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Examining Breeding Bird Diets to Improve Avian EXAMINING BREEDING BIRD DIETS TO IMPROVE AVIAN CONSERVATION EFFORTS by Ashley C. Kennedy A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the University of Delaware in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Entomology and Wildlife Ecology Summer 2019 © 2019 Ashley C. Kennedy All Rights Reserved EXAMINING BREEDING BIRD DIETS TO IMPROVE AVIAN CONSERVATION EFFORTS by Ashley C. Kennedy Approved: __________________________________________________________ Jacob L. Bowman, Ph.D. Chair of the Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology Approved: __________________________________________________________ Mark W. Rieger, Ph.D. Dean of the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources Approved: __________________________________________________________ Douglas J. Doren, Ph.D. Interim Vice Provost for Graduate and Professional Education and Dean of the Graduate College I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it meets the academic and professional standard required by the University as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Signed: __________________________________________________________ Douglas W. Tallamy, Ph.D. Professor in charge of dissertation I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it meets the academic and professional standard required by the University as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Signed: __________________________________________________________ Charles R. Bartlett, Ph.D. Member of dissertation committee I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it meets the academic and professional standard required by the University as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Signed: __________________________________________________________ Jeffrey J. Buler, Ph.D. Member of dissertation committee I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it meets the academic and professional standard required by the University as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Signed: __________________________________________________________ Ian Stewart, Ph.D. Member of dissertation committee ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, I would like to thank Daniel Hildreth, whose generosity made this project possible. I thank my advisor, Doug Tallamy, whose guidance was invaluable to me in every aspect of this project. I am also indebted to my graduate committee members, Charles Bartlett, Jeff Buler, and Ian Stewart, for their support and expertise. Additionally, my colleagues Desiree Narango and Adam Mitchell provided vital collaboration and counsel that greatly expedited my progress on this project. I am indebted to Kevin McGraw for conducting carotenoid analyses and to Tyler Hagerty, Adam Mitchell, Douglas Tallamy, and Kimberley Shropshire for collecting specimens. I am grateful to Nate Shampine and the Mt. Cuba Natural Lands team for allowing me to conduct field work at a beautiful site, to Justin Bredlau and Jessica Bray for helping me to create an award-winning video on this research, and to Mike Vella and Frontier Scientific for supplying thousands of caterpillars. I thank Charles Bartlett, Anthony Deczynski, Derek Hennen, Matt Bertone, Hal White, Adam Mitchell, and others who helped identify countless arthropods from photos and Patrick Carney, Emily Baisden, and Ian Stewart for identifying birds. I am indebted to Lee Coats for his enduring support and patience while I prioritized this project above all else. iv I would especially like to thank the veritable army of community scientists, over twelve hundred strong, who supplied me with photos of birds eating insects. This project would not have been possible without their talent as photographers and willingness to share their beautiful photos. This research was made possible through the University of Delaware Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology and the University of Delaware Graduate and Professional Education Summer Doctoral Fellowship. v DEDICATION To my husband, Lee Coats, who works tirelessly to make the world a better place for birds and bugs. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................ ix LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ x ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................. xi Chapter 1 DIET OF EASTERN BLUEBIRDS IN DELAWARE ...................................... 1 1.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Background Information .............................................................................. 3 1.3 Objectives ................................................................................................... 14 1.4 Materials and Methods ............................................................................... 14 1.5 Results ........................................................................................................ 18 1.6 Discussion ................................................................................................... 25 1.7 Conclusions ................................................................................................ 34 2 ASSESSMENT OF EASTERN BLUEBIRD PREY PREFERENCES ........... 36 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 36 2.2 Materials and Methods ............................................................................... 37 2.3 Results ........................................................................................................ 40 2.4 Discussion ................................................................................................... 42 3 NORTH AMERICAN BREEDING BIRD FOOD WEBS .............................. 45 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 45 3.2 Materials and Methods ............................................................................... 46 3.3 Results ........................................................................................................ 49 3.4 Discussion ................................................................................................... 66 4 ANALYSIS OF CAROTENOID CONTENT IN ARTHROPODS ................. 72 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 72 4.2 Materials and Methods ............................................................................... 78 4.3 Results ........................................................................................................ 79 4.4 Discussion ................................................................................................... 83 CONCLUSIONS .......................................................................................................... 86 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................. 88 vii Appendix A PAIRED STIMULUS PREFERENCE ASSESSMENT RESULTS .............. 107 B BIRD SPECIES INCLUDED IN THE “WHAT DO BIRDS EAT?” COMMUNITY SCIENCE PHOTO DATABASE ......................................... 116 C CAROTENOID LEVELS IN INVERTEBRATE TAXA .............................. 125 viii LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Contingency table of frequencies of different taxa of Eastern Bluebird prey (annual variation), with percent contributions to chi-square ........... 24 Table 2 Contingency table of frequencies of different taxa of Eastern Bluebird prey (seasonal variation), with percent contributions to chi-square ........ 25 Table 3 Composition of arthropod taxa in North American breeding bird diets, based on crowd-sourced photos from community scientists ................... 63 Table 4 Contingency table of frequencies of different taxa of Eastern Bluebird prey (crowd-sourced photos versus camera trap data), with percent contributions to chi-square ...................................................................... 65 ix LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 GoPro camera stationed at Eastern Bluebird nest box ............................ 17 Figure 2 Paired Stimulus Preference Assessment example. Male bluebird selecting his first choice of 12 prey items (6 waxworms and 6 cabbage loopers) .................................................................................................... 39 Figure 3 Composition of arthropod taxa in North American breeding bird diets, based on crowd-sourced photos from community scientists. Arthropod orders listed phylogenetically. ................................................................. 57 Figure 4 Regions of United States and Canada used for geographic comparisons ............................................................................................. 58 Figure 5 Arthropods in breeding Eastern Bluebird diet ......................................... 65 Figure 6 Total carotenoid content in examined arthropod taxa; letters denote groups that are similar based on post-hoc comparisons ................................. 80 Figure 7 Invertebrate prey prevalence in breeding bird diets compared to total carotenoid content ................................................................................... 82 x ABSTRACT Improving our understanding
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