How Will the U.S.-India Nuclear Deal Impact the World?

Spring 2007 www.belfercenter.org Programs Advance Effective Intelligence/Policy Links Defense Secretary Gates Initiated Early KSG Intelligence Program T R

n 1986, when now Secretary of Defense teach leaders in the intelligence community to A W Robert Gates was deputy director of Cen- E think about needs of the policy community T

I S tral Intelligence, he worked with Belfer Cen- when gathering and analyzing intelligence. A H T ter Director (then Kennedy School Dean) R A

Graham Allison and the School’s Ernest M May, Albert Carnesale, Joseph Nye, Peter Initiated by Senator Graham . . . Zimmerman, Nancy Huntington, and the the [2007] program will late Richard Neustadt, among others, to facilitate bipartisan T establish an intelli- R A

W gence and policy discussions among leaders E T S program at the in the Congressional A

H School. Gates, who T

R intelligence community. A had been a career M analyst in the CIA with some tours of Today—in collaboration with former Sena- duty in the White tor and Center Senior Fellow Bob Graham— House, had noticed Allison and May, the Charles Warren Professor Power in Knowledge: Director of Intelligence John Negroponte discusses “Global Security a disconnect of History and consultant on intelligence to between the work Challenges Facing the Intelligence Community” several government agencies, are building on at a directors’ seminar in December. Research Intelligent Discourse: of the intelligence the School’s earlier program with an intelli- Associate Micah Zenko is also pictured. Robert Gates, while and policy commu- gence policy program for members of Con- deputy director of central nities. The pro- gress. Initiated by Senator Graham, who the International Association of Chiefs of intelligence in 1986, gram he initiated, headed the Senate Select Committee on Intel- Police in order to link local law enforcement speaks to members of the which continued at ligence, the program will facilitate bipartisan with federal security strategies. intelligence community as the Kennedy discussions among leaders in the Congressional Participants will benefit from the extensive part of the Kennedy School until 2002, School program he intelligence community. In addition to mem- experience of presenters, as well as from the initiated on intelligence developed in-depth bers of the Congressional Intelligence Com- case studies developed in the earlier program. and policy. case studies to mittees, the program will host sessions with continued on page 7 Belfer Center Engages India as Emerging Great Power R E

hether one agrees or disagrees with the July 2005 meeting between President Bush T N E Wthe wisdom of the civilian nuclear and India Prime Minister Manmohan Singh C R power agreement signed in December by Presi- that resulted in the recent agreement. She E F L E dent George W. Bush, most agree that the worked on the U.S.- India relationship with B deal will deepen the long-standing relationship Center International Council member Robert between the U.S. and India, a relationship that Blackwill, who served as ambassador to India will continue to impact both countries on between 2001–2003. many levels. Along with the Kennedy School and Harvard, the Belfer Center is working to Washington gave on the Power Partner: Minister of State in the Prime expand the relationship that began in 1960 Minister’s Office Prithviraj Chavan (left) when President John F. Kennedy named Har- nuclear front to get something discusses India-U.S. relations with members of vard’s John Kenneth Galbraith as ambassador on the non-nuclear front. the Belfer Center Board of Directors in to India. November. Distinguished Service Professor Belfer Center Executive Director for —Ashton Carter Joseph Nye is also pictured. Research Xenia Dormandy believes it is essen- tial to build ties with India, the largest democ- Ashton Carter, co-director of the Preven- In testimony before the Senate Foreign racy in the world. As director for South Asia at tive Defense Project and a member of the Cen- Relations Committee in April 2006, Carter the National Security Council before coming ter Board of Directors, agrees with the civilian said, “Washington gave on the nuclear front to to the Belfer Center, Dormandy coordinated nuclear agreement, but with reservations. continued on page 7 INSIDE: Russia’s Contradictions; Belfer Center and Nuclear Policy; Human Trafficking R E T N E C R

FROM THE DIRECTOR E F L E B

e ended 2006 with a special event to (Counterterrorism Coordinator at State), and Whonor our founders and to share tales Nick Burns (Undersecretary of State). of the beginnings of the Belfer Center. Trans- Xenia Dormandy, our executive director ported back to our roots by Paul Doty and his for research, along with Ash Carter and Joe three founding colleagues Al Carnesale, Nye, are contributing to the debate on the Dorothy Zinberg, and Michael Nacht we India civilian nuclear deal, an important issue were educated and entertained with stories of for both sides. With insight and assistance the Center’s early years. (See “Founders Tales,” from Brigadier General (ret.) Kevin Ryan, a From the Field: Ambassador Henry Crumpton, p. 11.) senior fellow here, we’re continuing to do pro- coordinator for counterterrorism at the State With Bob Gates newly appointed as Secre- ductive work on efforts to reduce nuclear risks Department, speaks on “U.S. Counterterrorism tary of Defense, we recall his time at the School in Russia, most recently with Russian generals Policy” at a Belfer Center directors’ seminar in not only as a student, but also as founder of an here for a series of meeting with KSG’s November. Crumpton is a former CIA intelligence program launched here in the ’80s National Security Program. On the nuclear operations officer and recipient of numerous awards. to connect the dots between intelligence and front, be sure to see in this newsletter Steve policy. Several of the case studies developed in Miller’s assessment of the Center’s nuclear that program are detailed in Ernie May and efforts since the collapse of the Soviet Union. us. Peggy Scannell, beloved member of our Phil Zelikow’s new book, Dealing with Dicta- (See p. 4.) Belfer family who was with us for 17 years, tors. (See Intelligence article, p. 1.) We’re con- passed away following a courageous battle with tinuing to brainstorm ways to improve cancer. Peggy not only helped keep us on solid intelligence and its effectiveness, and this fall We’re continuing to brainstorm ground financially, but also centered us in real- exchanged ideas with a number of officials and ways to improve intelligence ity and humanity. (See tribute to Peggy, p. 15.) experts including John Negroponte (National and its effectiveness. Another great loss was Frank Stanton, a Intelligence Director), Hank Crumpton media pioneer and a member of our interna- tional council. Frank died on Christmas Eve at T

R We’re very proud of our colleague Juliette the age of 98. I had known Frank for many A W

E Kayyem, former Center executive director for years, and my wife, Frank, and I co-owned a T S research and homeland security scholar, who Corgi dog named Annie. Jeane Kirkpatrick, A H

T has been called to duty as Massachusetts’ first another friend of the Center and School, died R A

M homeland security chief. Our loss, but a great in December. Jeane and her late husband gain for the Commonwealth. (See Kayyem Evron were honored in 1997 with a professor- article, p. 3.) ship at the School endowed by our Interna- In December, the School hosted more than tional Council member Leo Kahn and his 30 new members of Congress, and Ash Carter wife Emily. and I presented on nuclear dangers, including A bright spot at the Center is the addition In Honor: Emily Kahn (left) and International nuclear terrorism, North Korea, and Iran. Given of Sasha Talcott, our new director of commu- Council member Leo Kahn, with Jeane the new members’ interest, enthusiasm, and nications and outreach. Sasha comes to us as Kirkpatrick (right). In 1997, the Kahns endowed commitment, I have no doubt that we are going an award-winning journalist from the Boston a Kirkpatrick professorship at the Kennedy School to honor Jeanne and Evron Kirkpatrick. to see some serious initiatives in our arena. Globe, signaling an enhanced commitment by A respected scholar, Kirkpatrick passed away in We have been saddened the past few the Center to communicate our findings in late 2006. months to lose three people very important to new ways that have even greater impact. Grants Support Research for Innovations in Transportation Sectors —by Sam Milton, project coordinator, Energy Technology Innovation Project

ith two substantial new grants from According to Gallagher, automotive and Wthe U.S. Environmental Protection The time is ripe for policy fuel technologies exist that could partially Agency and the William and Flora Hewlett innovation in this realm. address many of the challenges, but policies Foundation, the Belfer Center’s Energy Tech- such as the corporate average fuel economy nology Innovation Project (ETIP) is embark- —Kelly Sims Gallagher standard in the U.S. have contributed to tech- ing on a three-year project to study and nological stagnation, relatively high oil con- recommend policies aimed at encouraging Through the Innovation in Transportation sumption, and large greenhouse-gas emissions technological innovation in U.S., China, and (IIT) research project, ETIP will examine barri- from passenger cars. “Many oil companies and India transportation sectors. ers to cost-effective development and deploy- automotive firms now recognize that different “Behind this initiative is the growing ment of advanced transportation technologies, policies may provide them with more flexibil- understanding that cleaner and more energy- identify policy measures to create the right ity and lower costs, so the time is ripe for pol- efficient automotive and fuel technologies are incentives for these technologies to flourish, and icy innovation in this realm,” said Gallagher. vital to meeting the challenges of this century,” share the findings with government officials, For more information on the Energy said ETIP Director Kelly Sims Gallagher. industry, and other interested stakeholders. Technology Innovation Project, see http://bcsia.ksg.harvard.edu/energy.

