CHAPTER NO: 2

PROFILE STUDY

OF AREA

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CHAPTER NO: 2 PROFILE STUDY OF AREA

2.1 Introduction: is also called ‘The Oxford of the east’ as Pune attracts students from every nook and corner of the world. Foreign students find Pune very peaceful and safe as compared to other educational cities in . The weather of Pune is also very good for health. The natural resources of any region are considered of vital importance for the economic development. Hence, it is necessary to explore the potential in term of economic and social aspects. Land is the basic resource of human society. Its utilization shows a common relationship between ecological conditions of a region and man. The varied nature, namely, climate, soil, transportation, occupational structure, population, vegetation, water etc. have provided scope for further development. It is therefore, necessary to evaluate a spatio-temporal analysis of agricultural land use and productivity in . Physiography in most part of the district is plain except for a few hills and small ranges. City at Glance: Particular Description 1. Name Pune 2. State 3. Language Marathi (Main), Hindi & English 4. Share Borders North east Ahmednagar, West Colaba, North west , South east Solapur, South Satara 5. Latitude 180 31’N, 730 51’ E 6. Altitude 559 meters 7. Geographical Location Foothills of Sahyadri Mountains 8. Average Temperature Summer 22 to 41 Degree Celsius , Winter 8 to 25 Degree Celsius , Rainfall 650 to 700 mm 9. Population 6,15,431 (2011) 10. Area 700 km square (270 Sq. mi) 11. Literacy 71% Population literate 12. Rivers Main river Bhīma

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2.2 Location sites and situation: Pune district is located between 17 degrees 54' and 10 degrees 24' North latitude and 73 degrees19' and 75 degrees 10' East longitude. The district has geographical area of 15.642sq.km. Pune district is bound by Ahmednagar district on north-east, on the south-east, Satara district on south, Raigad district on the west and Thane district on the north-west. It is the second largest district in the state and covers 5.10% of the total geographical area of the state. The landscape of Pune district is distributed triangularly in western Maharashtra at the foothills of the Sahyadri Mountains and is divided into three parts: "Ghatmatha", "Maval" and "Desh". Pune district forms a part of the tropical monsoon land and therefore shows a significant seasonal variation in temperature as well as rainfall conditions. Climate of the western region of Pune is cool whereas the eastern part is hot and dry. Pune district consists of 14 Taluka and 1866 villages and havingtotal 72, 32,555 populations in 2001 census and 94,26,959 populations in 2011. The fourteen Taluka in study region are, namely, , Ambegaon, Khed, Maval, Mulshi,Velhe, , Haveli, Purandar, Pune City, , , Baramati and Shirur. The population density is 13603 persons per sq. kilometer in 2011 Census. The sex ratio is 910 and literacy rate is 87.19 percent in study region in 2011.

Jurisdictional changes during 2011: Name of No. of villages as per No. of Towns as District/Tahsil 2011 Per 2011 Pune District 1878 35 Junnar 183 1 Ambegaon 143 1 Shirur 115 3 Khed 186 6 Maval 187 5 Mulshi 145 2 Haveli 123 5 Pune city 1 3 Daund 102 2 Purandar 108 3

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Velhe 130 - Bhor 195 1 Baramati 117 2 Indapur 143 1 (Source: Census book 2011) For administrative purposes the district is divided into 5 sub-divisions of Pune, Maval, Baramati, Junnar, and Bhor. Pune sub-division includes Pune City and Haveli tehsils, Mavalsub-division includes Maval, Shirur and Mulshi tehsils, Baramati sub-division includes Baramati, Indapur and Daund tehsils, Junnar sub- division includes Junnar, Ambegaon and Khed tehsils and Bhor sub-division includes Bhor, Purandar and Velhe tehsils. The district collector along with the district Judge, Superintendent of police, chief executive officer of Zilla- Parishad and other senior officers of the State Government look after the development and regulatory functions in the district. At Tahsil level, the Tahsildar, Block Development officer, Judicial Magistrate, Deputy Engineers and other officers look after their respective departments for development and regulatory functions.

