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Serotonin–Glutamate Interactions: a New Target for Antipsychotic Drugs George K

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Serotonin–Glutamate Interactions: a New Target for Antipsychotic Drugs George K Serotonin–Glutamate Interactions: A New Target for Antipsychotic Drugs George K. Aghajanian, M.D., and Gerard J. Marek, M.D., Ph.D. Interest in the role of serotonin (5-HT) in the therapeutic M100907 also blocks the enhancement by hallucinogens of a effects of atypical antipsychotic drugs originated from the late, asynchronous component of electrically evoked observations that: (1) clozapine and other atypical drugs EPSPs/EPSCs. Group II/III metabotropic glutamate have a high affinity for 5-HT2A relative to D2 receptors; and agonists, which act downstream from 5-HT2A receptors at (2) 5-HT2A receptors mediate the central effects of presynaptic inhibitory autoreceptors, markedly suppress the psychedelic hallucinogens. Recently, we found that 5-HT 5-HT-induced release of glutamate. Subtype-selective group evokes a focal release of glutamate in the apical dendritic II/III agonists, such as the group II metabotropic agonist field of layer V pyramidal cells in prefrontal cortex, LY354740, are particularly interesting in terms of measured electrophysiologically by an increased frequency therapeutic potential, because they are able to suppress the of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic potentials/currents 5-HT2A-induced EPSCs while sparing overall (EPSPs/EPSCs). An atypical mode of transmitter release glutamatergic transmission. An analysis of the mechanisms (termed asynchronous release) seems to be involved by which 5-HT2A receptors induce glutamate release because EPSC induction is tetrodotoxin (TTX)-sensitive suggests new targets for the design of novel treatments for but is not dependent on impulse flow and is supported by schizophrenia. [Neuropsychopharmacology 21:S122– Sr21 in the absence of external Ca21. The 5-HT-induced S133] © 1999 American College of increase in spontaneous EPSCs is blocked completely by the Neuropsychopharmacology. Published by Elsevier selective 5-HT2A antagonist M100907 (MDL 100,907). Science Inc. KEY WORDS: Antipsychotics; Excitatory postsynaptic beled 5-HT and the hallucinogen LSD (d-lysergic acid potentials; Glutamatergic; Hallucinogens; Receptors, diethylamide) as ligands, at least two distinct popula- 5-HT2A; Metabotropic; Prefrontal cortex; Schizophrenia tions of 5-HT receptors, termed 5-HT1 and 5-HT2, were In the late 1970s, using radioligand binding techniques, described in the brain (Peroutka and Snyder 1979). it was discovered that antipsychotic drugs interacted Based on this classification, it was determined that not only with dopamine receptors but also with seroto- some antipsychotic drugs, such as clozapine, interacted nin (5-HT) receptors, particularly in the frontal cortex more potently with the 5-HT2 than D2 receptor; how- (Leysen et al. 1978). Shortly thereafter, using radiola- ever, clinical potency appeared to correlate only with affinity for the D2 receptor (Peroutka and Snyder 1980). Only later, when antipsychotic drugs were grouped separately according to whether they had “typical” or From the From the Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacol- “atypical” characteristics, did a high affinity for 5-HT ogy, Yale School of Medicine and the Connecticut Mental Health 2 Center, New Haven, Connecticut. relative to D2 receptors emerge as a distinguishing fea- Address correspondence to: George Aghajanian, M.D., Connecti- ture of the drugs in the atypical category (Altar et al. cut Mental Health Center, 34 Park Street, New Haven, CT 06508. 1986; Meltzer et al. 1989). Tel.:(203) 974-7761. Fax:(203) 974-7897. E-mail: george.aghajan- [email protected] Antipsychotic drugs are generally classified as atypi- Received June 28, 1999; accepted July 28, 1999. cal if they have reduced extrapyramidal side effects NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 1999–VOL. 21, NO. S6 © 1999 American College of Neuropsychopharmacology Published by Elsevier Science Inc. 0893-133X/99/$–see front matter 655 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10010 PII S0893-133X(99)00106-2 NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 1999–VOL. 21, NO. S6 Serotonin–Glutamate Interactions S123 and/or an enhanced spectrum of antipsychotic efficacy, Autoradiographic studies show 5-HT2A receptor bind- particularly with regard to negative symptoms. An ing in several regions of the brain, but the bulk of these early clinical study suggested that a drug, setoperone, receptors are found in the cerebral cortex (Lopez-Gime- with high affinity for 5-HT2 relative to D2 receptors, in nez et al. 1997; Pazos and Palacios 1985). A correspond- addition to having relatively low extrapyramidal side ingly high density of 5-HT2A receptor mRNA has been effects, may have enhanced efficacy in the treatment of found by in situ hybridization in