2 • BCSIA News Russia’s Contradictions Underscore Importance of Relationship —by Melanie Getreuer, research assistant, Belfer Center R

ter is at the forefront of such efforts. E n 2001, President George W. Bush T N

Belfer Center Director Graham E famously declared that he had looked into C

I R

Allison, along with former Senator E the eyes of Russian President Vladimir Putin F L

Sam Nunn and Russian Duma E and saw a man he knew he could trust. Six B years later President Bush has expressed mis- Deputy Andrei Kokoshin, is lead- givings about that assessment, doubting the ing a nuclear nonproliferation work- Russian leader’s commitment to democracy or ing group, which advises U.S. and a free press. Russian policy elites to develop a On the other hand, the U.S. and Russia shared assessment of nuclear prolif- signed a historic 800-page document in Octo- eration threats and cooperative ini- tiatives that can be taken in Together We Stand:Three Russian military leaders with Belfer ber 2006 that paved the way for Russia’s acces- Center Director Graham Allison (center) and Brigadier sion to the World Trade Organization and response. Allison and Kokoshin are General (ret.) Kevin Ryan (far right), Center senior fellow. earlier, at the July 2006 G8 summit, the two also chairing a smaller group on From left, Navy Captain Alexander Kustov (Russian Embassy), countries jointly launched three major initia- energy security that is identifying General-Lieutenant Evgeniy Buzhinskiy, and General-Colonel tives: a Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear concrete steps to put the “meat on Anatoly Mazurkevich (Russian Ministry of Defense). Terrorism, a plan to guarantee supply of the bones” of the above-mentioned nuclear fuel to states that forgo building their G8 steps, which the working group Russia on hair-trigger alert status. He also own enrichment plants, and a civil nuclear helped formulate. assists the U.S.-Russia Security Program at the energy agreement that will lift restrictions on To reduce countries’ incentives to build Kennedy School, run by the National Security cooperation between the two countries to their own enrichment and reprocessing facili- Program’s Tad Oelstrom, which brings develop peaceful nuclear power. ties, Matthew Bunn, senior research associate together general officers from both countries to with the Center’s Managing the Atom project, discuss military-to-military cooperation and is working with Russian experts to define spe- matters of joint strategic concern. The nonproliferation working cific approaches to guarantee nuclear fuel sup- Commenting on the challenges of U.S. group advises U.S. and Russian plies and spent fuel management services to partnership with Russia in the future, Allison developing countries pursuing nuclear energy. said, “Most Americans see our relationship elites to develop a shared Bunn is also continuing to closely analyze the with Russia as a half-empty rather than half- assessment of nuclear threats state of progress in U.S.-Russian cooperation full glass. While there is much evidence to sup- and initiatives. to prevent nuclear theft and terrorism and port this position, in my view Russia is much what needs to be done next. more subtle and complex than we realize and Brigadier General (ret.) Kevin Ryan is has come a long way from what it was 15 years These seemingly contradictory trends advising U.S. Strategic Command and the ago. The Belfer Center’s partnerships with underscore the importance of putting the Russian Ministry of Defense on military usage Russia are working to sustain that positive United States’ relationship with Russia on a doctrine, nuclear security, and reducing the momentum in concrete and very important more sustainable footing, and the Belfer Cen- number of nuclear weapons in the U.S. and ways.”

Kayyem to Head Massachusetts’ First Homeland Security Office

n January, Juliette Kayyem, former execu- Commonwealth of Massachusetts. In announc- ulty, I have learned so much and benefited Itive director for research at the Belfer Center ing her selection, newly-elected Governor tremendously from the insights of everyone at and lecturer at the Kennedy School, was named Deval Patrick said, “Kayyem will focus on the School. I consider Graham Allison and the Undersecretary of Homeland Security for the coordinating all aspects of the Commonwealth’s entire Belfer community as not just colleagues, Statewide Homeland Security Strategy.” but also friends, and I will miss them all.” T R

A An expert in homeland security and W

E terrorism, Kayyem became co-director T S Juliette embodies the mission of

A of the Belfer Center’s Executive Session H T

R on Domestic Preparedness in 2001. the Center: to advance policy- A M From 1999–2000, she served on the relevant knowledge and prepare National Commission on Terrorism, a Congressionally-mandated review of future leaders in addressing how the government could better pre- security challenges. pare for the growing terrorist threat. —Graham Allison Prior to that, she served as a legal adviser to then-Attorney General Janet Reno, where she worked on a variety of “Harvard’s loss is a big gain for the citizens national security and terrorism cases. of Massachusetts,” said Center Director Alli- “I am very excited about this oppor- son. “We will all be safer as a result of the tunity to serve the Commonwealth,” energy and imagination Juliette will bring to Kayyem said. “The only downside is this opportunity. Juliette embodies the mission Future Impact: Juliette Kayyem speaking at a John leaving the Belfer Center and Kennedy of the Center: to advance policy-relevant F.Kennedy, Jr. Forum on “Ideas That Matter: From School. In my roles at the Center from knowledge and prepare future leaders in Inspiration to Impact.” Kennedy School Dean fellow to executive director and now fac- addressing security challenges.” David Elwood is also pictured. BCSIA News • 3 Center’s Efforts Impact Nuclear Policy Belfer Center and Nuclear Weapons: Security in the Post–Cold War Era —By Steven E. Miller, director, International Security Program R E T N E C R

he abortive coup attempt against Mikhail Nuclear Fission: Control of the Nuclear Arsenal E F L E TGorbachev in Moscow in August 1991 in a Disintegrating Soviet Union (1991), under- B raised in a stark and alarming way the question took a comprehensive analysis of the nuclear of who was controlling the Soviet arsenal at a dangers that might confront American and moment of extraordinary political instability. Western interests should the Soviet Union col- The subsequent disintegration of the Soviet lapse. This volume contributed directly to the Union raised the equally consequential ques- passage of the original Nunn-Lugar legislation, tion of who would inherit the Soviet nuclear known formally as “The Soviet Nuclear Threat arsenal. The ensuing and ongoing political Reduction Act of 1991.” Steven Miller instability and economic travails in Russia raised the question of the safety and security of require a larger investment of political and eco- the Russian nuclear arsenal and nuclear Editorial (1996): President nomic resources). empire. In view of the fact that these weapons Clinton should “take plenty Another volume resulted from a collabora- and associated nuclear materials constitute the of copies of Harvard’s study, tion with the Center for Nonproliferation largest potential threat to the United States , with Studies of the Monterey Institute for Interna- and its allies, and given the potential of Russ- Avoiding Nuclear Anarchy tional Studies. Together we co-sponsored a ian nuclear weapons and weapons-usable mate- him on Air Force One and conference designed to assess the Nunn-Lugar rials to fuel terrorism and nuclear proliferation, hand them out to his summit Program, particularly from the perspective of this is one of the most significant security counterparts, demanding their the recipient countries. The papers from this issues of the post–Cold War era. Work on the conference were published by MIT Press in the safety and security of Russian nuclear holdings undivided attention—and BCSIA book series under the title Dismantling soon led to concern about the adequacy of cus- concerted action.” the Cold War: U.S. and NIS Perspectives on the todial arrangements for nuclear weapons and Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction Pro- nuclear materials on a global scale. Meanwhile, gram (1997). the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 The second volume, Cooperative Denu- A fifth volume sought to address in a highlighted the danger that a terrorist group clearization: From Pledges to Deeds (1993), detailed and comprehensive way the possibility might obtain nuclear weapons and inflict an tackled the challenge of ensuring that the far- of terrorism involving weapons of mass even more terrible attack. flung Soviet nuclear arsenal did not give rise to destruction (WMD). The book, America’s multiple nuclear successor states among the Achilles Heel: Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical newly independent states of the former Soviet Terrorism and Covert Attack (1998), analyses These weapons and associated Union. Published in January 1993, it was the feasibility and likelihood of WMD terror- nuclear materials constitute the influential with the new Clinton Administra- ism. It concludes that WMD terrorist attacks tion as it fashioned its policy toward Russia are not easy but are feasible under a number of largest potential threat to the and the other states of the former Soviet United States and its allies. conceivable circumstances and that the likeli- Union. One editorial, commenting in the con- hood of such attacks is low, but rising and suf- text of the June 1996 G-7 summit in Lyon, ficient that this threat ought to be a source of France, urged President Clinton to “take In response to the coup attempt, the Cen- serious concern in U.S. security policy. plenty of copies of Harvard’s study, Avoiding ter formed a working group to analyze Starting in 2002, the Center’s Project on Nuclear Anarchy, with him on Air Force One post–Cold War nuclear dangers and to investi- Managing the Atom began to issue an annual and hand them out to his summit counter- gate policy options for addressing them. Over monograph which examines in detail the parts, demanding their undivided attention— the subsequent 15 years, this strand of our progress made in addressing nuclear leakage and concerted action.” work resulted in numerous books (including a issues and highlights the problems that remain A third volume, Avoiding Nuclear Anarchy: spinoff volume published in Japanese), a series to be addressed. Five such volumes have been Containing the Threat of Loose Russian Nuclear of major conferences, and a host of associated published, the most recent of which is Securing Weapons and Fissile Material (1996), focused products and activities, including testimony the Bomb 2006. These monographs are on the security of nuclear weapons-related before Congress on a number of occasions, regarded as indispensable guides to the issue. assets in Russia. By the mid-1990s, the entire briefings of members of Congress as well as In 2004, Belfer Center Director Graham Soviet nuclear arsenal had been consolidated officials in the Executive Branch, involvement Allison published the latest in the series of within the borders of a Russia marked by of CSIA members in drafting relevant legisla- books, dating back to 1991, that spotlighted political uncertainty, rampant criminality, eco- tion shaping U.S. policy, dozens of articles and critical elements of the post–Cold War nuclear nomic distress, and social upheaval. The Cen- op-eds, countless lectures and presentations in agenda. His Nuclear Terrorism: The Ultimate ter undertook to assess the state of security of Europe, North America, Japan and the former Preventable Catastrophe analyzes the threat of Russian nuclear materials (distressingly inade- Soviet Union, and media coverage—not to nuclear terrorism in the aftermath of 9/11 and quate), to identify U.S. and Western interests mention the recruitment of several CSIA offers a series of recommendations for address- in the fate of these materials (the stakes are members into government service to work on ing this threat. enormous), to evaluate the effectiveness of precisely this set of issues. Many additional Belfer Center books and existing U.S. policies aimed at reducing the The efforts the Center has made in papers have contributed to nuclear policy. Miller’s danger of nuclear leakage (current policies addressing the nuclear challenges of the expanded compilation can be found on the Belfer were and are insufficient), and to propose ini- post–Cold War era are anchored in the books Center website: www.belfercenter.org. tiatives that will be more effective at minimiz- that it has produced on the major dimensions ing the danger of nuclear leakage (which will of the problem. The first of these, Soviet BCSIA News • 4 These pages feature a few of the talented women and men who are current and former fellows and associates of the Belfer Center whose work is making significant contributions in public and private sectors around the world. BELFERFellows andCENTER Alums Current Fellows: Profiles in Action Aleks Kalinowski In addition to her research at the Center, A Sufi mystic taught me Chenoweth (with Erik Dahl) helped start a Fellow, Energy Technology Innovation how to always look at things popular terrorism reading and discussion Project group that meets twice monthly. She has gone from a human perspective—not to Italy to meet with counterterrorism offi- R