2.3 Other basic information about study area: A) Geology: The study region consists of multiple layers of solidified fluid basalt and is more than 2,000 meters thick and formed in between 60 to 68 million years ago during the Cretaceous period. The basaltic lava flows is estimated to be around 5,12,000 square kilometers. The plateau after the catastrophic phase of faulting has remained relatively stable and has undergone a succession of cycles of erosion. The region has basaltic base on which there are alluvial deposits in river valleys on the terraces and an old flood plain. Fault lines are scattered throughout the study region and these areas are minor earthquake prone. B) Physiography: Pune district covers 15,642 square kilometers area, Sahyadri mountain range lies from north to south in west part in study region and crest line acts as a main water divide of peninsular rivers. There are three main mountainous ranges, namely, Harishchandra range, Jeevdhan range and Dhak-Ahupe range. In south, plateau lies in between Bhīma basin in north and Neera basin in south and then it

18 extends towards east. South of Harishchandra range,the Kalsubairange lies in south, then Mandavi range and Tamhini range followed by Saswad plateau indicates two regions of above 900 meters high. One lies in north i.e. Harishchandra and another is Jeevdhan range. The height in west part in study region is above 1200 meters and it lowers towards east (450 meters). Thecentral and west parts have elevation from 600 to 1200 meters. The slope is towards southeast in study region. The central and east parts show elevation between 450 to 600 meters lying from east to west. One zone lies between range and Saswad plateau and east part and south part of Saswad plateau. The overall slope is 800 meters from northwest to southeast direction in study region. C) Drainage: Pune district is well drained by Bhima, Kukdi, Ghod, Indrayani, Mula, Mutha and Nira rivers. originates near Bhimashankar in north part in study region. The major tributaries of Bhima River are Kukdi, Meena, Ghod, Vel, Bhima, Indrayani, Mula, Mutha, Karha and Nira. The north boundary of study region is confined by Bhima River and south boundary is confined by Nira River. Later on, Bhima River joins to . During rainy season, these rivers flow with ample water and during dry season water shrinks in narrow channel. The eastern part in study region has found broad valley. Most of these rivers have found terraces and alluvialdepositions along the flood plains such land is fertile. The study regionhas Bhushi, Lonavla, Pavna, Valvan, Tungarli, Andhra and Shirawta Lake. The dams constructed across the rivers are, namely, Pimpalgaon (Pushpavati), Manikdoh, Yedgaon (Kukadi), Meena (Meena), Dimbe (Ghod), Chas-Kaman and Ujani (Bhima), Andhra (Andhra), Valvhan (Indrayani), Pavna (Pavna), Mulshi (Mutha), Temghar, Khadakwasla (Mutha), Varasgaon (Ambi), Panshet (Mose), Chapet (Kanandi),Bhatgar (Velvandi), , Veer (Neera). There are long canal constructed along the river banks to its right and left such as Mula-Mutha canals, Nira canals etc. This facilitates farmers to change their traditional land use pattern in study region. D) Climate: Talukas having low rainfall are Shirur, Daund, Indapur and Baramati (450 to 600 millimeters). has found lowest rainfall (460 millimeters) followed by Baramati (500), Indapur (502) and Shirur (512). Due to heavy rainfall during rainy season, landslide occurs in Ambegaon, Junnar and in

19 study region. In study region summers are dry and hot and it begins from early March to June. The temperature ranges from 100to 380 centigrade and it reaches to 400 centigrade in May.May is the hottest month in study region. The west part in study region in Junnar, Ambegaon, Khed, Maval, Mulshi and experience moderately cool climate and Shirur, Daund, Baramati and experience hot and dry climate. Winter season commences from November and lasts up to February. Temperature during winter season drops down up to 10ºCto 12ºC centigrade. Humidity is low during the summer months as it increases evaporation losses from the atmosphere. It reaches lowest up to 50 percent in summer. The diurnal variation in humidity during this period is high and water vapor gets condensed due to falling night time temperature and daytime it finds high. During rainy season, it is usually high and it reaches up to 88 percent. E) Natural Vegetation: Irregular and uneven rainfall in the study area exerts influence on vegetation. The natures of soil and climatic condition have a direct impact on the growth of vegetation. Forest in 1991 was 4 percent and it declined to 3.57 percent in 2010. The total decline is 0.43percent. It is also observed that the villages of Vadhane, Dandevadi, Supe, Sablewadi, , Gadikhelwadi, Undawadi Kade Pathar, Korhale Bk., Deulwadi villages have 4 to 8 percent forest. This area is owned by the Forest Department therefore, trees and forest have been preserved. The natural vegetation is mainly of low scattered trees occurring along the border of the study area. The hot and dry climate has resulted mixed thorny trees, stunted grass and scanty vegetation. Trees like Mango (Magnifera India), (Syzygium Cummi), Neem (Azadiracta India), Babhul (Accacia Arabica), Bor (Zizaphus Jujubal), Chinch (Tamaridus India), are obtained scantily throughout the study region. Shrubs like Ghaneri (Lantena), Tarwad (Casia Cuviculata), Rui (Caletropus Gigatio), and Ghayapat (Agave Sissatana) are associated with culturable waste lands. Harali (Cynaden Clactylon), Kunda (Jachycomumy regasum), Kusali (Hetropogan Contestus) and Gajar grass (Partherim Clactylon) are found on open spaces near 'gaonthan' and along the bunds of agricultural fields. F) Transportation: The study region has well connected with state capital and surrounding district headquarters by road and rail linkages. The road network consists of express highways, national highways, state highways, major district roads and