the cerebral cortex negative symptoms (e.g., emotional withdrawal, blunted (Mengod et al. 1990; Wright et al. 1995). Recent immu- affect) (Ceulemans et al. 1985). It is noteworthy that nocytochemical studies have demonstrated a particu- part of the rationale given in the latter study for testing larly high density of 5-HT2A receptors within the apical the antipsychotic properties of 5-HT2-antagonist drugs dendrites of cortical pyramidal cells (Hamada et al. was their ability to block certain effects of LSD in ani- 1998; Jakab and Goldman-Rakic 1998; Willins et al. mal model systems (Colpaert and Janssen 1983). The 1997). This postsynaptic localization is consistent with hypothesis that 5-HT2 receptor blockade contributes to electrophysiological studies on cortical pyramidal cells the favorable profile of atypical antipsychotic drugs led showing direct depolarizing effects mediated by 5-HT2 to the development of a new generation of agents with receptors (Aghajanian and Marek 1997; Araneda and a high 5-HT2A to D2 ratio, some of which (e.g., risperi- Andrade 1991; Sheldon and Aghajanian 1990; Tanaka done) have now become accepted for clinical use in the and North 1993). treatment of schizophrenia (for reviews, see: Breier et The focus of this review is on the physiological role al. 1997; Lieberman et al. 1998; Meltzer and Nash 1991). of 5-HT2A receptors in the medial prefrontal and ante- Meanwhile, a large body of evidence has accumu- rior cingulate regions of the cerebral cortex, particularly lated that 5-HT2 receptors may be involved in the mech- in relation to their ability to enhance certain kinds of anism of action of psychedelic hallucinogens. Origi- glutamatergic transmission by indoleamine and the nally, this idea was based on the demonstration of a phenethylamine hallucinogens. These electrophysiolog- high correlation between hallucinogenic potency in hu- ical effects are discussed in relation to the NMDA an- mans and the affinity of both phenethylamine (e.g., tagonist class of psychotomimetics, which, surprisingly, mescaline) and indoleamine (e.g. LSD and psilocybin) have now been reported to induce an increase in hallucinogens for 5-HT2 receptors (Glennon et al. 1984; glutamate release in the cerebral cortex. Finally, poten- Titeler et al. 1988). Indeed, among all known 5-HT re- tial new targets for antipsychotic drug design based on ceptor subtypes, affinity for 5-HT2 receptors is the only a hyperglutamatergic model of psychotomimetic drug one shared by both the indoleamine and phenethy- action are discussed. lamine classes of hallucinogens. There is now abundant evidence from biochemical (Sanders-Bush et al. 1988), electrophysiological (Marek and Aghajanian 1996), and 5-HT2A RECEPTORS ENHANCE GLUTAMATE animal behavioral (Glennon 1990) studies that the ef- RELEASE IN NEOCORTEX fects of hallucinogens involve a partial agonist action at 5-HT2 receptors, particularly of the 5-HT2A subtype. Electrophysiological actions of hallucinogens, acting Very recently, studies on the role of 5-HT2 receptors in via 5-HT2 receptors, have been described in several sub- the action of hallucinogens have been extended to hu- cortical regions of the rat (Aghajanian 1980; Garratt et man subjects. As predicted by the preclinical studies, al. 1993; McCall and Aghajanian 1980; Rasmussen and the psychotomimetic effects of the indoleamine halluci- Aghajanian 1986). However, because hallucinogens nogen psilocybin have now been shown to be blocked characteristically alter higher-level processes, such as completely by the preferential 5-HT2A antagonist ket- cognition, perception, and mood, studies on their ef- anserin, the atypical antipsychotic risperidone, but not fects in the cerebral cortex are receiving increasing the typical antipsychotic haloperidol (Vollenweider et attention. One of the most striking effects of 5-HT is an al. 1998). However, it remains to be determined increase in spontaneous postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) whether 5-HT2A antagonism alone is sufficient for the in various cortical regions. Originally, recordings from treatment of schizophrenia or whether a threshold level pyramidal cells in brain slices from rat piriform cortex, of D2 antagonism may be required for full antipsychotic a paleocortical region, showed that 5-HT induces efficacy (Farde et al. 1992; Kapur et al. 1999). The reso- mostly inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) (Shel- lution of these issues will require the completion of clin- don and Aghajanian 1990). However, more recent stud- ical testing with highly selective 5-HT2A antagonists ies have shown that in layer V pyramidal cells of the such as M100907 (also referred to as MDL 100,907). neocortex, 5-HT-induced synaptic events consist mostly Because of their possible involvement in the action of of excitatory postsynaptic potentials/currents (EPSPs/ psychedelic hallucinogens and atypical antipsychotics EPSCs) (Figure 1), shown
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