E Aleks Kalinowski, T religious, ethnic, political, or cials, participated in a NATO advanced N

E born in Poland and C research workshop in Albania, and attended a R raised in Canberra, Aus- nationalistic. E

F workshop on “threat convergence,” which L

E tralia, knew little about B —Hassan Abbas studied weapons of mass destruction, terror- geology when she ism, and weak and failed states. decided to pursue a His first visit to the U.S. was in 1996 for “The Belfer Center has provided the most degree in the subject his honeymoon. “We went to a lot of interest- intellectually engaging, constructive, and pro- from Australia National ing places, including Disneyworld,” he says. fessionally satisfying atmosphere I have been University. She just “On the way back we stayed in Baghdad for a privileged to enjoy,” Chenoweth says. knew that she loved to few days—the contrast between the two travel and experience the outdoors, including

R worlds was an eye- Boaz Atzili E

her neighboring bushlands. But now, several T

N opener and years later, she has not only completed her E Fellow, International Security Program C touched me R E degree (graduating with honors in 2002), but R F E

L deeply.” A great Boaz Atzili grew up in T E N also is working on one of the most important B

impression was E Israel and served as a issues facing the world today—capturing and C R

also made on him E paratrooper in the Israeli F

storing carbon dioxide, one of the greenhouse L

by a Sufi mystic in E Defense Forces. (He is gases causing climate change. B Lahore, Pakistan still in the reserves.) During her Belfer Center fellowship, Kali- “who taught me That experience, he nowski is on leave from Geoscience Australia, how to always look says, added to his moti- where she works to assess geological sites for at things from a vation to study interna- potential to store carbon dioxide. As a fellow, human perspec- tional conflicts and the she says her interests have expanded from pri- tive—not reli- ways one could avoid or marily working on the capture and storage of International Security gious, ethnic, resolve them. The results of his studies include carbon to focusing on climate change, envi- Program Fellow Hassan political, or a bachelor’s degree in international relations ronmental management, energy, and their Abbas discusses the nationalistic.” earned from the Hebrew University of related public policy issues. Now, she says, she impact of A.Q. Khan on “The Belfer Jerusalem and a 2006 Ph.D. in political sci- is “fully committed to really doing something nuclear proliferation at a Center provides an ence from MIT. Boaz also received fellowships about these problems.” She plans to start a recent seminar. environment from the Center for International Studies Ph.D. in geology when she returns to Australia. which challenges you to think out of the box,” (CIS) and the Konrad Adenauer Foundation Of the Belfer Center, Kalinowski says, Abbas says. “It provokes you to contribute cre- before coming to the Belfer Center. “The opportunity to meet a huge range of peo- atively and intellectually.” Atzili’s dissertation explores the effects of ple—including scientists, politicians, and oth- the norm of “border fixity,” a prohibition on ers—is rare and one I appreciate very much.” R

E foreign conquest and annexation of homeland

T Erica

N territory. History shows, he says, that in E Chenoweth Hassan Abbas C

R regions where most states are socio-politically E F

Fellow, Project on Managing the Atom/ L Fellow, International weak, the border fixity norm perpetuates state E International Security Program B Security Program weakness and generates both civil and inter- state conflicts. His current projects include Hassan Abbas was a police chief in a sub-divi- Erica Chenoweth, a doctoral candidate at studies of the positive effects of the “border sion (county) of Pakistan’s northwest frontier fixity” norm, the territorial contraction in province. His first day on the job, he was shot the University of Col- orado, researches what post–War World Two Germany, and the role at and “narrowly missed a few dozen bullets.” of spoilers in escalating the Israeli-Palestinian Abbas, whose experiences in Pakistan and she calls the “puzzle” of terrorism in democracies. The question is: In a conflict. his recent book, Pakistan’s Drift into Extrem- His publications include “When Good ism: Allah, the Army and America’s War on Ter- democracy, with free speech and the right to legal protest, why is terrorism proliferating Fences Make Bad Neighbors: Border Fixity, ror, have received widespread interest and State Weakness, and International Conflict,” attention, is currently researching Pakistan’s more often than in other systems? Chenoweth argues that the answer comes down to compe- in the current issue of International Security nuclear program and the A.Q. Khan contro- (Winter 2006/07) and “Change Within Con- versy. He has been interviewed extensively and tition. Terrorist groups compete with one another and with legal interest groups, creat- tinuity: German Foreign and Security Policy,” has traveled across the country, speaking to Working Paper #19 (The Helmut Kohl Insti- diverse groups and gatherings ranging from an ing a “cascade effect” of increasing violence. Chenoweth successfully defended her disserta- tute for European Studies, The Hebrew Uni- Iranian American event in Los Angeles to the versity of Jerusalem, January 2000). American Israel Public Affairs Committee tion on the topic in December and now is (AIPAC) in Massachusetts. revising it as a book titled Democracy, Compe- tition and Terrorism. BCSIA News • 5 Belfer Center Programs and Projects: International Security Program (ISP); Science, Technology, and Public Policy (STPP); Environment and Natural Resources Program (ENRP); Program on Intrastate Conflict (ICP); Dubai Initiative (DI); and Alums Energy Technology Innovation Project (ETIP); Managing the Atom Project (MTA); CENTERScience, Technology, and Globalization Project (STG) Belfer Center Alumni: Where Are They Now? Joseph A. Sestak, Jr. As an alum of the School, Joe Sestak “is a get bigger with time,” she says. “Access barriers great illustration of what we’re about,” said (professional and technological) to these Alum, Kennedy School (MPA 1980, Belfer Center Director Graham Allison, who weapons were diminishing, while their destruc- Ph.D. 1984); Former Center reunited with Sestak at a recent 20th Anniver- tive potential was increasing. Furthermore, Teaching Assistant sary celebration of the School’s Shorenstein these weapons were inexpensive and difficult to Center. While at the School, Sestak served as a trace.” Joseph (Joe) Sestak, a newly elected member teaching assistant for a Center-sponsored Hoyt also realized that terrorists interested of Congress representing Pennsylvania’s 7th course titled Technology, War and Peace. in asymmetric warfare—the method of choice District, spent more than 30 years in the U.S. for the weak—would naturally be drawn to Navy before leaving in January 2006 at the biological weapons as a means to level the rank of vice admiral—one of just 30 people at Sestak is a great illustration playing field. “It was hard to imagine that bio- a time to hold that rank. A graduate of the logical threats would not emerge as a signifi-

Y of what we’re about. R

A cant threat to international security,” she says. S

R —Graham Allison E Living the Mission: Newly V I

N elected Congressman and N A Kennedy School alum It was hard to imagine that N

I In its endorsement of Sestak for Congress,

E Joseph Sestak speaks at T S the 20th Anniversary the Philadelphia Inquirer said, “He’d bring biological threats would not N E

R celebration of the Kennedy valuable military expertise to the Pentagon emerge as a significant threat O H S School’s Shorenstein Center overnight.” Sestak has called the war in Iraq a to international security. in New York City in “tragic misadventure” and urged the White November. House to withdraw troops. —Kendall Hoyt U.S. Naval Academy and the Kennedy School, R E

Sestak has extensive experience in Europe, the T Kendall Hoyt As a Center fellow, Hoyt researched inter- N E

Persian Gulf, and the Western and South C national biosecurity strategy and biodefense

R Former Fellow, Inter- Pacific. He served in command of the USS E research policy. Currently, she is looking at F L

E national Security

Samuel B. Roberts and Destroyer Squadron B how to reduce threats from legitimate biologi- Fourteen and was battle group commander for Program (2002–05) cal research while still encouraging innovation and how to improve biomedical countermea- combat operations in Afghanistan and Iraq. Kendall Hoyt, currently He also participated in diplomacy efforts an assistant professor at sure development. She teaches an undergradu- throughout Southwest Asia, Europe, and Dartmouth Medical ate class at Dartmouth on technology and Africa. School, is an expert in biosecurity, exploring the dual role that tech- Sestak directed the Navy Quadrennial bioterrorism and a frequently sought-after con- nology plays in both enhancing and destabiliz- ing security. Defense Review and, following the Sept. 11 sultant in the field. She became interested in Hoyt has consulted for the U.S. Depart- terrorist attacks, directed the Navy Operations bioterrorism in 1998 soon after completing the ment of Defense and the White House Office Group, where he helped redefine the Navy’s general exams for her Ph.D. While working in of Science and Technology Policy, and also has procedures to conduct the war on terrorism. Asia, Hoyt found herself riding in the back of a worked with several New England states on He served in the Clinton White House as Japanese bus, while reading about a terrorist director for defense policy on the National group, Aum Shinrikyo, that was actively inter- issues ranging from regional planning for eparing for an Security Council staff. ested in biological weapons. “It occurred to me medical emergencies to pr that this was a problem that was only going to influenza epidemic. Arab Strategy Forum Promotes Debate on Policy in Arab World G S