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Village roads. Presently, total road length is 13,642 kilometers of which 5394 kilometers of roads are bituminous surface and 3554 kilometers of roads are water bound made dam. In study region, length covered by national highways is 331 kilometers and 1,368 kilometers of state highways. The major and other district roads are 5,388 kilometers length passing through study region. The total length of village roads is 6,555 kilometers in study region. National highways pass through study region are, namely, Pune-Mumbai and Pune- Bangalore national highway, Pune-Solapur-Hyderabad national highway, Pune-Nasik national highway. Mumbai-Pune express-way links to Pune- Bangalore highway. This national highway connects Mumbai to Bangalore via , Lonavla, Talegaon, , Pune and Khed-Shivapur. It enters study region from Raigad district and goes in Satara district insouth. Total length of this highway in district is 120 kilometers. National highway connects Pune to Hyderabad via Solapur and passes through Loni-Kalbhor, Urulikanchan, Kedgaon, Bhigwan and Indapur in east and enters in Solapur district having length of 152 kilometers. Pune-Nasik national highway originates at Pune and passes through Chakan, , , and Narayangaon (205 kilometers). State Transport buses of Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation provide transport service to villages and neighboring districts. All Taluka headquarters are well connected by metaled road to district headquarter, major settlements and market centers in Pune district. The west part in study region is sparsely populated and has poor road network because of undulating topography and less agricultural practices. The broad gauge, single and double track railway length within the district have a total length of 311 kilometers. Single line is 162 kilometers and double line is 149 kilometers. Pune and Daund are two major railway junctions in study region. There are three main railway routes passing within district, namely, Pune-Solapur route, Pune-Miraj route and Daund-Baramati route. All railway lines linking Pune broad gauge and have double track. Pune-Miraj-Kolhapur railway line was meter gauge and converted to broad-gauge in 1995 under Project Unit-gauge. Pune is well connected by both domestic and airlines.

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G) Market Centers: The weekly market centers mobilizes the rural local resources. These centers play a vital role to run economy. Commodities including vegetables, fruits, clothes, vessels, groceries, shoes etc. are being traded largely. There are 127 market centers are found in Pune district. The highest number of market centers is found in Junnar (23), then Ambegaon (18), Khed (16), Indapur (16), Shirur(9), Haveli (8), Baramati (8), Purandar (8), Daund (7), Velhe (6), etc. Most of the market centers are located along the major state and district roads in study region. These market centers provide an opportunity to exchange the goods and commodities to consumers, sellers, traders and Mediators. H) Irrigation: Pune district experiences high rainfall in west part and less rainfall in east part. Rainfall decreases from west to east. The overall irrigation in study region is 11,72,952hectares which is 27.28 percent of geographical area. Dams like Panshet, Varasgaon, Pavna, Mulshi, Temghar etc. are constructed in Sahyadri region mainly for irrigation purpose. Indapur, Daund, Baramati and Junnar have more than 30 percent irrigated land, whereas Haveli, Khed and have 20 to 30 percent of irrigated land. Talukas like Shirur, Purandar and Bhor have more than 10 percent irrigation while west part in study region is foundless irrigated where rainfall is more. The east part in study region has dry land agriculture which has turned into irrigated land. Traditional crops like jowar, bajara, cereals are replaced by sugarcane, wheat, vegetables and fruits. Out of total irrigated area, 88 percent land is under food crops and 12 percent is under non-food crops. There are 91,508 wells and 90,095 electric pumps used for irrigation purpose in study region. Area under fodder crops have increased in last 10 years which has increased dairy farming as a subsidiary activity in east part of study region.

