Index A see also family and friends Abbots Bromley, madhouse 202 house visitors as, at General Aberdare (south Wales), mothers Hospital, Birmingham 36 forbidden in isolation hospitals social workers as, children with 160 cancer 143 Aberdeen, window appointment at ‘after care’ committees 44 isolation hospital 164 Aickin, T. 281 abuse Akin, Lew (child operated on) 67 in asylums Albert, Prince, HRH the Prince England see asylums (England) Consort 46 New York State Lunatic Asylum Alcester, visiting in isolation hospital (Utica) 248, 255 161, 164 by staff alcohol house visitors’ concern 36 brought into New York asylums official visitors to reduce 19, 259 21, 203, 255 smuggled into London Lock prevented by house visitors at hospital 181 Lock Hospital 179 Allderidge, Patricia 244–5 Act for Regulating Madhouses (1774) Allen, John 36 201 ambulance service, isolation hospitals acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), and 152 children 133–4 America see USA parental experience of diagnosis American Episcopal Mission, St Luke’s 139–40 Hospital (Shanghai) 60 symptoms 133 American mission hospitals, China see treatment 133–4 China, medical missions acute myelogenous leukaemia (AML) aminopterin 134 134 amputations adenoidectomy, Jenny Lind Hospital death rates (UK vs China) 69–70 for Sick Children 124–5 mission hospitals in China 64, 65 advertising anaesthetics 57 for Bay View Private Asylum Anderson, John A. 61–2 (Australia) 277 animals, in hospitals 24 scrutiny of surgery in China and see also pets 69 apothecary, list of visitors and visits 34 visiting days/hours to children’s Ararat Asylum (Victoria, Australia) 274 hospitals 10 art gallery, London’s Foundling advocates of patients (family/friends as) Hospital 14 in China 63–4 313
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Ashburn Hall Private Asylum (New New York asylums 246 Zealand), official visitors proximity to towns as benefit to reporting on visitors 250 entertainment 276 public visitors 13–14 Ashley, Lord 210, 212, 213 Australian/New Zealand Asia, South see South Asia asylums 268, 270, 273, 278 asylums South Asia 224, 225 as alternative to household stress see also Ceylon, psychiatric from mentally ill 290 institutions; India, asylums Australian/New Zealand see asylums (England) 199–222 Australian and New 1750–1815 201–6 Zealand asylums 1815–1850 (from voluntary to balls 268, 270, 271–2, 273–4 central oversight) 206–15 bands 15, 268, 272, 273, 274–5 abuses in 199, 200, 206 buildings Commissioners in Lunacy Australian and New Zealand reports 212, 213 asylums 268, 269, 295–6 inspections needed to prevent Ceylon 227, 228 201 India 233–4, 235 for ‘pecuniary profit’ 213 cultural context (nineteenth private madhouses 201, 203 century) 13–14, 245–7, protection by visitation 201, 251–2 203 England (Victorian era) see asylums reforms in 1813 (York Asylum) (England) 207 family blamed for condition by centralised system of regulation 291 needed 209, 211 family visitors 13, 291–2 county asylums Australian/New Zealand 1750–1815 205–6 asylums 289, 297–301 1815–1850 206–7 patient’s rights not to be visited Commissioners in Lunacy by 13, 301–2 approach 213–14 restricted in New York asylums guardians and responsibility for 257 paupers 209 therapeutic value 13, 298, 300 magistrates directing 205, 209 views on asylums 290 Metropolitan Commissioners’ see also Australian and New inspections 210 Zealand asylums as model 205, 210 importance of visiting 13 Select Committee (1815-16) New York see New York asylums recommendations 206–7 official visitors 19 visitation/inspections 205–6 Australia/New Zealand see for-profit see private asylums Australian and New Zealand (below) asylums governors/official visitors Ceylon 18–19, 20, 226 complacency 209 England see asylums (England) conflicts of interests with India 236 proprietors 202
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Leicester asylum 206–7 1750–1815 203–5 lobbying against 1815–16 1815–1850 207 Select Committee 206 established as annexes to private madhouses 201, 202 hospitals 203–4 provincial asylums 204 need for oversight of keepers York Asylum 207 203 images and myths 199 visitation/inspection inspections 19 deficiencies 203–5 balance of needs for/against publicly funded 19, 200 19, 199–200, 203 Select Committee (1815-1816) need to prevent abuses 19, 201 206–7 Madhouse Act (1828) 208 Select Committee (1827) 208 need to inspect but need to protect staff/governors rejecting patients from distress inspection/interference 19, 19, 199, 203 203, 205 overcrowding 211 state responsibility 209 oversight/monitoring 19, 200 temptations for staff/visitors 19, pauper lunatics and 208, 209, 211 202, 209 Asylums Act (1854) requirement visitation by Commissioners in 211 Lunacy see Commissioners physicians role of dominance 204 in Lunacy private asylums 19, 199, 200 visitation requirements 1750–1815 201–3 1774 Act 201 1815–1850 208 1827 Select Committee abuse for ‘pecuniary profit’ 206–7, 209 213 best practices in county asylums Commissioners in Lunacy 205–6 concerns 212 county asylums 205 condemnation by Metropolitan Poor Law reforms and 209–10 Commissioners 211 private asylums 202, 203 conflict of interest of official provincial asylums 204 visitors 202 variations in fulfilment of 204 criticisms of 202, 203 voluntary asylums 203, 206 for-profit basis 19, 206 ‘visitation upon visitation’ 214 limited effectiveness of 1774 Visiting Justices, for county asylums Act 201–2 205 Metropolitan Commissioners’ voluntary sector 200 inspection 210, 211 1750–1815 203 paupers, concerns over c 1815–1850 207–8 onditions for 212–13 visitation deficiencies 203, 205 proprietors 206 see also Commissioners in Lunacy unjust admission by relatives Asylums Act (1854) 211 with motive 199, 201 asylum tourism unregistered houses 201 cultural context (nineteenth visitation by local justices 201 century) 13–14, 245–7, provincial asylums 251–2
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Editors Permeable Walls - 9789042026322 Downloaded from Brill.com09/28/2021 01:59:50AM via free access Index asylum tourism (cont...) control by inspectors 302 New York asylums 243–66 employment of patients 268–9, see also New York asylums 297 Attfield, Dr 268–9, 280–1 entertainment/recreation 14–15, Auckland Mental Hospital (New 267–88, 295 Zealand) (‘Whau’) 270, 272 annual picnic 280, 281, 282, administration/control and 296 inspections 293 bands see above excursions for patients 281 books/newspapers 269, 279 family visits frequency 300 charity concerts 272, 295 laws/Acts affecting 292 cricket and football 269, location and size 292 279–81 newspaper provision 279 criticisms about 280–1 official visitors 294–5 film/cinematography 268, 275 Hendre, Mrs Sada Russell financial constraints affecting 296–7 272–3 patient profiles 292 First and Second World Wars radio use 275 273–4 state of buildings 295–6 fundraising by 270, 272 visiting day changes 299 games 269, 279 visitors’ book information on involving family/friends 267, visitors 298 278 women’s garden 296 involving staff and visitors Aunt Judy’s Magazine 94–5 267, 270 Australian and New Zealand asylums links between guests and administration/control and asylum 272 inspections 293, 294–5 monitored by official visitors asylum ball 268, 270, 271 276–8 for better behaved patients music 272, 274–5 271–2 paid professional groups permission declined during providing 268, 270 world war 273–4 patients excluded from 296 asylum band 15, 268, 272, 273, patriotic, during world wars 274–5 273 band members 274–5 provision difficulties 273 buildings/spaces 268, 269, 296 radio 268, 275 overcrowding and poor state range of activities 267, 270 295–6 for select patients 270, 271–2 Christmas celebrations 278 sports 268, 269, 279–81 compassionate visiting 300 sports days 280 confined/secluded patients 296 as treatment regime 268–74 contributions (financial) to unsuccessful exhibitions/bands from families 292 272 by visitors 278 volunteers providing 268, 273, correspondence/letters to patients 278 290