—by Rachel Wilson, program coordinator,The Dubai Initiative D

everal representatives of the Dubai Initia- establishing the DSG as the region’s leading Stive at the Belfer Center participated in institution of public policy and administration. the 4th annual Arab Strategy Forum (ASF), Ali Larijani, secretary general of the Iran- which took place in Dubai in December. The ian Supreme National Security Council, was Dubai School of Government (DSG) played a one of the featured speakers at the ASF, along key role in developing the format and content with the Egyptian Prime Minister Ahmed for the ASF, a center of Arab strategic thinking Nazif, the Prime Minister of Dubai Sheikh and the main launch pad for regional pro- Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum, and grams and initiatives. Assistant Director General of the Executive Office of Dubai Nabil Ali Alyousef. The focus of this year’s forum was “Creat- Strategically Speaking: Nabil Ali Alyousef, ing Opportunity from Change.” The Dubai assistant director general of the Executive Office Initiative is assisting the Dubai government in continued on page 8 of Dubai, speaks at the Arab Strategy Forum in Dubai in December. BCSIA News • 6 Program on Intrastate Conflict Links Human Trafficking/Illicit Trade —by Debbie West, program coordinator, Program on Intrastate Conflict

rafficking in humans will forever be Co-chaired by ICP Director Robert Rot- organs—and a third group tasked with com- “Tone of the most egregious violations berg and Kelly Greenhill, assistant professor bating illicit trade on the domestic and inter- of human rights. Dealing with it is a necessity, of government at Wesleyan University and national levels. not a luxury,” actress and UN Goodwill ICP/International Security Program fellow, the Ambassador Against Slavery Julia Ormond meeting was devoted to examining the issue of Trafficking in humans will said at the opening of a conference organized the trade in humans within the broader con- by the Belfer Center’s Program on Intrastate text of international criminal networks. The forever be one of the Conflict (ICP). “Human Trafficking and conference brought together scholars and prac- most egregious violations Migrant Smuggling: New Perspectives on an titioners who focus on the issues of the human of human rights. Old Problem” took place at the Kennedy trade, those who focus on illicit trade in differ- School in December. ent areas—including drugs, small arms, and —Julia Ormond

R The conference encouraged participants to E T

N think about better approaches to the problem E C of human trafficking, including the necessity of R E F

L improving data collection on trafficking (and E B the related crime of smuggling) in order to assess and combat them more accurately. Ormond noted that while “states have the right to protect their borders, . . . criminals and ter- rorists are linked for funding and operations” transnationally, so solutions must be global. Although trafficking is conventionally asso- ciated with prostitution, experts noted that it is most prevalent in agriculture and mining. Unlike other forms of illegal trade, people are often willing to pay traffickers to be smuggled into a new country in search of greater eco- nomic opportunity, but once there fall prey to debt bondage and slavery. The hope of escap- Stop the Trafficking: Belfer Center Program on Intrastate Conflict/International Security Program ing poverty is a thread common to illegal Fellow Kelly Greenhill (left), co-chair of the program’s conference on Human Trafficking and Migrant trade. Participants agreed that focusing on pre- Smuggling in December, listens to points made by Andrea Rossi (right), advisor on child trafficking vention and educating potential victims against and migration for the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). Simone Monasebian (center), chief misleading hopes is an important step to of the New York office of the UN Office of Drugs and Crime (UNODC),joined in the discussion. reduction of trafficking.

Center Advances Intelligence Engaging India (continued from page 1) (continued from page 1) Six of those cases are analyzed in depth in a get something on the non-nuclear front. Pow- clean coal technology projects to generate elec- book just published by Ernest May and 9/11 erful arguments can be made that strategic tricity. The second most populous country in Commission Executive Director Philip partnership with India will prove to be in the the world, India has extensive coal reserves, Zelikow—Dealing with Dictators: Dilemmas of deep and long-term U.S. security interest.” but no significant oil or natural gas resources. U.S. Diplomacy and Intelligence Analysis, However, Carter said, “. . . the United States In January, Carter, Dormandy, and Univer- 1945–1990. The chapters, note the publisher, gave its big quid of nuclear recognition up sity Distinguished Service Professor and Cen- “seek to deepen our understanding of how front, but what it stands to get in return from ter Board of Directors member Joseph Nye uncertainty permeated the [decision-making] partnership with India lies further out in the traveled to India for the U.S.-India Aspen process and whether decision-makers and their uncertain future.” Strategy Group meeting. With their Indian aides asked the right questions.” May and During the fall semester, the dialogue on counterparts and senior Indian officials, they Zelikow are among the officials and experts India continued with Jaswant Singh, former explored additional ways to raise the relation- who have joined Center scholars recently to Indian finance minister, minister of foreign ship to the next level. brainstorm and debate intelligence issues. Oth- affairs, and current leader of the opposition, Concluding the India focus this past ers include Director of National Intelligence who joined the Belfer Center as a senior fel- semester was a reception and forum with John Negroponte, State Department Coordi- low. India’s Minister of State in the Prime India’s Foreign Minister Pranab Mukherjee. nator for Counterterrorism Henry Minister’s Office Prithviraj Chavan also vis- Looking forward, the Kennedy School just Crumpton, Undersecretary of State for Politi- ited the Center and discussed with Harvard launched an annual India Executive Program, cal Affairs Nick Burns, and Assistant Secretary scholars ways in which the U.S. and India with the first taking place in January. The of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs might collaborate to promote peace in South Belfer Center will continue focusing on India Chris Hill. Belfer Center Lecturer Elaine Asia as well as a healthy economy and environ- and is exploring the possibility of launching an Kamarck, who consults, teaches, and writes ment in India. India program. on reform and innovation in intelligence, also The Center’s Energy Technology Innova- provided valuable insight into intelligence tion Program (ETIP) has been working since practices and needs. 2000 with the India Energy Group to advance

BCSIA News • 7 R E T N E C R E

F Kevin Ryan L E B Q&A Brigadier General (ret.) Kevin Ryan is a senior fellow at the Belfer Center. A career military officer, he has extensive leadership experience in air and missile defense, intelligence, and political-military policy areas. He has served as chief of staff for the Army’s Space and Missile Defense Command and as senior regional Director for Slavic States in the Office of Secretary of Defense and as Defense Attaché to Russia. In his last active duty assignment, Ryan was responsible for Army Strategic War Plans, Policy, and International Affairs.

What prompted you to come to the By actively recruiting in QBelfer Center? foreign countries, we can After a brief interview in June 2005 with Gra- select the best people, suited ham Allison in my Pentagon office, I had for the specific needs gone back to work and prepared for a retire- ment that I knew was coming later that year. I of our military. was at a friend’s house on the 4th of July when What do you believe the U.S. should I got a call from Graham. He offered me the do in Iraq? Q With changing defense and intelli- job of senior fellow, and I accepted. What I I think that the U.S. must be prepared to be in Qgence needs in the world today, is the admire about the people and work done at Iraq with military forces for several more years. military doing all that is necessary to adapt? Belfer is that it’s not enough to have a good I believe we need to retain our military in Iraq idea or make a good point. The Center con- The military services are adapting at a furious because the only leverage we have in the region siders something successful only when an idea pace, but it’s not clear yet whether we’re always is “hard power” and we cannot afford to aban- is turned into policy and is being imple- making the correct changes in the right priori- don our only tool. We have problems in sus- mented: deeds over words. That appeals to a ties. The Air Force and Navy are cutting up to taining a military presence in Iraq, the most military guy. 40,000 people each from their services in order critical problem being that our Army and to have funds to modernize their aircraft and Marine Corps are unable to sustain the current ships. The Army and Marine Corps are grow- deployment rates for much longer. We must Arab Strategy Forum ing by 30,000 and 20,000 respectively while decrease our combat brigades from the 15 (continued from page 6) also attempting to modernize their equipment. there now to about seven to 10 over the next All this happens while we fight two wars. But, The Dubai Initiative’s Graham Allison, 12 months to give the U.S. the flexibility to we don’t really know if those are the transfor- Juliette Kayyem, Ginger Dagli, and Vali stay in Iraq for a long period of time, if neces- mational changes we need. What our nation Nasr, and Gowher Rizvi of the Ash Institute sary. So, while I am for decreasing the number needs is a thoughtful and comprehensive dis- took part in the ASF. Allison presented “Can of troops in Iraq, it is because I think we need cussion, with input from defense, academic, the Region Live with a Nuclear Threat,” and to be there for a long time: time enough for intelligence, economic, and diplomatic circles, Dubai Initiative Senior Fellow Vali Nasr pre- our government to create and deploy those of the threats we face in the next few decades sented “Shifting Sands: The Changing “soft power” tools that we need to achieve true and the kind of military we need. Until we Alliances in the Arab World” and “The Rise of stability and success. have that discussion, we will continue to tinker Sectarian Tensions in the Middle East.” with a largely conventional force in the hope that “we not get it too wrong.” While I am for decreasing the Our alliance with ASF is part of number of troops in Iraq, it is What motivated your interest in Rus- our commitment to promote sia and what insights did your mili- because I think we need to be Q analytical debate on public there for a long time. tary experience give you regarding the U.S.-Russian relationship? policy in the Arab world. When I entered West Point in 1972, I had to —Tarik Yousef You suggested in a July 2006 oped choose a language to study. I chose Russian that our armed forces should consider Q because our main adversary at the time was the recruiting immigrants. Aside from more Members of DSG, including Dean Tarik Soviet Union. The Army later called me to troops, how would this benefit the U.S. Yousef, Executive Dean Yasar Jarrar, and teach Russian at the academy and to serve in Army? Research Fellow May al-Dabbagh, moderated Moscow twice. Such assignments, together panels at the Forum. “Our alliance with ASF,” Immigrants bring with them many benefits with several years of training and education in Yousef said, “is part of our commitment to and capabilities that give our country an both military and civilian institutions, pro- facilitate the exchange of ideas and promote advantage over others and our military over vided me with opportunities over the last 30 analytical debate on public policy in the Arab other militaries. They bring an understanding years to meet and work with many Russians. world.” The Dubai Initiative is assisting DSG of their region and culture. They bring lan- Probably the most important lesson I learned to establish an institution for research and edu- guage capability and area expertise that is is one that many people already know intu- cation in the Middle East to prepare the next native quality, without years of training and itively: we’re a lot more alike than we are dif- generation of leaders. education invested on our part. By actively ferent. But be careful of people like me who For additional information on the Dubai recruiting in foreign countries we can select claim special insight into Russia. My favorite Initiative, see bcsia.ksg.harvard.edu the best people, suited for the specific needs of saying comes from an American icon in inter- /?program=DI. our military, in terms of language and region, national affairs, Averill Harriman. “There are and vet them before they come to America. two great lies that everyone who works with Immigrants are not mercenaries or liabilities. the Russians tells. The first is, ‘I understand They are patriots, in many cases even before the Russians.’ The second is, ‘Vodka doesn’t BCSIA News • 8 they enjoy the rights of full citizenship. affect me.’” ProvidingBELFER Leadership . . . Advancing SPEAKERS Policy R R R E E E T T T N N N E E E C C C R R R E E E F F F L L L E E E B B B