2.4 Population Density:

Table No.2.1 Population per square kilometer: Region 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 India 177 142 177 216 267 325 382 Maharashtra 104 129 164 204 257 315 365 Pune 125 157 203 266 354 462 603 Source: Census of India Hand Book, 1951 to 2011

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Table No. 2.2 Important Statistics of Pune District: Important Statistics of Pune District

Particulars Category Pune District Number of Villages Total 1877 Inhabited 1852 Uninhabited 25 Number of Town Statutory 16 Census 19 Total 35 Number of Household Normal 21,41,346 Institutional 6739 Houseless 3418 Population Total Persons 9429408 Male 4924105 Female 4505303 Rural Persons 3678226 Male 1903440 Female 1774786

Urban Persons 5751182 Male 3020665 Female 2730517 Sex Ratio Total 915 (No. of Females per 1000 Males) Rural 932 Urban 904 Literates Persons 7171723 (86.15%) Males 3940210 (90.84%) Females 3231513 (81.05%) Agricultural Labors Persons 414461 (10.24%) Males 196088 (6.98%) Females 218373 (17.62%) (Source: Census of India Hand Book, 2011)

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Population is an important factor for regional development influencing economic activity and it determines the level of consumption and agriculture force. It is a part of the workforce in terms of cultivators and agricultural laborers. The population in the study area is 9429408 persons according to 2011 Census, having a population density of 603 persons per square kilometer. The number of villages with inhabited is 1852, uninhabited is 25 and total is 1877. The number of town statutory is 16, census is 19 with total 35. The number of households is divided into 3 categories normal, institutional and houseless with 21, 41,346, 6739 and 3418 respectively. The overall population as per census of India hand book 2011, in Pune district is 9429408 with male population 4924105 and female population 4505303. The rural population as per census of India Hand book 2011, in Pune district is 3678226 with male population 1903440 and female population 1774786. The Urban population as per census of India Hand book 2011, in Pune district is 5751182 with male population 3020665 and female population 2730517. The sex ratio (number of females per 1000 males) is 915 in total and in rural 932 where as in urban it is 904. Pune as good literacy rate with 7171723 (86.15%) persons literate in which 3940210 (90.84%) male literate and 3231513 (81.05%) female literate. The population density in the present chapter has been studied to understand the regional variations in the study area. The spatial distribution of population density has been shown for the years 2011.

2.5 Educational Background and development in Pune City: A place for quality education with the advent of British, the British educational system of formal school and colleges was started. Poona Sanskrit College was stated in vishrambagwada. This is now converted in to present day Deccan College (1851). Agarkar, Tilak, Gopal Krishna Gohale and other leader of Maharashtra were educated at the Deccan College. After realizing the importance of national education, there will be starting of Fergusson College (1885), New English School (1880), High School for Indian girls (1884), Nutan Marathi Vidyalaya (1883) and well known education institutions like Bhave High School, Shivaji Maratha High school, Sarasvati Mandir were started. For higher education there is various institutions is here in Pune like Poona college of Engineering and for Medical education Sassoon Hospital is started which is now converted into

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B.J.Medical College, the Law College was started in 1924.Poona Agricultural College was started in 1908 with British Principals the leading agricultural education institute from Pune. S.P. College is started in 1916 and the N. Wadia College is started in 1932. Thousands of students from outside Pune get admission and after taking education from such colleges, they later on settle their life throughout the length and breadth of India. After independences the Poona university started form 10th February 1949.Under the control of this university, there is various institutions are established like Ncl, IUCAA, C-DAC, IAT which now the well-known research institutions. Now days there is various new and recognized institutions are started in Pune.