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weekly/regular dances 271–2, shifting responsibility by family 282 members 300 exercise for inmates 267, 269, sources of information about 279–81 290 family history, at committal time staff responses/views of 301, 299 303 family support of importance to therapeutic value 13, 298, 300 patients 299–300, 303 visiting day changes 299 family visitors 289, 297–301 visiting on wards 298 control by staff 297, 301, 302 female charity workers visiting 295 correspondence/letters to gifts from families/friends 278 patients 290, 302 history of 291–2 discussion with importance of visiting 13 superintendent/medical officer inspectors 294–5 298 lack of mention of family distances travelled 298 visitors in reports 297 distressing nature of visits 300, reports 295–6, 297 301 lady visitors 295 effect on families 300–1, laws/Acts affecting 292, 297 301–2 ‘leave’ for patients 16, 268, 281–3 financial circumstances of 299 community able to observe friends sent in lieu of 298 patients during 281 history 291–2 day release 298–9 information about 298 excursions outside 281, 282 involvement encouraged 289, failures and criticisms 282 297 passes 281 lacking for migrants 293 trial release/absence 297–8, medical superintendents’ 299–300 cautions 302 location and distance from towns mention in case records 292–3 minimal 299 maintenance payments from not wanted by staff 301 families 292 patient day-release 298–9, mental illness management/therapy 299–300 294 patient response 301, 303 newspaper/magazine reports about for patients causing distress 270, 271, 272, 282 299 normal experiences of ‘outside’ patients’ right not to be visited world 268, 270, 272 13, 301–2 normal social activities of patients permission of authorities for 268, 270, 272 297, 301 obligation to rehabilitate patients role at discharge 297–8, 303 270 role at patient admission 289, 297, 299 role in diagnostic process 302
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Australian and New Zealand asylums B (cont...) official visitors 276–8, 290, 294–7 Babb, Isabella 89 appointment 294 Bagthorpe hospital 158 duties 295–6 Bakewell, Thomas 202, 206 monitoring of Baldwin, Peter 149, 151 entertainment/recreation bands, Australian/New Zealand asylums 276–8 15, 268, 273, 274–5 notes from Hendre (Mrs Sada Barrow, Logie 151 Russell) 296 Bartleet, Miss, ‘after care’ committee recording comments in Visitor’s development 44 Book 276 Bathurst, H.A. 92 warning of visits 278 Bay View Private Asylum (New South overcrowding and state of buildings Wales) 276, 277 295–6 discipline at 276 patient profiles 292 Inspector General’s cautions on patients’ right not to be visited 13, 278 301–2 location and friends visiting 277 penalty for refusing admission 297 official visitors monitoring permeable walls 14, 267, 281, 283, entertainment 276 290, 303 suicide of day-release patient 282 pets for inmates 24, 279 ‘Bedlam’ see Bethlem Hospital physical and symbolic separation beds, hospital 300–1 General Hospital (Birmingham) recreation halls 268, 269 learning from other institutions sound technology in 275 37–8 used as dormitories 269–70 house visitors advising on 34–5 release/absence, trial 297–8, number 299–300 Ceylon, psychiatric institutions space for Divine service 269 228 staff India, asylums 234 censoring of radio 275 isolation hospitals (mid- concerns over excursions for Victorian Britain) patients 281 147, 151 musical abilities 274–5 Beechworth Asylum (Victoria, shortages during world wars Australia) 274 273 beer quality, assessment by house on sporting teams 280 visitors 33 working class background 274 beggars, near London Lock Hospital state-funding 295 185 superintendents 293–4 behavioural conditioning 23 trial release of patients 297–8 behaviour of patients, house visitors’ see also New South Wales asylums; concerns 35–6 Queensland asylums; Victoria behaviour of visitors see conduct of (Australia) asylums visitors Bell, Jean 164 Bence Jones, Sir Henry 84 318
Editors Permeable Walls - 9789042026322 Downloaded from Brill.com09/28/2021 01:59:50AM via free access Index benefactors see subscribers tea provision for visitors 47 beriberi 66 visiting days for patient visitors 47 Berkeley Hill, Lt Col. O. 233 visiting hours 40 Best, Dr Charles 204 Birmingham Children’s Hospital 32 Bethel (Norwich) 291 ladies’ committee 88 Bethlem Hospital (London) 199, 206 lady visitors 17, 43, 44 open public access 203 learning from Great Ormond Street origins and inadequate to meet hospital 38 needs 200 out-of-date in 1907 37 pets for inmates 279 regulations controlling patients’ public visiting 14 visitors 39–40 voyeurism (by visitors) 199, 203, tolerance of family visitors 39 244 visiting day control to limit Bethnal Green, Warburton’s White infections 40 House 208 Bixby, Josephine 62 Bilston, madhouse 202 Blackpool, charges for visiting isolation Birkenhead, isolation hospital and hospital 160 private rooms 154–5 Blackwell’s Island, asylum see New York Birmingham City Lunatic Asylum General Hospital see General (Blackwell’s Island) Hospital (Birmingham) Board of State Commissions of Public hospitals in nineteenth century 32 Charities (USA) 246 isolation hospital ‘popularity’ 158 Bogdan, Robert 253 see also specific hospitals (below) books, Australian/New Zealand asylums Birmingham and District Crippled 269, 279 Children’s Union 44 Bose, Dr G. 233 Birmingham and Midland Eye Hospital Bowlby, John 12, 126 32 bread regulations controlling patients’ quality assessment by house visitors visitors 39–40 33, 204 staff visits to London hospitals 38 waste 35 Birmingham and Midland Hospital for breast cancer cases 67 Skin and Urinary Diseases 32 Brigham, Amariah 247–8, 249 educational visits for staff and Brisbane Exhibition 282 innovations 45 Brisbane Mental Hospital 278 lady visitors 43 Brisbane Special Hospital 270 venereal disease and religious see also Goodna Hospital instruction 35–6 (Wongaroo Lunatic visiting hours 48 Asylum)(Queensland) Birmingham and Midland Hospital for Bristol Children’s Hospital 91 Women 32 Broadstairs, window appointment at home visits 44 isolation hospital 164 house visitors 17, 44 Bromfeild, William 178, 186 lady visitors 43 brothels 182 royal visits 46 Browning, Guy 7 student visits to wards and roles 42 Buckingham, Maude G. 45
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see also Mapother, Professor Edward visits to dispensary (China) 58 Chadwich, George 201 ‘Children in Hospitals’ (USA chapel organisation) 55 Australian/New Zealand asylums children’s hospital(s) 81–110 269 casual visitors (female) 82, 83 London Lock Hospital 185–6, 187 education of parents charitable donations (hygiene/childcare) see for educational visits and education of visitors knowledge transfer 37 house visitors 17, 82, 83 house visitors providing 17, 18, 32 infection control see infection see also subscribers control charitable role/work, casual lady visitors inspectors and official visitors 82, in children’s hospitals and 83 91–2 ladies committees 87, 88–9 charities, medical 31 disbanding 91 charity concerts, Australian/New London see Hospital for Sick Zealand asylums 272, 295 Children, Great Ormond Chase, Reverend H. 259–60 Street (London) chemotherapy, development for Norwich see Jenny Lind Hospital childhood cancers 133–4 for Sick Children childcare number with daily visiting (1950s) centrality of family 12 121 role of older siblings 101 oncology see Children’s Hospital of children Pittsburgh, children with accompanying parents to hospital cancer in China 67 parental visiting 82–3 benefits of parents helping with 71 rooming-in for mothers 48, 120, campaign against visiting 121 restrictions in USA 55 subscribers and visiting by 82 cancer see cancer, in children types of visitors 82 detrimental effect of separation visiting restrictions for parents 10, from parents 126 17 hospitals for see children’s see also specific hospitals hospital(s) Children’s Hospital of Boston 132, 133 in isolation hospitals see isolation Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia hospitals (mid-Victorian 132 Britain) Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, neglect, parents viewed as cause of children with cancer 12, child’s sickness 82 131–46 responsibility for health after admissions 135 admission to isolation child participation in clinical trials hospital 155 136 status as dependents 155 parental fears and experiences views on parental visiting at Jenny 140–1 Lind Hospital for Sick discharge of children 137 Children 119–20