Religious Realities: Walter Russell Mead, senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, presents Defending Down Under: Australian “Religion and American Foreign Policy” at a Minister for Defense Brendan Nelson directors’ seminar in November. Mead is one of the presents “Challenges for America” at a Through Others’ Eyes: Ole Holsti, professor of country’s leading scholars of U.S. foreign policy and directors’ seminar in December. As political science at Duke University, presents “To See director of a high-level study group on religion and minister for education, science, and Ourselves as Others See Us: How the Public Abroad foreign policy with the Pew Foundation on Religion training (2001–2006), he implemented a Views the United States,” at a directors’ seminar in and Public Life. Next to Mead is Maxine Isaacs, wide-range of key reforms. Previous to his November. Holsti is a distinguished author whose adjunct lecturer in public policy. cabinet appointment, he served as books include Crisis, Escalation,War: Content Analysis for parliamentary secretary to the minister the Social Sciences and Humanities. Also pictured are for defense. Center Research Associate Micah Zenko (center)

and Kennedy School Adjunct Professor of Public R E

Policy Richard Rosecrance. T N E C R E H F C L E N B Y L N A

S Preventing Attacks: Erik U

S Dahl, International Security Program (ISP) fellow and former intelligence officer in the U.S. Navy, fields a question on “Intelligence Warning and Policy Response” during his ISP seminar in November. Policy in Practice: Former Vice President Walter Mondale (2nd from right) at the Belfer Center with (left to right) Tad Oelstrom, director of the Kennedy School’s National Security Program, Monica

R Duffy Toft, associate professor of public policy and Center Board E

T member, and Kennedy School Dean David Ellwood. Mondale was at N E

C the School in November to speak to a public policy class. R E F L E R B E T N E C R E F L E B

As China Sees It: Ming Yuan (left), director of International Relations and India Writ Large: Thomas Pickering (right), former under- American Studies at Peking University, presents “China as a Responsible secretary of state for political affairs and ambassador to International Stakeholder:The Chinese Perspective” at a directors’ seminar in India, discusses “What and Why We Should Know All About November. She listens to a question by Jeanne Guillemin (right), senior fellow India” at a directors’ seminar in December. Next to him is in the MIT Security Studies Program. Belfer Center Director Graham Allison is Center Founder and Director Emeritus Paul Doty. on the right.

9 • BCSIA News R E T N E C R E F L E SPEAKERSncing Policy-Relevant Knowledge B R R E E T T N N E E C C R R E E F F L L E E B B

Unseen Power: Anita Mehta, a statistical physicist and a fellow at the Radcliffe Institute, speaks on “The Invisible Scientist in Emergent Countries,” regarding problems emergent countries face in realizing their scientific and technological Even Exchange: Shai Feldman, director of the Crown potential. She spoke at a seminar in Center at Brandeis University and member of the Center’s January co-sponsored by the Science, Board of Directors (left), makes a point during a Center Technology, and Public Policy program debate with Khalil Shikaki, director of the Palestinian and the Kennedy School’s Women and Center for Policy and Survey Research in November on Public Policy Program. Environmental Impact: Shiqiu Zhang, professor “The Current State of Palestinian-Israeli Interactions.” of environmental science at Peking University, speaks on “Poverty Alleviation and the R

Nuclear News: Ambassador E

Environment of China” at an Energy Technology T N Innovation Project (ETIP) seminar in November. Choi Young-jin, permanent E representative of the Republic of C R

Zhang’s research interests include environmental E F

Korea to the United Nations, L

and resource economics and policy. E speaks on “The North Korean B Nuclear Question” at the Center in late October.The seminar was co-sponsored by the Belfer R

E Center’s Managing the Atom T

N project and the Korea Economic E C Institute. R E F L E B

Added Presence: Tally Zingher, Dubai Initiative fellow and recent KSG/Harvard Law School graduate, presents her research on “The Current Strategy for Harnessing the Foreign Presence in Dubai for Dubai’s Long Term Development.” The December event was part of the Center’s R E

Dubai Initiative seminar series. T N E C R E F L R E E B T N E C R E F L E B

Ideas Served Up: A Belfer Center event in November celebrated Center authors’ newest publications. Center Executive Director for Research Xenia Dormandy (left) hosted the event, attended by authors/editors (left to right) David Cash (Global Environmental Assessments: Information and Influence, edited by Ronald B. Mitchell, William C. Clark, David Cash, and Nancy M. Dickson); Matthew Bunn and Anthony Wier Tough Task: Ambassador Christopher Hill (right), assistant secretary of (Securing the Bomb 2006); Lewis Branscomb (Seeds of Disaster, Roots of state for East Asian and Pacific Affairs, presents “U.S. Foreign Policy in East Response: How Private Action Can Reduce Public Vulnerability, edited by Philip Asia” at a directors’ seminar in December. As head of the U.S. delegation to Auerswald, Lewis M. Branscomb, Todd M. LaPorte, and Erwann the Six-Party Talks on the North Korean nuclear issue, he has played a Michel-Kerjan); and Kelly Sims Gallagher (China Shifts Gears: leading role in trying to resolve the nuclear crisis. Also pictured are Gene Automakers, Oil, Pollution,And Development). Karen Motley (right), Skolnikoff (far left), professor of political science emeritus at MIT, and executive editor, BCSIA Studies in International Security, organized the Antonia Chayes, visiting professor of international politics and law at the event. The Limits of Culture: Islam and Foreign Policy, edited by Brenda Fletcher School,Tufts University. Shaffer, was also recognized.

BCSIA News • 10 SPOTLIGHTBelfer Center Founders R E

T wash Conference launched grounds and points of view. N E

C in 1955 by Bertrand Rus- Carnesale recalled two of the lessons he R E

F sell and Albert Einstein learned in those early days. One was from L E

B to evaluate the nuclear George Kistiakowsky, a leading Harvard weapons threat, Doty chemistry professor and chief science advisor determined that one way to President Eisenhower, who said to him, he could help prevent the “You’re a young man, but even you will fall use of nuclear weapons asleep sometimes during meetings in Washing- was by working with ton. . . . When you wake up, don’t say ‘What?’ Soviet scientists outside Ask ‘Why?’” The second lesson was from official channels. During Doty, “who went beyond the adage that if the following years, he something is worth doing, it’s worth doing worked in and out of offi- well. He made clear that if something is cial channels on numerous important, it’s worth failing at.” arms control measures, his Visionaries: Founder and Director Emeritus of the Belfer Center Paul work leading eventually to Doty (left) at the Center’s “Tales of the Founders” event in December, the creation of the Anti- Tackle the tough problems. with founding colleagues (left to right) Dorothy Zinberg, former Ballistic Missile Treaty of director of seminars and special projects and current lecturer in public If it’s important, it’s 1972. policy at the Kennedy School, Michael Nacht, former assistant director worth failing at. and current dean of the Goldman School of Public Policy at University of In 1973, Doty began California, Berkeley, and Albert Carnesale, former associate director the Program for Science —Paul Doty and current Lucius N. Littauer Professor of Public Policy and and International Affairs Administration at KSG. within the Faculty of Arts Nacht provided a number of anecdotes. and Sciences. Its original One recollection was the day Doty and Zin- n December, the Belfer Center celebrated goal, which continues as a major objective berg called him in to look at floor plans for Ifour of its founders and learned more about today, was to revive serious analysis of nuclear new offices. Doty had noticed there was not a the origins of the Center from their “tales” dangers and arms control. In 1978, Doty coat closet in his office plans, and when Nacht about its roots. Paul Doty, the Center’s secured a major grant from the Ford Founda- pointed out that a coat hook would save space founder and first director, currently director tion making possible the establishment of the and money, Doty said, “When Averell Harri- emeritus of the Center, was joined by: Albert Center for Science and International Affairs man walks into my office and hands me his Carnesale, former associate director, now (CSIA) as the first permanent research center Brooks Brothers chesterfield coat, I’m not Lucius N. Littauer Professor of Public Policy at the new John F. Kennedy School of Govern- going to hang it on a coat peg!” Doty said ear- and Administration, emeritus and Center ment. Harvard’s President at the time, Derek lier that Harriman “reflected the kind of tone board member; Michael Nacht, former assis- Bok, deserves credit for meeting the matching we wanted to create” at the Center. tant director and currently dean of the Gold- funds that the Ford Foundation required, and Nacht recalled the three principles that man School of Public Policy at UC Berkeley; for relocating to the Kennedy School. The governed the early Center: and Dorothy Zinberg, former director of sem- Center became the Belfer Center in 1997. • inars and special projects, now lecturer in pub- Zinberg, a biochemist with the Center for Have focus and direction, but be flexible. • lic policy at the Kennedy School. Their 50 years, pointed out that she was recruited If you do something, do it right. • fact-packed, often humorous tales emphasized when Harvey Brooks became the first director Tackle challenges and tough problems. the commitment, spirit, and spunk that made of the Science, Technology, and Public Policy I had a “wonderful time,” Nacht said. “It the Center what it is today. Program. Zinberg, who served on a number of was a labor of love.” government and university committees looking