2.6 Industrial Development in Pune City: Pune is now known as growing industrial city of India. Because Mumbai was full of industries and now it is locked by the Government of Maharashtra. So the industrialists in Mumbai preferred Pune for starting industries. Now a day’s numbers of industries were started along the Mumbai-Pune highway some of them are Bajaj Auto, Bajaj Tempo, Telco, Geaware's Crompton and Greaves, Thermax, Alfa-Laval, The Kirloskar group of companies like Kirloskar Oil Engines, Kirloskar Brothers, Garware group companies, Garware wallrope, Garware Nylons, Philips, Thermax and many more leading companies are settled in Pune. At Bhosari, Hadapsar, and Nagar road the industrial estates have been developed. In Pune well established and organized Maratha Chamber of Commerce and industries and Agricultural has also very good stock market. The Pune Stock Exchange monitors its transactions. Pune city is linked by air to Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Delhi, and Mumbai and also to other cities in India with good telecom network. Even now a day’s internet network in Pune made Pune’s institutions, industries, home so close to the world of information. The most important thing is that for industrial growth knowledgeable and skilled technical manpower and peaceful environment avoiding enmities among the workers and so that they can work very actively. Multinational companies have spread their net by establishing branches in Pune, finding increasing market for their products.

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2.7 Great Leadership and development of educational system in Pune City: In Pune's history and in and cultural life is influenced by Lokamanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak (1856-1920) and his other colleagues V. K. Chiplunkar, M.B. Namjoshi, G.G. Agarkar, N.C. Kelkar, Prin. V.S.Apte and other great persons like M.G. Ranade, Jotiba Phule, G.K. Gokhale, Lokhitvadi, R.G. Bhandarkar started so many activities. In this period Lok. B.G.Tilak plays a main role. At that time he started the newspaper called Kesari and Maratha in year 1881.He also established Fergusson College in 1885 and New English School in 1880. He was imprisonment so many times on charge of Rajadroha. From 1908 to 1914, Tilak was imprisonment at Mandalay because of great dissatisfaction all over India. He was an all India leader. He struggled very hard for the freedom of India at the Indian national congress and various other platform. Lastly he failed a suit against British officers. He stated various institutions in Pune during his period. He also stated Ganesh and Shivjayanti festivals to bring the messes together. So the period from 1880 to 1920 is called as the Tilak era in the history of Pune city. After his death various prominent institutions were started in Pune. Some of them are Tilak Smark Mandir, Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth, and Tilak Statue at Mandal, Tilak Swiming Tank, Tilak College of Education, and Tilak Road.

2.8 Historical places in Pune: 1) Shaniwar Wada:

The palace was constructed by Bajiroa 1st in the 1730. It was a 13-story building. There is a story told about why this place was chosen for the construction. The story says-The Thorale (Elder) Bajirao once saw a rabbit chasing a dog in this place. Taking inspiration from this Shaniwar Wada was built, a place which would never see defeat. It used to be the head quarter of the Peshwas and it symbolizes Pune's culture. Looking at the construction one understands how the structure was built giving highest priority to the security. The main entrance is known as 'Delhi Darwaja', others have named like Ganesh, Mastani, Jambhal, and Khidki. There is a statue of Bajirao (1st) on a horse in the ground in front of Shaniwar Wada. Inside one can see Ganesh Mahal, Rang Mahal, Aarsa (Mirror) Mahal, Hasti Dant (Elephant Tusk) Mahal, Diwan Khana, Fountains. Currently renovated & also have a light & music show. The main part left is nagarkhana which gives well inside view.

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This is an expansive palace with its impressive fountains and gardens. The palace was the seat of Peshwa power and later was destroyed by a fire in 1828. All that remains are the walls that fortified this palace, with their sturdy doors, studded with spikes for added protection. Nearby is a street where the Peshwas unleashed elephants to trample dissidents to death.

2) Agakhan Palace:

Agakhan Place is about 2 km away from Bund Garden in Yerwada on Pune- Nagar Road. Agakhan palace is of Italian arches and spacious lawns. This building comprises of five halls. The palace covers an area of 19 acres, out of which 7 acres is the built up area and is an excellent building from architectural point of view. It captivates the eye of a spectator with its magnificence and picturesque beauty. Sultan Mohammad shah Agakhan built this Palace in 1892. It was built to help the famine affected people, when there was a famine in Maharashtra. It took 5 years and 12 lakhs to complete this Palace. Area of its ground floor is 1756 sq. meters. That of the first floor is 1080 sq. meters, whereas the second floor has a construction of 445 sq. meters. Specialty of this structure is that it has a corridor of 2.5 meters around the entire building. Prince Karim Agakhan donated this palace to Gandhi Smarak Samittee in 1972 and since then Parks and Gardens organization is maintaining this National Monumental Garden.This place does not look like it would have been used as a prison, but Mahatma Gandhi, Kasturba Gandhi, Shri Mahadeobhai Desai, Dr. Sarojini Naidu, Meera Ben, Dr. Glider, Pyarelal Nayyar, Sushila Nayyar and others were kept under imprisonment over here during the Quit India movement in 1942. Mahatma Gandhi was kept here for 21 months. It was during this period that Shri Mahadeobhai Desai (15th August 1942) and Kasturba Gandhi (22nd February 1944) breathed their last in this place. Their Marble Memorials are beautifully designed by the famous architect Charles Correa which can be seen over here. Statue of the Mahatma Gandhi too stands here. Other than this the articles used by Mahatma Gandhi like his writing desk, his bed, Kasturba's Sari, clothes and her Footwear are preserved properly in their place of use. Pictures of Indian Independence Movement beautify the walls. Khadi Gramudyog Bhandar, Mahadev Chhapkhana, Rashtriya Mahila Sanstha, Stitching classes etc. is carried out here now a days. Readymade Garments, Embroidery, Fiber, incent stick, Candle and Chalk making classes are

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carried out here. Poor and the Needy are given a free training and the rest are changed a nominal fee for the training.

3) Vishram Baug Wada:

This is a three story is famous for its entrance which is surrounded by balcony. 300 years back Bajirao Peshwas (II) built this place. The carved woodwork of the balcony which surrounds the entrance of this building is the example of the fine work of ancient Peshwa Art. The wood used is pure processed Sag. It is 78 feet wide and 66 meters long. After Peshwas this place was used as a jail. Pune Municipal Corporation is soon changing this place as museum. It is a 3 floor building in the heart of the city on Bajirao road, next to Laxmi road the huge market for clothing. About 1 lacks of Rupees were spent to build this building at that time. The entire construction is of bricks.

4) Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Museum:

Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar is a name in the Indian Freedom struggle which cannot be overseen by anyone. He was the one who wrote the Indian Constitution. As soon as you enter the Museum one gets to know many things about this man right from his birth till his death. As you enter from the door to your left there is a chair, on which Dr. Ambedkar wrote the constitution for a country with various religions, caste and creeds. The two chairs, on which Dr. Ambedkar used to rest could be seen. In the same way his footwear, the clothes and a fur cap remind about the 4th conference on Buddhism held in Nepal (14 Nov 1953). His travel accessories and gardening scissors, the dining table and chairs on which Ambedkar family had their food, their utensils which give an idea of his family life, reminding the precious time of his life is a wall clock, his two suitcases which he took while traveling outside India and the Violin which Babasaheb used to learn could also be seen. The bed on which Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar breathe his last and the portrayal of his lying on that bed can be seen. There is a silver ink bottle on which the Queens picture can be seen, which was presented to him by the then Governor General of India Lord Mount Batten. In the same way a letter in his own hand writing, night lamp, a paper weight on which the name of Babasaheb Ambedkar has been carved, on the small cupboard the silver frame of this specs are kept in the museum. After the museum finishes we see a statue of his which is made up of marble. When you climb up the stairs you can

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see the lines written on the Bharat Ratna award which he received from President K. R. Venkatraman. It is worth spending time in this museum.

5) Mahatma Phule Museum:

In the Mahatma Phule Museum you can see various industrial products, agricultural and handicraft articles. It was started in 1890 by the name of ' Lord Ray Museum’. It is situated on Ghole Road, Shivaji nagar in Pune. The peculiarity of this museum is that there samples of the body structures of all animals from elephants to seal fishes. If you are wishing to see this museum you can go here by hiring an auto rickshaw.

6) Kesari Wada:

Telltale signs of modern civilization stare one in the face. Cement dampers stand outside the courtyard where once Sayajirao Gaikwad, the prince of Baroda state used to live. The Wada built by the Gaikwads is being pulled down to make way for a modern structure. This was the Wada where nightlong discussions were held on how to overthrow colonial rule. Bal Gangadhar Tilak bought the Wada from Sayajirao Gaikwad in 1905. Tilak brought out his two newspapers, the Kesari, in Marathi and Maratha in English from here. The Wada continues to house the offices of Kesari, and mementos of Tilak, including his writing desk original letters and documents, and the first India national flag unfurled by Madame Cama. A statue of Tilak indicates the building in which he resided. The Wada is visited by a large number of people during the Ganapati festival, the public celebrations of which we started by Tilak in the courtyard of this Wada over a century ago. Kesari Wada.