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Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, teaching hospital and staff types (children with cancer) (cont...) 138 duration of parent total care for children 132 stay/hospitalisation 134, 135, see also cancer, in children 138, 141 Children’s Oncology Group (USA) experiences of families 131–46 133, 138 conducting of interviews with China 62 138 current threats to hospitals 72 of diagnosis of cancer 138–40 dispensaries 57–9 emotional stress on parents accompanying family inspiring 131–2, 138–9, confidence 58 142, 144 benefits 57 on entry into clinical trial children attending 58 140–1 patient statistics 58 family/community support responsibilities of doctor 143 59–60 financial/employment concerns family/friends in mission hospitals 140, 142 11, 61–2 general issues on hospital stay as advocates of patients 63–4 141 benefits of families’ presence interviews with parental visitors 62, 66–7, 69, 70, 72 136 children accompanying parents lack of sleep for parents 141 67 parents’ loss of control (feeling) comfort for patients 67 138 consent for surgery 64 parents’ loss of consequences for patients income/employment 140, 142 69–70 social work and psychosocial current threats/changes 72 support 143 female patients 63 staff relationships 136–7, high risk surgery only in 143–4 presence of 71 study design 135–7 indemnifying hospital against study participants and findings deaths 64–5 137–8 infant care/feeding 62–3 nurse’s role 135, 143–4 as intermediary and guarantors oncology programme 138 65 parent–hospital staff relationship numbers of relatives/servants 136–7, 143–4 61, 62, 69, 72 parents’ roles (care/support) 135 in operating rooms 67, 68 procedures/treatment types 136 overcrowding by 61 psychosocial support for family 12, parents accompanying children 132, 143 58, 62, 67 socio-economic and racial groups psychological benefits to patient attending 137, 144 66–7, 69 staff appreciation of parents’ role responsibilities 11, 62–3 144
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D Dukinfield, Sir Henry 84 Dunckly, Thomas 179 Das, Dr Banarsi 233 Dunjibhoy, Lt Col. L.E. 233 ‘deep philanthropy’ 21 Durbach, Nadja 150 Defoe, Daniel 19, 199, 201 Dwyer, Ellen 245 Deptford Hospital 162 Derby Infirmary 37 Dickens, Charles 86 E diet, traditional, concerns over in China Eannace, Maryrose 256–7 65–6 Edinburgh dietetics, mission hospitals in China Royal Edinburgh Asylum 291 11, 65, 66 visiting passes for isolation hospital Digby, Anne 244 161 diphtheria, isolation hospitals 151 Edinburgh Children’s Hospital, official disinfection, after visiting isolation lady visitors 88–9 hospitals 160–1, 163 educational visits ‘disinterested’ visitors 17 to asylums 251–2, 253 see also house visitors self-education, New York dispensaries asylums 251, 252, 253, 254 China 57–9 to hospitals 37–8 USA 57 for staff, specialist hospitals (UK) District Nursing Association 44 38, 45 district visiting societies 97 education of children in hospital, Dix, Dorothea 18 women casual visitors’ role 98, doctor–patient ratio, Ceylon psychiatric 99, 100 institutions 228 education of visitors doctors institutional visits 18 Ceylon psychiatric institutions 230 parents (hygiene/childcare) 10 Hospital for Sick Children, Great Hospital for Sick Children Ormond Street (London) (London) 101–2 84–5 Jenny Lind Hospital (Norwich) South Asian, training at Maudsley 112, 116 Hospital 238 elderly, care of, in China 72 training, for India’s asylums 236, Elion, Gertrude 134 237 Ellerton, H.B. 274 dogs, in hospitals/asylums 24, 279 emergency room visitors 16 domestic visitation 96–7, 99–100 emotional stress Douglas-Willans, Reverend 114 family visitors to Australian/New Downcast Eyes (Jay) 252 Zealand asylums 300, 301 Droitwich Lunatic Asylum 202, 210 Goodna Hospital 301–2 Commissioners in Lunacy parents with child with cancer criticisms 213, 214 131–2, 138–9, 142, 144 opening but unregistered 201 prevention at Jenny Lind Hospital Duchess of York, HRH, visits to for Sick Children 121–2 hospitals 46 emotional support, sources 9 Duddeston Hall, asylum 209 Dudley, Countess of 46 325
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hospitals see London monitoring of spending of 17 Lock Hospital public visitors providing 13, 14, 15 see also patient visitors visitors covering costs 9, 10 family-centred care visitors to New York asylums benefits for patients 71–2 248–9 in China see China, family/friends see also fundraising; subscribers in mission hospitals financial losses, of parents of child with rationale and background to 56 cancer 140, 142 staff resistance 66 Finley, Fanny 182–3 in USA 55, 71 Finnane, Mark 291–2 Farber, Sidney 133 First World War, entertainment in ‘fathers’ day’, for visiting 100 Australian/New Zealand Fearn, Anne 66 asylums 273 special kitchens 66–7 fitness fee-for-service basis of hospitals, China to contribute to social well-being 72 150 female nurses see nurses to maintain a dwelling 150, 153 female patients food Chinese mission hospitals 63 inspected by house visitors at lady visitors introduction 42 London Lock hospital 180 London Lock Hospital 181–3 provision by patient visitors prevention from yielding to Birmingham hospitals 31, 39, treatment (China) 64 40, 48–9 female visitors 22 Jenny Lind Hospital for Sick house visitors 17 Children 118 roles 22 mission hospitals in China see also lady visitors 65–6 ‘feminine meddling’ 45 USA hospitals 59 Fenn, Richard 35 wrong kinds, London Lock fights, by day-release patients 282 Hospital 181 films responsibility by family/friends in Australian/New Zealand asylums China 11, 65–6 15, 268, 275 wastage at Hospital for Sick silent 15, 268 Children 89, 90 financial help football, Australian/New Zealand Australian and New Zealand asylums 269, 279–81 asylums foreign dignitaries, visits by 45 from families 292 foreign students, as visitors 49 by visitors 278 foreign visitors collection plates and increased Jenny Lind Hospital for Sick visiting hours 40 Children 114 ‘deep philanthropy’ and 21 medical visitors, at Great Ormond Hospital for Sick Children (Great Street hospital 84 Ormond Street) 81, 84 ‘Foul Disease’ 15, 175 women casual visitors 99 Foundling Hospital, London 14 house visitors providing 17, 18, 35 Fox, Edward Long 206
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location and distance from towns healthcare professionals 292, 293 house visitors’ conflict 36 patriotic entertainment during sea-change in views 12 world wars 273 see also doctors; hospital staff; rail passes for families 293 nurses unsuccessful band practices 272 Hendre, Mrs Sada Russell 296–7 governance, concept/studies 22–3 Henley, William 43 governing committees Henley-in-Arden, madhouse 202 all-male (England) 21 Hereford Lunatic Asylum 210 Hospital for Sick Children see Commissioners in Lunacy Hospital for Sick Children, criticisms 212 Great Ormond Street Hilton, Boyd 86 London Lock Hospital 178, 179 Hodgson, Arthur 279 governors, hospital see hospital Hokitika Asylum (New Zealand) 282 governors Hokitika Band (New Zealand) 274 Gray, James 164 Holloway Sanatorium 291 Gray, John P. 244, 248, 256 Homerton Smallpox Hospital, MAB Great Ormond Street Hospital for Sick 160 Children see Hospital for Sick homes Children, Great Ormond Street overcrowded, compulsory removal Grey Lynn Ladies Committee (New to isolation hospitals and Zealand) 275 153 grief, parents of child with cancer 139 as site of liberal governance 150 guarantors, against unpaid fees in home visits, Birmingham hospitals 44 China 65 Hook, Ann 182–3 guides, for distinguished visitors 15 Hope, Adrian 95, 96 Gunasekara, Dr S.T. 223–4, 226 Hopkins, A.N. 36 Guy, Thomas 176 hospital(s) Guy Fawkes night 114 administration, house visitors Guy’s Hospital (London) 176, 179 monitoring 33 admission controlled by governors (subscribers) 177 H boards, development in Hackett, Father (Auckland) 300 Birmingham hospitals 36 Halsted, Reverend 36 governors see hospital governors Hanwell Lunatic Asylum (Middlesex, maintenance, male UK) 270 management committee Harcourt, J.T. 276 member role 84 Harper’s for mental disorders see asylums article on New York City Lunatic opening Asylum 243–4 fundraising opportunity 14 article on response of inmates to importance to town 14 visitors 260 as sites of knowledge transfer 37–8 Hartnack, Christian 225 transformation into homes by Haydock Lodge (asylum), women visitors 22 Commissioners in Lunacy uniformity 38 intervention 213 329