at the role of scientists—particularly women in G R E

Paul Doty’s work on the science—recalled one of her early research pro- B N I Manhattan Project planted the jects at the Center was examining policymak- Z Y H

ing around nuclear and energy issues. She kept T

seed that later grew into the O

a journal of the Center and was struck by the R O Belfer Center. impact of those who passed through. D “Seeing the names of so many of our for- Founder Paul Doty took participants back mer students and fellows on important docu- to the deep roots of the Center. It was 1941 ments attests to the great success in starting and he was a first year graduate student in this Center,” Zinberg said. chemistry at Columbia University when he was Carnesale read from a copy of Doty’s called in to do some early experiments for the request to McGeorge Bundy of the Ford Movers and Shakers: Center for Science and Manhattan Project. In the coming months, he Foundation in 1973 for funds to establish the Program for Science and International Affairs International Affairs colleagues gather in front of would meet and work with Enrico Fermi, the Kennedy School in 1984. Pictured left to Isadore Rabi, Harold Urey, and Edward (later to become the Center for Science and right: Joseph Nye (then director of CSIA), Teller. “That planted the seed,” Doty said. International Affairs). The letter, Carnesale Albert Carnesale (then academic dean of the As Doty’s biochemistry/molecular biology pointed out, stressed characteristics that make School), Dorothy Zinberg (CSIA special career blossomed during the next decades, his the Center unique today, such as its multi-dis- projects director), McGeorge Bundy and commitment to preventing nuclear war also ciplinary nature and the importance of diverse Richard Garwin, then members of the CSIA advisory committee. grew. Through his involvement with the Pug- fellows and speakers with different back- BCSIA News • 11 International Security • EnvironmentNEWSMAKERS and Natural Resources • Science, Technology, and Public Policy • Intrastate Conflict Ian Bowles, research fel- low with the Belfer Cen- “NO AMERICAN MILITARY COMMAN- “THE STRATEGY CHAMPIONED ter’s Environment and DER IMAGINES THAT U.S. FORCES THREE BIG IDEAS—offensive action, Natural Resources Pro- CAN WIN the battle of Baghdad by them- regime change and preventive war—that put gram and Science, Tech- selves. . . . Three months or six months on, the United States on the road to Baghdad and nology, and Public Policy Program in President Bush will find himself in another cri- a fourth, democratization that increased Wash- 2002–2003, has been appointed secre- sis where failure of Iraqis to do their part in ington’s ambitions once it was there. Nearly tary of the environment by Massachu- rescuing themselves will leave Americans even four painful years later, many of the hopes that deeper in the hole he finds us today.” accompanied the preventive attack on Iraq setts Governor Deval Patrick. Bowles have been dashed. Washington now lives with served in the Clinton Administration as —Graham Allison, “Will Iraq’s Army Show Up?” Boston Globe (17 January 2007) fresh reminders that even a supreme power is associate director of the White House not omnipotent and cannot readily bend oth- Council on Environmental Quality and “WHETHER THE SECTARIAN VIO- ers to its will.” as senior director of the Global Envi- LENCE IS A CIVIL WAR OR NOT, no —Steven Miller, “The Iraq Experiment and ronmental Affairs directorate at the solace will be gained for a nation suffering U.S. National Security,” Survival (Winter National Security Council. under an entirely different form of hatred—not 2006) from one man, but from their own people.” Debra Decker, research —Juliette Kayyem, “No Closure in Iraq,” “PERHAPS ROBERT GATES CAN associate with the Belfer Boston Globe (7 November 2006) IMPRESS UPON PRESIDENT BUSH, Center’s International much as George Marshall did upon President “THE STABILITY AND PROSPERITY OF Harry Truman, the need to declare a non Security Program, has A POST-CIVIL-WAR STATE depends in occupation doctrine that heralds a renewed been named a member of large measure on how the war ends. The fight- support for free peoples everywhere living the International Institute of Strategic ing can stop in a variety of ways—by military under foreign occupation.” Studies. Decker’s work at the Center victory or negotiated settlement. Historically —Micah Zenko, “Let’s Get Everybody’s focuses on the best steps toward nuclear speaking, military victories have been the most Troops Out of Everywhere,” Boston Globe (24 nonproliferation. common and have most often led to lasting December 2006) resolutions.” Helen Fein, research asso- —Monica Toft, “Iraq is Gone Now What?” “THE FAILURE OF LAW ENFORCE- ciate with the Belfer Cen- The Washington Post (13 November 2006) MENT, coupled with the chronic lack of ter’s International Security imagination on the part of Islamabad, Program and executive “FAR FROM STEMMING THE VIO- ensured a long life for the organization. LENCE, federalism will likely have the oppo- director of the Institute Today, TNSM (Movement for the Enforce- site effect—at least in the short run—and may ment of Islamic Laws) is a potent force of for the Study of Genocide, will receive even lead to the civil war that it is meant to extremism in Pakistan.” the 2007 Outstanding Achievement avert.” —Hassan Abbas, “The Black-Turbaned Award, given annually by the Armenian —Vali Nasr, “The Problem is Still the Insur- Brigade: The Rise of TNSM in Pakistan,” American Studies on Stress and Geno- gency,” The Washington Post (21 November Global Terrorism Analysis (30 November 2006) cide at Fordham University. 2006) “AS HAS HAPPENED IN AFGHANISTAN, Niall Ferguson’s book “THE CALAMITY FOLLOWING A 2008 the overthrow of an Islamist government will The War of the World: WITHDRAWAL would be worse than the be followed not by a new order but by the old Twentieth-Century Con- chaos after a 2012 departure. But how can disorder. . . . But the more U.S. foreign policy flict and the Descent of the we have strong confidence in such a predic- promotes anarchy instead of order, the stronger tion—which assumes that more time means West was named one of the Islamists’ appeal will be. And the darker progress—when the United States and Iraq the shade of mischief that will ensue.” the New York Times’ “100 Notable have produced so little in the way of progress Books of the Year.” A Penguin Press —Niall Ferguson, “Promoting Disorder in thus far?” Somalia,” Los Angeles Times (8 January 2007) book, The War of the World is a —Richard Clarke, “Iraq: What Next?” The panoramic moral analysis of an age of New Republic (27 November 2006) “NO SOMALI GOVERNMENT CAN military-industrial slaughter. UNDERTAKE ALONE the huge tasks that “THE 2007 DEFENSE BUDGET pays for are demanded, even with outside financial “THE SHIITE-DOMINATED GOV- only 512,000 active-duty soldiers. The Army assistance. Only a credible, external body can ERNMENT is clearly hedging its bets. If needs a minimum of 575,000 to man the do so; the UN, under its new “responsibility to the country descends into full-scale civil brigades our defense strategy requires. America protect” mandate, should assume this major war, it obviously does not want to be left must bring its military capabilities back in bal- responsibility.” defenseless. Many Shiite politicians see the ance with its strategic demands.” —Robert Rotberg, “How a French-led Force Shiite militias as their protectors against a —Kevin Ryan, “Stretched Too Thin,” The Could Salvage Somalia,” Financial Times (12 resurgent Sunni Washington Post (18 December 2007) January 2007) population . . . ” —Greg Aftandilian, “Numbers Game Inconsequential,” Orlando Sentinel (15 January 2007)

