports of wing spots were brochosome secretions are discussed The makeup, origin and function of made by Riley and Howard in in the context of IPM programs. All white spots in certain leafhoppers 1893. The behaviors associated GWSS brochosome secretions are ei- ther grayish translucent or opaque with brochosome formation could white in comparison to the clear excre- have important implications for in- ment often referred to as “hopper tegrated pest management (IPM) rain.” programs to control G WSS, an im- portant vector of the bacterium Historical perspective that causes Pierce’s disease in Before the turn of the 20th century, grapevines and other crops. Riley and Howard (1893) dispatched Nathan Banks and F.W. Mally to ince 1997, wineries near Temecula Shreveport, La., to investigate prob- Shave lost 20% to 30% of their vines lems in cotton with the GWSS, re- to Pierce‘s disease, which is caused by ferred to locally as a ”sharpshooter” the bacterium Xylellafustidiosa Wells attack.
    [Show full text]