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Editors Permeable Walls - 9789042026322 Downloaded from Brill.com09/28/2021 01:59:50AM via free access Index hospital staff (cont...) New York see New York visitors to/for 40–2 asylums see also doctors; healthcare private madhouses 202–3 professionals; nurses; provincial asylums 204, 208 specific hospitals voluntary sector 203 Hospital Visitation Authorisation 24 see also asylums (England) house committees 44, 48 responsibilities, apothecaries development in General Hospital, advising on 34 Birmingham 36 role began as public visitors 17 house visitors 8, 16–18, 32–7, 48 Royal Salop Infirmary 291 Birmingham hospitals 32, 33 see also hospital governors; appointment 32–7 subscribers conflict with staff 36 Howard, John 20 roles 33, 34–5, 36 Howie, W.B. 291 see also General Hospital Howlings, John 114 (Birmingham) Huddersfield, bathing after visiting concern over abuse by staff 36 isolation hospital 163 conflict with staff 36 Human Rights Campaign, gay rights decline 36, 45 and 23–4 financial help provided by 17, 18, Hunger, Dr Alexander 204 35 Hunningham Hall Asylum 214 functions and roles 32–3, 48 Hutchings, George 134 advice on beds/washing 34 advice on patient treatment 34 I bread and beer quality testing identity 33 of institutionalised 16 business administration 33 of visitors 16 fitness of patients for admission Illustrated London News 35 entertainment in asylums 270 hospital finances and pets in asylums 279 consumption control 35 Illustrated Melbourne Post, asylum balls meat quality assessment 34 271–2 moral/religious instruction Inch, Frank 118 35–6 India, asylums 233–4 as patient advocates 36 bed number 234 Hospital for Sick Children see buildings 233–4, 235 Hospital for Sick Children, civil and criminal lunatics in same Great Ormond Street (London) asylum 234 Jenny Lind hospital see Jenny Lind costs and expenditure 234 Hospital for Sick Children, lack of leadership 235 hospital visitors Mapother’s criticisms 233–4 London Hospital 179 Mapother’s recommendations 236, London Lock Hospital see London 237 Lock Hospital medical student training 236 lunatic asylums Mysore as good example 235, 238 overcrowding 234 332
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psychiatrist appointment 236 160–1, 163, 164 psychiatrists and staff 233 non-bodily contact rule 162 training of doctors 236, 237 protective clothing 162, 163 Visiting Committee 236 rituals/disinfection 160–1, see also Mapother, Professor Edward 162–3 ‘Indianisation’ of health services 225, ‘window’ appointments 164 235, 237 see also isolation hospitals (mid- Indian Medical Service (IMS) 235 Victorian Britain) infant(s) see also cross-infection care/feeding by family/friends in innovations at hospitals, visits for mission hospitals (China) knowledge transfer 37–8, 45 62–3 insane/insanity Jenny Lind Hospital for Sick care of 19 Children 120 see also asylums; asylums vaccination 150 (England) infanticide, in Ceylon 229 as result of intense civilisation of infection(s) modern times 245 control/prevention see infection institutional buildings see buildings control institutional visits, management 15 death rates after surgery (UK vs see also stage-managing visits; China) 70 individual types of families/visitors spreading 9, 11, institutions 39–40, 49, 148 institutions, official visiting see official Birmingham Children’s visitors Hospital 40 Intercolonial Medical Congress (1889) in isolation hospitals 148, 159 294 hospital visitors not spreading 122 interwar period spread by washing wounds in UK entertainment/recreation in 70 Australian/New Zealand spreading in children’s hospitals asylums 273–4 11, 83 visitors in Birmingham hospitals Jenny Lind hospital 117 44–5, 48 spread by clothes 82–3 Ipswich Mental Hospital (Queensland, transmission, and control methods Australia) 275, 278 151 Brisbane Exhibition attendance see also cross-infection 282 infection control 9, 19, 151 Ipswich Show, attendance by asylum children’s hospitals 11, 83 patients 282 Hospital for Sick Children 83 Isolation: Places and Practices of Jenny Lind Hospital 117, 120, Exclusion (Bashford and 121, 122–3, 125 Strange) 256 parental exclusion from wards isolation hospitals (mid-Victorian 11, 83, 117 Britain) 19, 147–73 visiting day control for access to patient information 164, (Birmingham) 40 165 visitors to isolation hospitals
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Editors Permeable Walls - 9789042026322 Downloaded from Brill.com09/28/2021 01:59:50AM via free access Index isolation hospitals (mid-Victorian assessment by 153 Britain) (cont...) increase 153, 158 admissions by age 155, 156 illicit visits to patients 152 bed number 147, 151 infection spread minimisation children in 155–9, 166 160–1, 163, 164 implication for regulation of isolation level/extent 151–2 home life 155 Local Authority requirement 151 increasing hospitalisation rates location on outskirts of towns 163, 158 164 mothers staying/visiting 160 model plans 151 parental acquiescence 158–9 number of hospitals 147, 151 personal accounts 157–8 nursing staff movements 152 petitions and protests against opening, visits and fundraising 14 156–7 outreach’ facilities 158, 160 resentment against compulsion patient isolation as strategy of 155–6, 157 government power 147–8 responsibility for health after patient number system, and status 155 categories 164–5 threat of coercion 159 pauperisation and 154 citizenship and 149–50, 165–6 paupers, admission and refusal to as component of public health admit 154 plans 151 personal accounts of 157–8 contractors/suppliers to and as ‘poor man’s spare bedroom’ movements in/out 152 152–4 daily updates on patients 164–5 private rooms for wealthy 154–5 ‘dangerous’/’dangerousness’ of rationale for 147 citizens 165–6 social class of patients 153, 154, dangerously ill patients 161, 164 156 diseases requiring admission 151–2 telephone use 165 establishment 151 temporary nature of buildings 151 government inquiries 148–9 visiting passes 161 hospitalisation visiting restrictions 14, 159–65 barriers to acceptance 154 charges for visitors 160 concealment of disease to to deter visiting 160–1, 163 prevent 156 on mothers/parents 160 increase in popularity (official non-bodily contact rule 162 view) 153, 155, 158, protective clothing for 162, 159 163 lack of domestic/home space rituals/disinfection 160–1, causing 153–4 162–3 pauper admission prejudicing ‘window appointments’ 164 against 154 visiting rules 160 reluctance to use 153 visiting times 159–60 resentment against 155–6, 157 visitors 14, 166 hospitalisation rates behaviour 162, 163 community acceptance
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as danger (infection spread) funding mix (charity and 159 contributory schemes) 18, to dangerously ill patients 161 114 illicit 152 gifts (food) from patients’ visitors mothers 160 118 numbers 161, 162 hospital visitors (supporters) public transport use 163 112–15, 126 state of health 163 differences from parent visitors vaccination evidence needed 121–2 163 hygiene levels and no infection window appointments 164 risk 122 for working class and poor 153–4 lady visitors 112–13 Isolation Hospitals Act (1893) 151 male visitors 114 isolation of patients, as strategy of reduced in early twentieth government power 147–8 century 113 ‘housekeeping referee’ 113 infant patients, mother’s role 120 J in-patient policy (1950s) 121 Jackson, Mrs (matron at Jenny Lind in-patients, characteristics 122, Hospital for Sick Children) 125 120 Ladies’ Committee 112, 113 Jain, Sanjeev 15, 19, 223–42, 309 power reduced by matron Jay, Martin 252 appointment 113 Jenny Lind Hospital for Sick Children lady visitors 112–13 10, 12, 111–29 management 112, 113 admission interviews 123 matrons 113, 116, 117, 120, 124 admission of children 115–16 medical treatment emphasis risk/benefits 122 111–12 amalgamation with Norfolk and mothers’ room 120, 121 Norwich Hospital (1929) 111, name change of Jenny Lind 124 Infirmary to 111 Centenary Hall opening 121 nursing management 124 children’s nurses vs general nurses nursing staff role in parental 123–4 exclusion 123 Christmas 114–15 out-patient care emphasis (1950s) Committee of Management (CoM) 121 112, 113, 117, 118, 122 parental expectations of care 125–6 criticisms of nurses 124 patient numbers 112 cross-infection prevention 123, patients’ visitors (parents/family) 125 112, 115–20, 126 duration of stay 125 ban on visits 118–19, 122 entertainment of/for children child visitors 116 114–15 concerns on behaviour of foreign visitors 114 visitors 117–18 funding by subscribers 112–13, daily visiting (1949) 120–1, 114 126