12 • BCSIA News MAKERS• Science, Technology, and Public Policy • Intrastate Conflict Dale Jorgenson, director of the Program on Tech- “FAR MORE THAN AN OPPORTUNE “MOST MOTHERS TELL THEIR CHIL- TIME FOR RENEWED DIPLOMACY, we DREN that ‘actions speak louder than words.’ nology and Economic may be witnessing the death pangs of the Mid- Either Barbara Bush didn’t tell her son the Policy at the Center, has dle East “peace process,” with significant rami- president that, or he forgot. The result? Some- been named to a new fications for US policy in the region and even time in the past two years voters stopped trust- “Innovation” advisory committee by globally. ing their president.” Secretary of Commerce Carlos Gutier- —Chuck Freilich, “Death of the Middle East —Elaine Kamarck, “Democrats Have Two rez. Jorgenson has conducted ground- Peace Process,” Boston Globe (1 December Years to Show Americans They Mean Business breaking research on information 2006) on War, Health and Reform,” Newsday (12 technology and economic growth, November 2006) “NORTH KOREA’S NUCLEAR TEST is energy and the environment, tax policy not the end of the nonproliferation regime if “‘IF THE ADMINISTRATION WAS and investment behavior, and applied we develop such a strategy. The resumption of FORCED TO PULL IN ITS HORNS A econometrics. the six-party talks is a first small step. For those BIT, you may get a positive change in our for- who believe that the horse is out of the barn, eign policy image, which would help in Calestous Juma, director the answer is that it matters how many horses Europe,’ Walt said. ‘I used to say you could of the Science, Technol- are out and how fast they are running. This improve that image a lot by just taking away ogy, and Globalization race is far from over.” Donald Rumsfeld’s passport.’” Project and member of the —Joseph Nye, “Nonproliferation After North —Stephen Walt (quoted in article), “A First in Belfer Center’s Board of Korea,” Washington Post (5 November 2006) Pelosi: It Will Now Be Madam Speaker,” International Herald Tribune (9 November Directors, has been named a member of “EVERY COUNTRY THAT HAS AN 2006) the Grand Challenges for Engineering INTEREST IN ARMS CONTROL is pri- project committee. The National Acad- marily interested in limiting the military capa- “CLIMATE DISRUPTIONS are making emy of Engineering (NAE) created the bilities of potential adversaries. They are southern Africa an increasingly water-stressed committee to develop a list of the chal- prepared to pay the price of limiting their own region, and recent projections estimate a arms if the bargain appears to be in their inter- reduction in river flow in the Nile region, lenges and opportunities for engineering est. Often all of the parties can further their interrupting normal irrigation and other eco- facing those born “at the dawn of this interest through an arms control agreement.” nomic activities. These scenarios are a harbin- new century.” —Albert Carnesale, “Nuclear Security in the ger of water-related anxieties that could lead to 21st Century: Nuclear Hot Spots, Iran and conflicts.” Juliette Kayyem, lecturer North Korea,” U.S. Department of State web- —Calestous Juma, “Let’s Declare a State of and former executive site (6 November 2006) Ecological Emergency,” Daily Nation (10 director for research at the November 2006) “THE ADMINISTRATION MUST ACT to Belfer Center, has been ensure that securing nuclear stockpiles and “THE TIGHTENING GLOBAL OIL MAR- named undersecretary of removing them from vulnerable sites is at the KETS, driven by the United States’ enormous homeland security for the Common- top of the national security agenda—an item appetite and China’s growing demand, are wealth of Massachusetts. (See Kayyem, to be discussed with every country that has likely to pose continuing problems for India- p. 3.) stockpiles to secure or resources to help and at our oil consumption and imports saw an every level and every opportunity until the job annual growth of over 5 per cent and 9 per Joe Sestak, Kennedy is done.” cent, respectively, between 1990 and 2002.” School alum (MPA ’80; —Matthew Bunn and Anthony Wier, —Ambuj Sagar, “Will India Suffer from an PhD ’84) and former “Bombs that Won’t Go Off,” The Washington Energy Crunch?” India Today (7 December KSG teaching assistant, Post (19 November 2006) 2006) has been elected to Con- “MAKING AN EXCEPTION FOR INDIA “‘WILL THERE BE THE POLITICAL gress, representing Pennsylvania’s 7th might suggest to states that stand outside the LEADERSHIP to take this on?’ asked Lee, District. Sestak served in the Navy for NPT regime, such as nuclear-armed Pakistan who has advised Congress. ‘You have two-year nearly 31 years before leaving to run for and Israel, or, worse, to North Korea and Iran campaigns’ for the House, Lee said, ‘ideologi- Congress. (See profile, p. 6.) that forgiveness comes to those who wait and cal polarization, large budget deficits, an can weather a few decades of isolation.” unwillingness to take risks. That leads to the inability to reach decisions.’” —Ashton Carter, “How Washington Learned “THE EARTH IS NOW WARMING to Stop Worrying and Love India’s Bomb,” —Henry Lee (quoted in article), “Climate RAPIDLY compared to what is expected Foreign Affairs (10 January 2007) Fight Goes National,” San Jose Mercury News from the long record of natural climatic (11 December 2006) changes. The main causes of this excep- tional warming are human activities—the combustion of fossil fuels and tropical deforestation.” Compiled by Beth Maclin and Laura Bieging, interns, Communications Office. —John Holdren “Letter to the Editor,” Boston Globe (29 December 2006)

BCSIA News • 13 Negotiating Change:The New Politics of the Middle East HOT OFF Library of Modern Middle East Studies By Jeremy Jones I.B.Tauris As the U.S. demand for THE PRESSES Western-style democracy in the Middle East grows Building a New Afghanistan Dealing with Dictators: Dilemmas of U.S. ever more strained, Jeremy Jones travels Edited by Robert I. Rotberg Diplomacy and Intelligence Analysis, 1945–1990 through the region evalu- Brookings Institution Press and the World Peace ating the prospects for Foundation BCSIA Studies in International Security change. He engages with In the wake of the Taliban Edited by Ernest R. May and Philip D. diverse political cultures, nightmare, Afghanistan Zelikow from traditional assem- must tackle serious prob- The MIT Press blies in the Persian Gulf, lems before it can emerge The United States contin- to sophisticated multiconfessional politics in the as a confident, indepen- ues to proclaim its sup- Levant. He finds momentum toward democratic dent nation. Security in port for democracy and reform, but concludes that to be successful and this battered state contin- its opposition to tyranny, durable, it must be pursued through local politi- ues to deteriorate. Effec- but American presidents cal cultures, not in spite of them.With a new tive state building will often have supported dic- perspective on a troubled region, his critique of depend upon eliminating tators who have allied U.S. policy argues that promoting a “one-size-fits- the national security crisis themselves with the all” democratic model has been misguided, and and enhancing the rule of law.This book offers a United States. ultimately counter-productive. blueprint for moving the embattled nation Dealing with Dictators toward greater democracy and prosperity. offers in-depth analysis of I have not read a better Building a New Afghanistan shows what the coun- six cases: the United States and China, introduction to the complexities try’s leadership and the international community 1945–1948; UN intervention in the Congo, of Middle East politics . . . should do to resolve dangerous issues and bol- 1960–1965; the overthrow of the Shah of Iran; —Edward Walker, Middle East Institute ster a still fragile state. U.S. relations with the Somoza regime in Nicaragua; the fall of Marcos in the Philippines; “Jeremy Jones has written the book The Minimum Means of Reprisal: China’s and U.S. policy toward Iraq, 1988–1990. that Secretary of State Condoleezza Search for Security in the Nuclear Age Rice and every member of our Con- American Academy Studies in Global Security The chapters do not focus on whether gress should read and probably never By Jeffrey Lewis U.S. leaders made the “right” or will. Jones has challenged the precon- The MIT Press “wrong” decisions . . . ceptions of the political elite of Amer- Among the five nations ica on what should constitute The chapters do not focus on whether U.S. authorized under the democracy in the Middle East and how leaders made the “right” or “wrong” decisions, Nuclear Nonproliferation best to attain it. . . . I have not read a but instead seek to deepen our understanding of Treaty to possess nuclear better introduction to the complexi- how uncertainty permeated the process and weapons, China has the ties of Middle East politics in places whether decision-makers and their aides asked smallest nuclear force and like Iran, Iraq and Lebanon in my 35 the right questions. maintains the most years of concentration on this region.” restrained nuclear pos- “Dealing with Dictators will be valuable —Edward Walker, President, Middle East ture. In The Minimum to readers interested in American for- Institute,Washington, D.C. Means of Reprisal, Jeffrey eign policy and the contributions intel- Lewis examines patterns ligence has made or failed to make in Datenschutzgesetz, 2nd edition in Chinese defense investments, strategic force given cases.The explanation of the By Viktor Mayer-Schönberger and Ernst deployments, and arms control behavior to varying perspectives of the intelli- Brandl develop an alternative assessment of China’s gence collector, analyst, and decision Linde nuclear forces. Lewis warns that changes in U.S. maker is a particularly important defense strategy will prevent the United States In 1995, members of the contribution. European Union agreed from reassuring China in the event that its lead- Today, we have the opportunity to ers begin to lose confidence in their restrained on a common legal frame- evaluate policy decisions with the ben- deterrent.The result may further damage the work for protection of efit of years of hindsight, but those already weakened arms control regime. personal data.This frame- depicted here had to advise and work, implemented in the “Jeffrey Lewis builds his analysis of decide with what information they member states, has signifi- the U.S.-China strategic relationship had, which was often conflicting and cantly changed the way on solid historical data. His theoreti- muddled.” personal data is acquired, cally grounded work is certain to —Bob Graham, U.S. Senator, 1987–2005, For- processed, and transferred spark debate and valuable discussion mer Chairman of the Senate Select Committee by the public and the pri- in the political science and policy on Intelligence, and author of Intelligence Matters vate sector.The European Court of Justice communities.“ recently published its first major ruling on the —Joan Johnson-Freese, Chair of the National European data privacy framework, widening its Security Decision Making Department, Naval War reach. Datenschutzgesetz is a treatise and collec- Compiled by Susan M. Lynch, program College, and author of Space as a Strategic Asset tion of the resulting Data Protection Law and assistant, ISP,and web manager, related regulations, and includes the “Safe Har- STPP bor” framework between the U.S. and European 14 • BCSIA News Union on data privacy issues. Tribute to Peggy Scannell R R E E T T eggy’s was For her outstanding service to the Kennedy N N “From the day I came to the Center, Peggy’s E E C C “Pthe steadiest School, Peggy received the Dean’s Award for cheery disposition was a consistent high spot for R R E E Excellence and for Lifetime Service. F F smile at the Center,” L L me. Peggy was willing to take the time to help E E B B says Belfer Center Friends and colleagues from the Belfer you in any way needed . . . but much more Director Graham Center and School gathered in December to important, to me at least, were her broader posi- Allison of Peggy remember Peggy. Following are just a few tive contributions to the overall environment at Scannell, who died in memories and thoughts: the Center.” November after a “I began working with Peg when I was Center —Ambuj Sagar courageous battle with director way back in the late 1980s. She was “Peggy committed her waking hours to serving lung cancer. “She rep- totally competent and dedicated, but also unfail- this institution . . . I was impressed by her work resented the best of ingly cheerful and positive. My oldest son was ethic, her straightforward, but always nurturing people and best of employees,” Allison said, born the year I became director, and it meant a approach, her competence and commitment.” “and we sorely miss her.” great deal to me that Peg took a lasting interest Peggy began her career at Harvard in 1956. —Gretchen Bartlett in my children. In fact, that was the topic of our She was a high school student when she “The thing I remember most about Peggy was last conversation. One of the institutions of our started working after school at Harvard’s her laugh. Also, she had a no-nonsense, dedicated, little Center is gone, and I miss her already.” Holyoke Center. After graduation, she went to hard working, good-humored, quietly-get-the-job- work at Harvard full time and—with a 10 year —Ashton Carter done approach that classed her among the truly break to raise a son and daughter—she “Peggy was wonderful! humble, real, kind, help- important to the Kennedy School achieving its remained at the university for 40 years. A whiz ful and delightfully paid no attention whatsoever mission.” with numbers, she worked in accounting at to the Harvard hierarchy . . . I cared about her —Paul Kane various schools within Harvard, gathering very much and miss her a lot.” “Peggy was truly one of a kind. She embodied friends and fans from throughout the univer- —Marie Besançon everything one strives to become. Smart, funny, sity along the way. “I met Peggy the summer of 1995 when I began kind, and generous. She is greatly missed.” For the last 17 years, Peggy worked at the interning at the Belfer Center . . . We became —Patricia Walsh Belfer Center, where she was a senior financial fast friends and lunch buddies, having lunch assistant. She worked closely with Center staff, together once a month or so until last year. Peggy Peggy Scannell is survived by her husband faculty, and fellows, and with many others was one person in my life whom I could talk to Bob, her children Noreen McDonough and within the School. Peggy’s smiling face was about anything, no matter the subject. She’d give Bill Scannell, and four grandchildren. always one of the first to greet Center new- it to me straight and I always appreciated that. The Belfer Center is creating an annual comers, and her friendly, patient manner She was there for many of my milestones: my award to be given in her name to an individual encouraged questions on many subjects. She marriage, my first teaching job, and to share in who makes a significant contribution to the earned tremendous respect and fond regards the joy of my daughters . . . ” Center. throughout the School. —Meara Zaheer

