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Welfare in the Canadian Equine Industry: Understanding Perceptions and Pilot Testing of an On-Farm Assessment Tool

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Welfare in the Canadian Equine Industry: Understanding Perceptions and Pilot Testing of an On-Farm Assessment Tool WELFARE IN THE CANADIAN EQUINE INDUSTRY: UNDERSTANDING PERCEPTIONS AND PILOT TESTING OF AN ON-FARM ASSESSMENT TOOL by Cordelie DuBois A Thesis presented to The University of Guelph In partial fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Doctorate of Philosophy in Animal Biosciences Guelph, Ontario, Canada © Cordelie DuBois, November, 2017 ABSTRACT WELFARE IN THE CANADIAN EQUINE INDUSTRY: UNDERSTANDING PERCEPTIONS AND PILOT TESTING AN ON- FARM ASSESSMENT TOOL Cordelie DuBois Advisor: University of Guelph, 2017 Dr. Katrina Merkies The Canadian equine industry is a diverse collection of both people and equids, spanning all provinces and territories and encompassing a wide variety of animal uses, lifestyles, and management strategies. Despite the creation of a set of standards of care designed specifically for this industry, relatively little research has been conducted on welfare perception and on-farm evaluation in Canada. To rectify this, this project sought to determine key welfare issues within the Canadian industry and examine the potential of an on-farm assessment as an educational and evaluative tool. Invited equine professionals from across Canada participated in a three-round modified Delphi survey, in which they were asked to identify and rank: welfare issues within the industry, methods for addressing welfare issues, and potential motivators behind poor welfare situations. In addition, they were presented with short scenarios in which they were asked to evaluate the welfare of the animal and justify their ranking. Themes of ignorance were represented in all three rounds, with survey respondents indicating that they felt methods of adding to owners’ knowledge would improve animal care at the individual level. Respondents most commonly identified the physical aspects of threatened welfare (e.g. potential for injury) in vignette scenarios. Utilizing the information gathered from the survey, a comprehensive literature review, and the National Farm Animal Care Council’s Code of Practice for equines, a pilot on-farm welfare assessment tool was created for testing on farms in Southern Ontario (n=26). The tool was used in combination with an owner self-assessment and a post-assessment interview, allowing for valuable feedback regarding the experience. A training curriculum was also developed for assessors in order to track and compare their assessments skill with that of the “gold standard” trainer. This involved both in class and on-farm training. Results from the on- farm pilot assessment provided experimental inter-observer reliabilities for the six animal-based measures used. The pilot test also highlighted the potential usefulness and challenges of implementing a welfare assessment program in the Canadian industry. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to begin by thanking my advisor, Dr. Katrina Merkies for her supervision during my research project. I would also like to thank the members of my PhD advisory committee, Dr. Trevor DeVries, Dr. Derek Haley, Penny Lawlis and Dr. Andy Robinson for their continual feedback and support throughout the process. Each brought their own valuable expertise to the table and allowed me to pursue an explorative PhD topic whilst always thinking critically about my methods and the interpretations of my results. I would like to thank the people who made the analysis of my results possible. Firstly, to Dr. Helen Hambly-Odame for her invaluable assistance in the creation and interpretation of the Delphi survey. Without her patience and passion I could not have learned or accomplished half of what I did. Next, to Dr. Michelle Edwards for her assistance in all things statistical. The clarity of her explanations and her ability to parse out the best way to analyze a frankly disastrously messy data set made statistical analysis one of the least challenging parts of this research project. And finally, to Dr. Peter Physick-Sheard, whose generosity and commitment to excellence encouraged me to think critically and work in a logical manner. Next, to those who made my research project possible. I could not have conducted the number of on-farm assessments I did without the support of my trainee assessors. To Miranda DuBois, Laura Harper, and Emily Zakrajsek, who attended three rigorous days of training in order to use what resulted in a fairly lengthy on-farm assessment tool. Specifically, thank you to Miranda and Laura for putting up with all the two-hour car rides, bad weather, cold fingers, muddy shoes, cranky tablets, and uncooperative horses. Thank you for making time for the on- farm visits despite your busy schedules, and for continuing to assess farms well outside the initial planned summer data collection period. Thank you to Wendy Pearson for graciously allowing us to utilize your horses for training my assessors. Thank you also to Keelan DuBois for the hours spent painstakingly transcribing interviews, the short and the very long, and for being my creative advisor and design guru. You are the true MVPs. Thank you to all of the participant farms who jumped through all the paperwork hoops, filled out extensive surveys, allowed me onto your properties for the four-hour assessments, and welcomed me into your homes. Without your willingness to participate in this project there would be no project, and for that I cannot thank you enough. Your feedback was invaluable and I iii hope that your participation was able to benefit you in some way, no matter how small. I would also like to thank the Ontario Graduate Scholarship program, Rob Gordon, and Equine Guelph for their support in funding this project. Finally, I would not have been able to complete this thesis without the support of my family and friends. Thank you to my mother, my editor-in-chief, my number one supporter, my confidant and my home. Thank you again to my sisters, Miranda and Keelan, who always did whatever they could to help me work through the bumps in the road. Thank you to my roommates, Laura and Nico, for always being there with freshly-baked cookies and some much- needed destressing binge television. Thank you to everyone who believed in the me that believed in myself. Thank you for making this possible. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................ iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................. v LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................... ix LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................... xii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................... xii COPYRIGHT PERMISSIONS ................................................................................................ xiii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 1 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................... 3 2.1 Understanding the Horse ....................................................................................................... 3 2.1.1 Perception ....................................................................................................................... 3 2.1.2 Digestive System ............................................................................................................ 7 2.1.3 Social Communication ................................................................................................... 9 2.2 Domestication and Equine Welfare..................................................................................... 12 2.2.1 Early Life ...................................................................................................................... 12 2.2.2 Stabling, Turnout, and Social Isolation ........................................................................ 14 2.2.3 Training and Learning .................................................................................................. 16 2.3 Measuring Welfare – The Five Domains ............................................................................ 19 2.4 Measuring Welfare - Nutrition ............................................................................................ 22 2.4.1 Hunger: ......................................................................................................................... 22 2.4.2 Thirst:............................................................................................................................ 28 2.5 Measuring Welfare - Environment ...................................................................................... 34 2.6 Measuring Welfare - Health ................................................................................................ 39 2.7 Measuring Welfare - Behaviour .......................................................................................... 42 2.7.1 Sufficient Space ............................................................................................................ 42 2.7.2 Supporting Natural Feeding Behaviours .....................................................................
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