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early policy of 3 days per week Unthank Road building 111, 113, 115 116 food brought by 118 visiting cards 118, 119 hospital visitor differences visitors’ book 113–14 121–2 Jenny Lind Infirmary for Sick Children laundry role 116 establishment, opening and naming parental education 112, 116 111 reasons for restrictions see below locations 111 restrictions (1900s) 115, Jones, John 35 116–17 Journal of Insanity 247 sudden cancellations 118 viewed as danger to treatment 120 K viewing children from distance Kelm, Mary-Ellen 290, 291, 298, 301 117, 118, 119, 120 medical superintendents’ cautions views/experiences of on visits 302 nurses/patients 119–20 Kent isolation hospital, visiting 161 visiting days 115, 116, 117, Kerr, John 70 120 Kew Asylum (Victoria, Australia) patients’ visitors, visiting restriction costs of annual picnic 282 reasons 121–6 excursions outside asylum 276, avoidance of nurse/practice 282 scrutiny 122, 123 recreation hall use as dormitory emotional distress prevention 269 121–2 Kingsland Asylum 212–13 infection control 117, 120, Kingsley, Mary 92 121, 122–3, 125 Kinnaird, Mary Jane 92 planned hospitalisation for Kirkbride, Thomas 248, 291 surgery 125 knowledge transfer Pottergate street building 111, hospital visits providing 37–8 113, 116 between institutions 37–8 probationer nurse training 116, Koven, Seth 99–100 124 psychological care of children 121, L 126 ladies committees, children’s hospital(s) purpose/aim of hospital 115–16 87, 88–9 religious services 114 disbanding 91 resident medical officer (RMO) lady visitors 22, 42–4, 45 117 age 43 supporters 112, 114 Australian/New Zealand asylums surgical treatment development 295 112, 124–5 Birmingham and Midland Hospital Tombland building 111, 116 for Skin and Urinary tours of hospital (public relations Diseases 43 activity) 114 Birmingham and Midland Hospital unauthorised visits 115 for Women 17, 43 336
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Birmingham Children’s Hospital letters 17, 43, 44 of complaint, London Lock children’s hospitals 17 Hospital 179–80 charitable role/work and 91–2 from family to asylum patients 290 criticisms of nurses 89, 90 control by inspectors 302 Great Ormond Street hospital Mapother, Professor Edward 17, 22, 89, 95 225–6, 232 Jenny Lind Hospital for Sick leukaemia 133 Children 112–13 acute lymphoblastic see acute monitoring of nurses 22, 89 lymphoblastic leukaemia philanthropy and 91 (ALL) expansion of role outside hospitals acute myelogenous (AML) 134 44 Lewis, Mrs David 94 General Hospital (Birmingham) 42 Lichfield, lunatic asylum 201–2 hospital transformation into homes visiting magistrate’s observations 22 202 introduction into hospitals for Lincoln Lunatic Asylum female patients 42 Commissioners in Lunacy Queen’s Hospital, investigation 214 Birmingham 42, 43 governor response to roles and beliefs 22, 42 Commissioners’ criticisms York Lunatic Asylum 207 214 see also female visitors governor visitations 208 lady volunteers, tea provision for house visitors 208 visitors 47 Lind, Jenny 113, 115 Lancaster Asylum 210 Lindsay, Bruce 10, 17, 111–29, 309 The Lancet 126 liquor see alcohol laundering/laundry Liston, Robert 70 innovations 48 Liverpool Infirmary for Children 88 by mothers, children in hospitals Local Government Board (LGB) 82, 100 inspectors 149 Jenny Lind hospital 116 Lock Asylum for the Reception of ‘leave’ from asylums 16 Fallen Women 190 Australian/New Zealand asylums see Annual Account and quarantine of Australian and New Zealand women 191 asylums day-passes and restrictions 191 Leicester, child admission to isolation parcels/letters inspected 191 hospitals 155–6 religious instruction and regimen Leicester Lunatic Asylum 205 191 Select Committee role/aims 190 recommendations 206–7 Lock Hospital, London see London visitation after Select Committee Lock Hospital report 207 Lodge Patch, Lt Col. 233 visitation by governors prevented London, madhouses 208, 223, 302 205 see also asylums (England) leprosy/lepers 149, 184
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London Children’s hospital see Hospital matron/nurse 189 for Sick Children, Great prevention of fashionable Ormond Street (London) visitors to visit 183–4 London County Asylum 223 reduced access to patients control of letters to patients 302 (1787) 189, 190 London County Council, mental health undermining moral reform of expenditure 234 patients 189 London Fever Hospital, visiting 161 visiting times 180–1, 189 London Hospital founding (1747) 175, 178 house visitors committee 179 fundraising 17, 184 opposition to venereal patient governing Board 179, 186, 187 admission 178 governors/house visitors London Lock Hospital 9, 15, 175–98 (subscribers/donors) 17, admissions policy 177 176–7, 188 Annual Account 188 committee 178, 179 beggars in doorway 185 concern over beggars in board room, visitors guided to doorway 185 183–4 difficulty in obtaining chapel 185–6, 187 subscribers 17, 178 income for hospital 185–6 forum for communicating with clerical visitation 15, 192 wealthy people 184 Coetlogan, Charles de 187 house visitors’ roles 179, 180 evangelicals 187–8 inspection of staff/wards 179 female patients 190 letters of complaint from intense control of visitation 179–80 189, 190 moral reform expectations 188 Madan 185–6, 187 problems addressed by 180 male patients 191–2 reports and complaints 17, Scott, Reverend Thomas 179–80 189–90 stage-managing visits 17, stage-managed to placate 183–5, 188 donors 188 Weekly Committee and roles success assessed by house 179 visitors 188–9 Hyde Park location 184, 185 Twycross, Reverend 188 illusion of respectability 185, 192 controlling of doorway/entry into importance of public opinion for hospital 180–6 survival 176, 192 critics 175 Lock Asylum establishment 190 diseases, repellent features and see also Lock Asylum for the treatment 183 Reception of Fallen engraving/picture 184 Women external visitors (family/friends) 9, male patients 191–2 180–6, 192 nurses, of female wards, control of visitors to female instructions to 181 wards 181–3 permeability of hospital walls 180, parcels inspected by 184
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policing entry to female wards M 181–3 porter’s roles 180, 181, 183–4 MacFarlane, Dr (New Norfolk Asylum quarantine policy to prevent (Tasmania)) 269 offence 183 MacGowan, Daniel 66 reason for establishment 178 MacGregor, Duncan 296 staff taking advantage of women MacKinnon, Dolly 14–15, 24, patients 179, 180 267–88, 309–10 street-front façade 184, 185 Madan, Martin 185–6, 187 visitation and moral reform madhouses see asylums 186–92 Madhouses Act (1774) 201 see also London Lock Hospital, Magdalen Hospital 190–1 clerical visitation magistrates visitation as institutional self- county lunatic asylums visits 205, policing 175, 178–80, 192 209 visitation types 175–6 criticisms of lunatic asylums 214 wards/patients kept from public private madhouse visits and view 183–4, 186 conflicts of interest 202 door left open concern 186 Maidstone, outreach isolation facilities windows locked/covered and doors 158 locked 186 Main, Duncan 65 women patients Major, John, complaint to London Ann Hook and Fanny Finley Lock Hospital 179–80 case 182–3 male governing committees 21 control of visitors to female male hospital governors 22 wards 181–3 male visitors 22, 33 friends’ visits not allowed asylums see asylums (England) 181–2 General Hospital (Birmingham) moral reform methods 190 33–5 protection from public sphere Hospital for Sick Children see 190 Hospital for Sick Children, viewed as morally loose 181–2 Great Ormond Street London Missionary Society (LMS) (London) Roberts’ Memorial Hospital Jenny Lind Hospital for Sick (Hebei) 61 Children 114 Xiaogan hospital 70–1 see also house visitors; official Long Fox, Edward 206 visitors; subscribers Lunacy Act (1878) New South Wales management committee, children’s 292 hospitals 84 Lunacy Ordinance of Ceylon 228 Hospital for Sick Children see lunatic asylums see asylums Hospital for Sick Children, The L Word 24 Great Ormond Street (London) Jenny Lind Hospital 112, 113, 117, 118, 122 Manchester, isolation hospitals 161, 165 339
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Manchester Lunatic Hospital, house Jenny Lind Hospital for Sick visitors 204 Children 113, 116, 117, Manning, Frederick Norton 293–4 120, 124 Mapother, Professor Edward 223–42 London Lock Hospital, parcel Ceylon visit 225–7 inspection by 189 1937 visit 225–6 Maudsley Hospital (London) criticisms 227–8 Institute of Psychiatry 223 invitation by Gunasekara medical superintendent 223 223–4 training of South Asian doctors letters/correspondence 225–6, 238 232 measles 82 limitations to achievements meat quality, assessment by house 231–2, 239 visitors 34 official report in 1938 225 medical apprentices, visitors for 41 recommendations 15, 227, medical charities 31 228–32, 238 medical missions, China see China reports 227–32 medical staff see healthcare professionals visit in demi-official capacity as Memorial Hospital (New York) 132 ‘expert’ 226–7, 237, 238, 239 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer see also Ceylon Center 132 India visit 226, 232–6 memory, asylum patient’s 302 call for ‘crusade’ 235, 236 mental asylums see asylums criticisms and comments mental (health) nurses, Ceylon 230 233–4 mercurial salivation 183 deficiencies exposed 20 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Mysore as example 235, 238 aureus (MRSA) 7, 24 personal visit and information Methodist Episcopal Mission (South) use 226, 237, 239 (MEM(S)) Women’s Hospital recommendations 236 (Suzhou) 58 report 232, 236–7 family role in food provision 65–6 visit to hospitals 233 overcrowding by servants/families see also India, asylums 60–1 value of visitors’ reports to methotrexate 134 historians 238 Metropolitan Asylums Board (MAB) visits to South Asia 18–19, 20, 149 223–4, 225–7 Homerton Smallpox Hospital 160 criticisms of British/Europeans Metropolitan Commissioners in Lunacy 238 208–9, 210 Margaret Williamson Hospital 1844 report 210–11 (Shanghai) 58 superseded by Commissioners in Marshall, T.H. 149 Lunacy 211 master–apprentice relationships 41 see also Commissioners in Lunacy maternalisation of society 100 Middlesex, pauper lunatic asylum 208 matrons Middlesex Infirmary 178 Ceylon asylum 227 Hospital for Sick Children 90, 91