7) Tilak Museum:

This Museum is in 'Kesari' Press in Narayan Peth. It is only few km away from Pune station. Any auto will take you to this place. All things used by Lokmanya Tilak are kept here. The copy of famous granth 'Gita Rahasya' wrote by Tilak in 'Mandale' is the main attraction of this museum. Phule Wada. It was the residence of Mahatma Jyotiba Phule. It is Ganj Peth, which is a few km away from Pune station. Now it is a National property. There is a half

29 statue of Mural in the memory of Mahatma Jyotiba Phule at this place. Visiting this place will not be a difficult job because any auto can easily drop you at this place.

8) National War Museum:

The idea of the National War Memorial was first put forth in 1996. The citizens of Pune, under the sponsorship of the Express Citizens' Forum, set up the War Memorial fund. The committee asked the citizens of the city to contribute to the fund. From the ordinary common citizen to the Big corporate, all contributed whole heartedly for the museum. The Foundation was laid in November 1997 and inaugurated in October 1998.The memorial is a 25-foot stone pillar.

9) Tribal Museum:

This Museum falls to the East of the Railway station. This museum incorporates in itself some excellent documentation on the Maharashtra’s tribal communities. It mostly documents the cultures of the communities from the Sahyadri and Gondhavana regions.

2.9 District Highlights –2011 Census: 1. Pune district is the Second highest district in terms of population size in the State. 2. Pune district is one of the most urbanized districts having 61.00 percent of its population in urban areas. 3. Pune district has 86.2percent literacy rate, which is higher than that of state literacy rate (82.3percent). 4. Fursungi Village in Haveli C.D. Block is the most populated (66,062 persons) and Palghar village in MulshiC.D. Block is the least populated (7persons). 5. Bawada village in Indapur C.D. Block has the largest area (8,097.00 hectares) and Ahire village in Haveli C.D. Block has the smallest area (20.25 hectares) among 1877 villages of the district. 6. The world famous Bajaj Automobile and Tata Engineering and Locomotive Company (Telco) are located in this district. 7. Pune City is known as land of Education in Maharashtra all educational facilities are available and Armed Forces Medical College (AFMC) located in this district. In Pune City ‘Pune Festival’ is celebrated during Ganesh Chaturthi.

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2.10 Conclusion: The present chapter deals with the profile of physical and socio-economic aspects in the study area, namely relief, drainage, soil types, climate, irrigation, transportation, marketing, population and occupational structure in the study region. The generalized direction of slope is from northwest to southeast in the Karha basin and from west to east in the Nira. There are three types of soil structures: deep black, medium black and coarse shallow which are identified in the study region. The study area, like other area has witnessed a steady growth of population with its upwards trend. The growth rate of population from 2001 to 2011 was 40.65 percent, due to the agro-industrial development. The average density of population is 603 persons per sq.km.in the region (2011). From spatial point of view, the population density increases towards south-east. Of the total population 84.89 percent working force is engaged in agricultural pursuits. The total working force accounts cultivators is 44.41 percent and agricultural laborers are 30.52 percent. Pune district consists of fourteen Taluka and 1866 villages having 72, 32,555 population in 2001 and having 14,642 square kilometers area. Pune’s average rainfall is 700 mm. The temperature ranges from 200to 380 Centigrade in study region. May is the hottest month and goes down 140 centigrade in December. Deep black soil is identified in central and north and marginal areas in Bhima and its tributaries basin. Coarse shallow hill soil or laterite soil is found in and hilly slope area. Course shallow soil is found in north and east parts in study region. Sub-tropical hill forest, Semi-evergreen forest, Moist mixed deciduous forests, Dry mixed deciduous forest and dry teak forest are found in study region. According to 2010, forest covers 2080 square kilometers in study region. Maval, Bhor, Mulshi, Ambegaon and Velhe Taluka have more than 10 percent forest cover. It can be concluded that in Pune district there is favorable condition for development in all spheres of life, education, tourism, industry and business. Pune have emerged developed city of the India and Maharashtra. New opportunities in various fields are generated every year. Almost 3 lakh students migrate from different places with different culture and social background to make Pune better place to live and survive. IT industry has made Pune globally known to the world. The development in the field of agricultural has given chance for development of PACS in the district.

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