International Security is America’s leading journal of security affairs. It provides sophisticated analyses of contemporary security issues and discusses their conceptual and historical foundations. WINTER 2006/07 The journal is edited at the Belfer Center and published quarterly by the MIT Press. Questions may Vol. 31, No. 3 be directed to: [email protected] The Perils of Profiling: Civil War The Path to Intractability:Time and the IS Ranks First in Impact Spoilers and the Collapse of Entrenchment of Territorial Disputes International Security has ranked first in the Intrastate Peace Accords Ron E. Hassner 2005 Impact Factor rankings calculated by the Kelly M. Greenhill and Solomon Major “Where time entrenches disputes, gradualist dis- Institute for Scientific Information (ISI).The “The singular goal in every case should be pute resolution approaches must contend with Institute covers more than fifty of the world’s constructing a coalition of forces that can pun- the detrimental effects of time.When it comes most cited international relations journals, ish/defeat spoilers who try to use violence.” to territorial disputes, time is not on the peace- evaluating their impact and influence on the makers’ side.” global research community through quantifi- Warlordism in Comparative Perspective able data. A uniquely revealing feature, Impact Kimberly Marten When Good Fences Make Bad Neighbors: Factor evaluates a journal’s academic signifi- “U.S. policies designed to further the stability Fixed Borders, State Weakness, and Interna- cance relative to others in its field.Through of Somalia and Afghanistan by giving eco- tional Conflict statistical analysis, impact factor measures nomic and military support to both countries’ Boaz Atzili how often journal articles are cited in a given warlords have been misguided, because war- “Common sense might suggest that the norm of publication year.The 2005 impact factor mea- lords maintain their authority only by pre- fixed borders should increase the stability and sures the average number of 2005 citations venting the emergence of a functioning state.” security of states. I discuss how it can have the that referenced articles published in 2003 and opposite effect, particularly in regions that com- Governance without Government in 2004. International Security outranked 49 other prise mainly weak states.The norm is likely to Somalia: Spoilers, State Building, and the journals in this category, including Foreign perpetuate state weaknesses, and weak states Politics of Coping Affairs, the American Journal of International with fixed borders are often a source of interna- Ken Menkhaus Law,World Politics, and International Studies tional conflict.” “Mediated states are intrinsically messy, con- Quarterly. tradictory, illiberal, and constantly renegoti- International Security has the distinguished ated deals—not ideal choices for Compiled by Katie Bartel, editorial honor of having ranked first five times in the governments, but often the best of bad assistant, International Security last nine years, an achievement unmatched by options for weak states.” any other journal. BCSIA News • 15 Nonprofit Org. U. S. Postage PAID Nashua, NH Permit No. 375 The Robert and Renée Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs Graham Allison, Director 79 John F. Kennedy Street Cambridge, MA 02138 Tel: 617-495-1400 • Fax: 617-495-8963 www.belfercenter.org E-Mail: [email protected] Belfer Center Newsletter Editor: Sharon Wilke, Associate Director of Communications E-Mail: [email protected] Sasha Talcott, Director of Communications and Outreach E-Mail: [email protected] Katie Bartel, Laura Bieging, Melanie Getreuer, Evelyn Hsieh, Susan Lynch, Beth Maclin, Steven Miller, Sam Belfer Center Mission:To provide leadership in advancing policy-relevant knowledge Milton, Rachel Wilson, and Debbie West assisted the about the most important challenges of international security and other critical issues communications staff with this publication. where science, technology, environmental policy, and international affairs intersect.

Visit our website at www.belfercenter.org to learn more about the Belfer Center. BELFER IN BRIEF The Belfer Center wel- Pieces: The Inadvertent Effects of Democracy Conference of the African Ministerial Council comes ISP Fellow Björn on Terrorist Group Proliferation;” and Stephen on Science and Technology in Cairo, Egypt in Fägersten, recently arrived Watts, “Constructing Order amid Violence: November. The report, Freedom to Innovate, from Sweden where he is a Comparative Military Interventions in the Era was commissioned by the African Union (AU) Ph.D. candidate in politi- of Peacekeeping and Counter-Insurgency.” and the New Partnership for Africa’s Develop- cal science at Lund Uni- ment (NEPAD). University Distinguished Service Professor versity. At the Belfer Joseph Nye chaired a high level terrorism con- Alan Kuperman (ISP/ICP 2000–2001) is cur- Center, he will compare ference of U.S. and British officials and politi- rently assistant professor of public affairs at the U.S. and EU approaches to homeland security cians at Ditchley Park, London in December. Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs at and the organization of intelligence. the University of Texas, Austin. He recently Senior Fellow Ben W. Heineman, Jr. presented The Center also welcomes Goodman UN Fel- co-edited Gambling on Humanitarian Interven- “Law and Leadership” at Yale Law School in low Sally Fegan-Wyles. Fegan-Wyles, who will tion: Moral Hazard, Rebellion and Civil War November, arguing for “general professional be a joint fellow with the School’s Carr Center, (Routledge, 2006) with ISP Research Associate education” that breaks down the barriers is director of the United Nations Development Timothy Crawford. between business, law, and public policy schools Group Office. She will research international and makes it easier for students to take inte- Managing the Atom (MTA) Director Jeffrey coherence in post-crisis recovery while at the grated courses and earn integrated joint degrees. Lewis, MTA Research Associate Anthony Belfer Center. Wier, and Research Fellow Erica Chenoweth, John Holdren, director of What makes a Thomas Edison or a Ted took part in a November conference in Wash- the Center’s Science, Tech- Turner and how can public policy facilitate ington, D.C. on the intersection between nology, and Public Policy such entrepreneurship? As co-chairs of the nuclear weapons, failed states, and terrorism. program and president of sixth Rueschlikon Conference on Information the American Association International Security Program Senior Fellow Policy, the Belfer Center’s Lewis Branscomb, for the Advancement of Richard Rosecrance has been appointed professor emeritus of public policy and corpo- Science (AAAS), hosted adjunct pro-fessor of public policy at the rate management and member of the Belfer February’s AAAS annual Kennedy School. Rosecrance will spend May at Center board, and Viktor Mayer-Schön- meeting in San Francisco and moderated a Nuffield Col-lege, Oxford, with a Fulbright berger, associate professor of public policy, led “Climate-Change Town Hall” event. Holdren’s grant. discussions of these questions at a gathering video on climate change can be found at last summer of 30 international decision mak- Denise Garcia (ISP/ICP Fellow 2003–2006) http://www.aaas.org/news/press_room ers and experts in business, government, and has been named assistant professor of political /climate_change/. academia. The report can be found at science at Northeastern University and is affili- http://www.rueschlikon-conference.org. Calestous Juma, director of the Science, Tech- ated with the Harvard School of Public Health. nology, and Globalization Project, presented She recently published Small Arms and Secu- Two Center fellows successfully defended their the report of the High-Level African Panel on rity: New Emerging International Norms dissertations: Erica Chenoweth, “Democratic Modern Biotechnology to the Extraordinary (Routledge, 2006). 16 • BCSIA News