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Midlands, English (London) house visitors to hospitals 17 rooming-in for, at children’s time between governors’ visits 22 hospitals 48, 120, 121 see also Birmingham visiting children at isolation midwife, Chinese 63 hospitals (mid-Victorian military gentlemen, visitors at Great Britain) 160 Ormond Street hospital 84–5 see also family and friends; parents military hospitals 13 Mothers’ Union Visitor 115 Mills, James H. 15, 19, 223–42, 310 MRSA (methicillin-resistant Miron, Janet 14, 16, 243–66, 310 Staphylococcus aureus) 7, 24 Misericordia Hospital 190–1 music mission hospitals see under China Australian and New Zealand Mohammedan patients, special asylums 272, 274–5 kitchen/food for 66–7 bands 15, 268, 272, 273, 274–5 Moncrieff, Alan 123 monitoring roles 8, 9, 17 N see also house visitors; official visitors national identity, concept 150 Monsall Hospital (Manchester) 165 nationhood 150 Mont Park Hospital (Melbourne, neighbourhood dependence, imbalance, Australia) 275, 282 removal of sick child to hospital Mooney, Elizabeth 90 82 Mooney, Graham 10–11, 14, 147–73, Neild, John 21 310 Nelson Asylum 282 moral contamination 9, 10 neuroblastoma 139 moral instruction neuropsychiatric clinic, in Ceylon 229, house visitors’ role 35–6 231 for students 41 Newcastle Lunatic Hospital, visitation morality, charitable worthiness link frequency and requirements 177 204 moral reform/rehabilitation Newgate prison 20 public visitors’ role 15 New Norfolk Asylum (Tasmania) visitation at London Lock Hospital ball and band 272 and 186–92 fireworks celebration 270 see also London Lock Hospital ‘Magic Lantern Exhibition’ moral therapy, in asylums 245, 291 unsuccessful 272 Morgan, Gill 24 recreation hall 269, 270, 271 Morris, Robert 22 New South Wales asylums 290 mothers Bay View asylum see Bay View at Jenny Lind Hospital for Sick Private Asylum (New South Children 120, 121 Wales) role at Hospital for Sick Children Gladesville Asylum see Gladesville 82, 100 Asylum (New South Wales) see also Hospital for Sick history 291–2 Children, Great inspectors and superintendents Ormond Street 293–4 lady visitors 295 341
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New South Wales asylums (cont...) to understand world 251–2 laws/Acts affecting 292 social stigma, reduction 247 newspapers visitors (‘lay’ visitors) 250–6 Australian/New Zealand asylums assured of their ‘normal’ 269, 279 status by visiting 252 failures of day-release system benefits of, for patients 248, 282 256 encouraging asylum visits (New benefits/stress to patients, York) 250, 253–4 balance 248, 256 reports about Australian/New dangers of tours for 258 Zealand asylums 270, 271, fears on immigration 252 272, 282 financial role 248–9 New York asylums intersection of ‘science’ and costs, concerns over 247 ‘spectacle’ 253, 254 daily tours 248 newspaper/media reports as entertainment venue (for visitors) encouraging 250, 253–4 251 opposition to tours/visits by family visitors restricted 257 259–60 as hub of social activity and proximity to town as benefit community involvement 250 247 recording of experiences of 251 increase (number), as evidence of tobacco and liquor brought in society’s advancement 245 by 259 institutional authorities 247–50 understanding of mental illness lack of faith in visitors’ ability to 253, 254 understand 256 voyeurism 244, 253, 254, 255 patient response to public 16, welcomed and rule for 247–8 256–60 see also individual asylums below comfort by telling story to New York City Lunatic Asylum visitors 257 (Blackwell’s Island) 243 entertainment provided by abuse less likely with visitors 255 visitors 258 annual fairs 249 opposition to public visitors article in Harper’s 243–4 259–60 cultural context of nineteenth social alienation reduced 257 century 245–7, 251–2 tobacco and liquor provided description and interactions 243–4 259 evaluation of, by visitors 254 variety of responses, reports ferry to, need to search visitors 259 260 financial role of visitors 248 physical/mental restrictions on government inspection 246 inmates 257 ‘lay’ visitors 244, 250–6 practice of visiting 247–50 socio-economic and ethnic public scepticism about 247 groups 244 reasons for visiting 252, 255–6 positive changes for care of insane self-education/’scientific’ study 246, 247 251, 252, 253, 254 supervision and legislation for 246
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tobacco and liquor brought into Nottingham 259 positive account of isolation tolerance/respect of visitors by hospital by surgeon 157–8 asylum officials 249–50 protest/petition against isolation transport to 250 hospitals 156–7 see also New York asylums Queen’s Hospital staff outing to New York State Lunatic Asylum (Utica) hospital in 38 16 Nottingham Asylum 206 abuse prevention by visitors 255 Nunn, Ann 191 accessibility to visitors, to reassure nurses public 248 children’s vs general 123–4 annual fairs 249 criticism of cultural context of nineteenth at Jenny Lind Hospital 124 century 245–7 by official lady visitors to curing of the insane 246 children’s hospitals 89, entertainment for inmates 257–8 90 evaluation of, by visitors 254 female 41, 43 government inspections 246 lack of, in China, reasons 60, 61–2 ‘lay’ visitors 244, 250–6 mental health and training, Ceylon The Opal see separate entry 230 patient death and abuse 248 monitoring by official lady visitors patient reaction to visitors 16, 256 to children’s hospitals 89 superintendents 246 problems with, at London Brigham, A. 247–8, 249 Children’s Hospital 90 tolerance/respect by asylum officials resentment towards casual visitors 249–50 in children’s hospitals 95, ‘Tour of Observation’ 253 96 understanding of mental illness by role in care of child with cancer visiting 253 135, 143 visitor number 244 role in parental exclusion, Jenny visitors as harmful 245 Lind Hospital 123 see also New York asylums student, numbers 60 New Zealand asylums see Australian support for parents of child with and New Zealand asylums cancer 141, 143–4 New Zealand Herald 272, 295 trained Nicholas, Grand Duke (1796-1855) realisation of need for 57 37 USA hospitals 59 Nicoll, Samuel 207, 209, 214 training nobility, visits by 45–6 in China 62 Norfolk and Norwich Hospital 111, Jenny Lind Hospital for Sick 124 Children 116, 124 Norfolk Asylum 210 uniforms, lack of, children’s Noronha, Frank 235 hospitals 90 Norwich, children’s hospital see Jenny USA, statistics 60 Lind Hospital for Sick Children views on parental visiting at Jenny Norwich Education Committee 114 Lind Hospital 119
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Editors Permeable Walls - 9789042026322 Downloaded from Brill.com09/28/2021 01:59:50AM via free access Index nurses’ homes 41 overcrowding of asylums 211 Nurses’ Registration Act (1919) 123 Australian/New Zealand asylums nutrition, visitors to missionary 295–6 hospitals in China 11, 65–6 Ceylon, Mapother’s criticisms 227 England 211 O India, Mapother’s criticisms 234 overcrowding of homes, compulsory occupational therapists, Ceylon removal to isolation hospitals psychiatric institutions 231 and 153 official visitors 8, 18–20 overcrowding of hospitals, by to asylums see asylums; asylums servants/families, China 60–1 (England) Owen, John B. 84 to children’s hospitals 82, 83–6 see also Hospital for Sick Children, Great P Ormond Street paintings, London’s Foundling Hospital (London) 14 Commissioners see Commissioners Panopticon (Bentham) 20 in Lunacy parents to isolation hospitals 19, 149 benefits of accompanying children monitoring entertainment in 71 Australian/New Zealand as cause of child’s sickness 82 asylums 276–8 children accompanying, to hospitals to reduce abuse by staff 19, 21, in China 67 203, 255 of child with cancer see cancer, in in South Asia see Mapother, children; Children’s Professor Edward Hospital of Pittsburgh workhouse vs hospital 83 education during visits see Ogborn, Miles 191 education of visitors Oldham’s isolation hospital 154, in isolation hospitals 160 160–1 visiting children’s hospital Ontario, families visiting asylums 290 Children’s Hospital of The Opal (Utica Asylum newsletter) Pittsburgh see 16, 250, 257, 258 Children’s censoring 256 Hospital of Pittsburgh opposition to visitors at asylums children with cancer 131–46 259–60 Hospital for Sick Children see subscribers 256 Hospital for Sick see also New York State Lunatic Children, Great Asylum (Utica) Ormond Street operating rooms, family members (London) present, China 67, 68 Jenny Lind Hospital see Jenny Oram, John 180, 181 Lind Hospital for Sick orchidectomy, family witness 68 Children ‘ordering of order’ 22–3 restriction on visiting 10, 17 Oulton Retreat, Staffordshire 214 see also family and friends; mothers Our Mutual Friend (Dickens) 86 Parker, Peter 56–7 344
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children accompanying parents 67 Peill, Arthur 61 crowding of visitors 59 penitentiary movement, Lock Asylum family consent for surgery 64 190 female patients consulting 63 Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane hospital indemnified against deaths 248, 291 64–5 Peter, Miss (matron at Jenny Lind patient and family statistics 69 Hospital for Sick Children) responsibilities, in absence of nurses 113, 116 59–60 Peterson, Hon. J.C. 275 responsibilities of families in pets mission hospitals 62–3 in hospitals and asylums 24, 279 scrutiny of work by families 68, 69 not allowed at General Hospital Parliamentary Select Committee (Birmingham) 24 (1807), lunatic asylums and pharmaceutical sales representatives 18 200 philanthropy Parliamentary Select Committee casual lady visitors in children’s (1827), pauper lunatics 208 hospitals and 91 Parrott, Francis 33 lady visitors and 42 passes management committee members for parents visiting children’s at children’s hospitals 84 hospitals 10 voluntary medical institutions and for patients 21 leaving Australian/New Zealand photographs, USA hospitals 59 asylums 281 physicians, dominant role in asylums Lock Asylum for the Reception 204 of Fallen Women 191 picnic, annual, Australian/New Zealand for visitors, isolation hospitals 161 asylums 280, 281, 282, 296 patient advocates see advocates of Pinkel, Donald 134 patients plumbing, hospital, assessment by patients, selection by governors 177 house visitors 34 patients rights poetry and poets 7–8, 43 not to be visited 13, 301–2 political sermons 35 to receive visitors 23 Polk, Margaret 60–1, 64, 66 patient visitors 8, 9–13 poor, the Birmingham hospitals in nineteenth removal from hospital 35 century 38–40, 47 visiting in homes 96–7 Jenny Lind hospital see Jenny Lind see also paupers Hospital for Sick Children Poor Law Amendment Act (1834) 83, see also family and friends 209 pauperisation, isolation hospitals and Poovey, Mary 150 154 Porirua Hospital (New Zealand) 273 paupers Porter, Roy 177 in isolation hospitals 154 post-traumatic stress, parents of child lunatics 208, 209, 211 with cancer 139 see also asylums Power, William 149, 152 see also poor, the prayers
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regimen in Magdalen and public visitors 8, 13–16, 23 Misericordia hospitals 191 to Australian/New Zealand asylums teaching of by women 22 268, 270, 273, 278 Prison Discipline Society 21 to British asylums see asylums prisons, reforms, surveillance leading to (England) 20 to New York asylums see New York private asylums asylums England see asylums (England) roles 13 New South Wales see Bay View stage-managing visits for 15, 16, Private Asylum (New South 17, 23 Wales) Pye, John 226, 232 Victoria (Australia) 276 private rooms, in isolation hospitals 154–5 Q private vs public hospital visiting 11, Quakers 21 23 quality control, house visitors 8 Provincial Hospital for the Insane Queen Elizabeth Hospital (British Columbia) 290 (Birmingham), royal visit 46 psychiatric institutions Queen’s Hospital (Birmingham) 32 South Asia 224–5 cleanliness, views on 36 UK 14 control over patient visitors 40 USA 14 fees paid by patients 35 see also asylums governors’ visits to other hospitals psychiatry, in South Asia 223–42 38 see also Mapother, Professor Edward home visits 44 psychological benefits to patients (of lady visitors 42 visits) 11–12, 48 appointment 43 of families attending, in China staff outing to Nottingham hospital 66–7, 69 38 psychological isolation 12 student visits to wards and roles 42 psychopathic hospital, Ceylon 229–30 visitors to staff 41 psychosocial support, children with Queensland asylums 290 cancer 12, 132, 143 Ipswich Mental Hospital see public health Ipswich Mental Hospital democratic 149 (Queensland, Australia) isolation hospitals role 151 Willowburn Asylum 274 sanitary reforms 150 Wongaroo asylum see Goodna public hospitals, visiting, private Hospital (Wongaroo hospitals visiting vs 11, 23 Lunatic Asylum) public transport (Queensland) New York City Lunatic Asylum Queen’s Memorial Infectious Diseases (Blackwell’s Island) 250 Hospital (Australia) 161 rail passes for families to visit Goodna hospital 293 visitors to isolation hospitals and 163
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R Robinson, Miss (matron in Ceylon institution) 227 radio 15 Rockefeller Foundation 224, 232, 233, Australian/New Zealand asylums 235–6 268, 275 Rohrer, Robin 12, 131–46, 311 benefits 275 rooming-in for mothers 48 censoring 275 Jenny Lind Hospital for Sick rail passes, for families to visit Goodna Children 120, 121 hospital 293 Rose, George 206 Ranney, M.H. 248 Rosenberg, Charles 9 Ranson, Annie 114 Rowley, Dr Thomas 209–10 Rao, Venkata Subba 233 Royal College of Physicians, visiting Ray, Isaac 255 London madhouses 201, 208 Reaume, Geoffrey 291, 301 Royal Commission on Smallpox and recreation 15 Fever Hospitals (RCSFH) 149 in Australian/New Zealand asylums admissions, deaths and visitor see Australian and New numbers 161, 162 Zealand asylums smallpox spread and movements Ceylon psychiatric institutions 229 to/from hospitals 152 recruitment, visits to hospitals for telephones for patient information assessment 45 165 Registered Sick Children’s Nurses visiting restriction on non-bodily (RSCNs) 10, 123, 124 contact 162 children’s nurses vs general nurses Royal Edinburgh Asylum 291 123 Royal Hospital of Bethlehem see Reifsnyder, Elizabeth 58 Bethlem Hospital Reinarz, Jonathan 10, 13, 17, 19, Royal hospitals, London 176 31–54, 311 Royal Infirmary (Manchester) 165 religion, spreading, in China 58, 61 Royal London Ophthalmic Hospital, religious instruction Moorfields 38 house visitors’ role 35–6 Royal Orthopaedic Hospital Lock Asylum 191 (Birmingham) 32 London Lock Hospital 15 educational visits for staff 45 Renshaw, Michelle 11, 55–79, 311 royal visits 46, 47 rice, polished 66 Royal Salop Infirmary (Shrewsbury) Ricketts, William 202 291 rights royal visits 45–6 of family to access hospitals 148 to hospitals 38 in liberal democracies 149–50 Hospital for Sick Children 95, of patients not to be visited 13, 97 301–2 Russell, Lady 126 of patients to have visitors 23 Russell, William 33, 244 Roadknight, William 202 Roberts’ Memorial Hospital (Hebei), London Missionary Society (LMS) 61 Robertson, James 12, 126 347
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S care, concerns of parent of child with cancer 142 salesmen 18 older, childcare role 101 Salford’s isolation hospital 154 Siena, Kevin 9, 15, 17, 175–98, 300, Samaritanesses 98 311–12 same-sex couples 23–4 Simpson, Sir Alexander 45 Sanderson, John Burdon 165 Sinclair, Eric 294 Sandfield Asylum 209–10 singing, Australian/New Zealand criticisms of conditions and closure asylums 269 212 Skin Hospital see Birmingham and Sanitary Act (1866) 153 Midland Hospital for Skin and sanitary reforms 150 Urinary Diseases Saville, Lillie 62 smallpox 117 scarlet fever 82, 117, 125 isolation hospitals 151, 152 child incidence and mortality 155, evidence of vaccination before 156 visiting 163 hospitalisation rate in Sheffield smells, in hospitals, house visitors’ 153 concern over 34 isolation hospitals 151 Smith, Leonard 19, 199–222, 312 window appointment at isolation social alienation, of inmates 257 hospital 164 social status, benefits of subscribing to Scott, Reverend Thomas 189, 190 children’s hospitals 84–5 Seacliff Mental Hospital (New Zealand) social welfare workers, ‘lady’ 100 274 social work staff, as advocates between Second World War, entertainment in patient and physician 143 Australian/New Zealand Society for the Propagation of Christian asylums 273–4 Knowledge 20 ‘Secret Malady’ 175 solid tumours 135 Select Committee on Madhouses of children 133 1814–15 19 solitary confinement cells, Ceylon 227 Select Committee on Madhouses of Mapother’s criticisms 227 1815–16 200, 206 South Asia Select Committee on the State of colonial paternalism and training of Criminal and Pauper Lunatics doctors 237 (1807) 200 criticisms of imperial medicine and self-reflection, by visitors 16 British 238 separation anxiety 12 official visitors to asylums 18–19, Sheffield, scarlet fever hospitalisation 20, 223–42 rate 153 see also Mapother, Professor Sheffield Children’s Hospital, parental Edward visits 118 psychiatric institutions 224–5, 237 Shrewsbury, Kingsland Asylum 212–13 European doctors leading siblings 225 banned from hospital visits, psychiatry (pre-Second World War) Hospital for Sick Children 224–5 101 state-run hospitals 225
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see also Ceylon, psychiatric subscribers institutions; India, asylums benefits of supporting Southern Presbyterian Mission (SPM) hospitals/charities 176–7 (Jiangsu) 58 children’s hospitals 82 specialist hospitals (UK) Hospital for Sick Children 82, regulations controlling patients’ 84, 91, 98, 102 visitors 39–40 Jenny Lind Hospital 112–13, staff visits (educational) 38, 45 114 specialist hospitals (USA), cancer in see also Jenny Lind Hospital for children 132 Sick Children, hospital sports, Australian/New Zealand asylums visitors 268, 269, 279–81 as governors of hospitals 176–7 Spring Vale (Staffordshire), madhouse London Lock Hospital see London 202 Lock Hospital staff see hospital staff; nurses to The Opal 256 Stafford County Asylum 209 to voluntary charities/hospitals 176 Staffordshire see also charitable donations; Oulton Retreat 214 financial help; fundraising; private madhouses 202 house visitors stage-managing visits 15 Sudnow, David 23 for donors to London Lock suicide, of day-release patient 282 Hospital 17, 183–5, 188 Sunderland isolation hospital 160 for public visitors 15, 16, 17, 23 superbugs 7, 24 Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin- superintendents resistant 7, 24 Australian and New Zealand St Bartholomew’s Hospital 176, 179 asylums 293–4 steam therapy 258 lady, Hospital for Sick Children St George’s Hospital (London) 178 89, 91 St Jude’s Children’s Research Hospital Maudsley Hospital (London) 223 (USA) 132, 134 New South Wales asylums 293–4 St Luke’s Hospital (London) 200 surgery oversight by governors 203 causes of death (infections) 70 public access benefits but consent for, mission hospitals in restrictions 203 China 64 St Luke’s Hospital (Shanghai), death rates 69 American Episcopal Mission development, Jenny Lind Hospital 60 112, 124–5 Stockwell smallpox hospital 161–2 planned, visiting restriction reasons, St Thomas’s Hospital (London) 176, Jenny Lind Hospital 125 179, 181 recovery rate in China 70 clerical visitation 187 safer in China than USA 69–70 students, medical scrutiny by families, in China 67, foreign, as visitors 49 68, 69 visitors for 41 Sutherland, Miss (matron at Jenny Lind visits to hospital wards 41–2 Hospital for Sick Children) Sturdy, Steve 21, 22 117
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Sweeting, Mrs (of Kilburn) 92 U syphilis diagnosis 45 USA rejection of admission to hospitals asylums in New York see New York 177–8 asylums asylum tourism 243–66 see also New York City Lunatic T Asylum Tanner, Andrea 17, 22, 81–110, 312 Board of State Commissions of Tavistock Clinic 12 Public Charities 246 telephones 165 cancer in children, hospitals 132 ‘Ten Types of Hospital Visitor’ see also Children’s Hospital of (Causley, Charles) 7–8 Pittsburgh terminal illness of patients family-centred care in 55 children, parental visiting 100, hospital comparison with medical 116, 118 missions (China) 56 in isolation hospital, visiting 161 hospital photographs 59 Thomson, J. 69–70 medical vs surgical case numbers Thorne, Richard Thorne 149, 152, 64 159, 165 psychiatric institutions 14 tobacco, brought into New York public dispensaries leading to asylums 259 hospitals 57 Tomes, Nancy 291 restrictions on visiting children, tonsillectomy, Jenny Lind Hospital for campaign against 55 Sick Children 124–5 role of visitors to hospitals (up to Toronto Hospital for the Insane 291 1870s) 59 Toronto’s Hospital for Sick Children state commission in lunacy 246 11 surgery safer in China 69–70 toys, provision for children’s hospitals vigilance by families and 88 commitment to care 71 traditional Chinese foods 65, 66 visiting hours and rules 9, 59 traditional Chinese medicine 62–3, 64, Utica Asylum see New York State 66 Lunatic Asylum (Utica) transport to New York asylums 250 rail passes for families to visit V Goodna hospital 293 vaccination visitors to isolation hospitals and evidence of before visiting smallpox 163 hospital 163 tuberculosis 66, 149 infants 150 Tucker, George 276, 277 venereal patients Tuke, Samuel 207, 255 house visitors’ concerns, Twining, Louisa 89, 90–1 Birmingham General home for pauper teenage girls Hospital 35 90–1 Lock Hospital see London Lock Twycross, Reverend 188 Hospital
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opposition to admission to voluntary charity model 176–7 hospitals 177–8 voluntary hospitals 31, 81, 176 Victoria, Queen of England (1819- asylums see asylums (England) 1901) 87–8 Ceylon psychiatric institutions 229 Victoria (Australia) asylums 290 house visitors to see house visitors Ararat Asylum 274 voyeurs at/of asylums Beechworth Asylum 274 Bethlem Asylum 199, 203, 244 Collingwood Lunatic Asylum, ball New York 244, 253, 254, 255 271 Cremorne Private Asylum, entertainment/recreation 276 W Kew Asylum see Kew Asylum (Victoria, Australia) Wales, HRH Prince and HRH Princess, Yarra Bend Asylum see Yarra Bend visit by (1902) 97 Asylum (Victoria, Australia) wand, white 33 Victoria Hospital (Burnley, UK) 46 Warwickshire vigilance, by families in hospitals 71 Hunningham Hall Asylum 214 visitation, concept 175–6 pauper lunatics 209 visiting, scope of 8 private madhouses 202 visiting days/hours Wassermann reaction 45 advertising 10 Watkins, Dr (Yarra Bend Asylum) 298 Australian/New Zealand asylums Welton, C.J. 157 299 Wenlock, Miss (matron at Jenny Lind Birmingham and Midland Hospital Hospital for Sick Children) for Skin and Urinary 116–17 Diseases 48 West, Mary 89 Birmingham and Midland Hospital West Lane Fever Hospital for Women 40, 47 (Middlesborough) 164 General Hospital (Birmingham) 41 Westminster Infirmary (London) 177 Hospital for Sick Children 95, subscriber opposition to motion to 100–1, 102 include venereal patients isolation hospitals 159–60 177–8 Jenny Lind Hospital for Sick ‘Whau’ (Auckland Mental Hospital) see Children 115, 116, 117, Auckland Mental Hospital 118 (New Zealand) (‘Whau’) London Lock Hospital 180–1, 189 Whau Minstrels 272, 295 USA hospitals 9, 59 Williams-Wynn, Charles 206 Visiting Justices 205 Willowburn Asylum (Queensland, visiting rules Australia) 274 Hospital for Sick Children 101 Winchester, Bishop of (1879) 99 isolation hospitals 160 ‘window appointments’, isolation see also isolation hospitals (mid- hospitals 164 Victorian Britain) Winnicott, Donald 126 medical missions in China 60 women patients see female patients USA 9, 59 women visitors see female visitors violations 9
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Wongaroo Lunatic Asylum Y (Queensland) see Goodna Hospital (Wongaroo Lunatic Yarra Bend Asylum (Victoria, Australia) Asylum)(Queensland) cricket 269 Worboys, Michael 151 Currie family experiences 301 workhouse family role in leave of official inspections 83 absence/discharge 297–8 patients not selected for hospitals location and size 292, 293 177 overcrowding and state of buildings pauper lunatics in 209 295 tours 21 patient/family reactions to Workhouse Visiting Society 21, 90 confinement 301 working classes, in isolation hospitals Year Book of Australia, advert for Bay 153–4 View Private Asylum 277 Wright, David 290 York Lunatic Asylum (England) 205, Wynn’s Act (1808) 19 206 1813 reforms 207 control by physicians 204 lack of visitation 204 lady visitors 207 violence between patient and keepers 209 visiting governors and powers of 207 York Retreat 206
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