MOKSLINIA I STRAIPSNIA I LIETUVOS DIDZIOSIOS KUN IGA IKSTYSTES PILYS
,[(EPEB5IHHbiE 3AMKI1 EEJIAPYCII XIV-XVII BEKOB (COCT05IHI1E 11 3 Y~EHH O CTI1 11 11CCJIE,[(OBATEJibCKI1E IIPOEJIEMbi) rEHA,l(3h CEM5J:HqYK rpo0/10, KacjJ eiJpa apxeo!lOZUU u 311li/OflO ZUU rpoOJte/iCKOZO zocyoapcmBe/-11/.0ZO yrtuBepcumema UJH. fTNKLI Ky na!lbl, Ee!lapycb
Istorijos moksll{ daktaras, Gardino Jankos Kupalos valstybinio universiteto Archeologijos ir etnolog!jos katedros docentas Genadzijus SemianCiukas gime 1963 m. spalio 6 d. Volkovyske (Gardino sritis), 1985 m. baige Gardino universiteto Istorijosfakultetq, 1993 m. apgyne daktaro disertacijq , Polocko iemesformavimasis ir pletra IX- Xlll a. pirmojoje puseje" (mokslinis vadovas prof Georgijus Stychovas). Pagrindines mokslinil{ interesl{ sritys - viduramiil{ Baltarusijos archeologija, VI-XVI a. Baltarusijos politine, socialine ir kultiiros istorija, regiom( istorija (ypac Volkovysko ir Gardino sricht}. Oeste ir staiavosi Lenkijos universitetuose (Poznaneje, Krokuvoje, Varsuvoje), Slovenijoje (Liubliana), Vilniuje. Nuo 1988 m. savarankiskai vykdo archeologinius piliakalnh( tyrimus Baltarusijoje. Yra atrad~s ir paske lb ~s mediiagq apie naujus X- XIII a. Polocko ienuis, Volkovysko piliakalnius, senqsias XI- XVII a. gyvenvietes Bras/ave ir D1ysviatuose, tyrinejo XV-XVJJJ a. miesto kultiirin.ius sluoksnius Gardine. Europos archeologt( asociacijos narys nuo 2006 m. G. Semianciukas yra paskelbl'(s apie 180 moksliniq publikacijq. Svarbesni darbai: Apxewwzifl EeRapyci, bendraautoris Ceprei1 11Hsosap4HK, fpOt\HO, 2 dalys, 1996- 1997; ,IlaYaTKOBbi 3Tan cjlapMipasaHHll npbiTOpbri Ilonal(Kai1 3liMJJi (IX- X CTCT.)", Bec14i AH ECCP Cepbm zpa.MaiJcKix fta6yK, 1991, Nr. 3, p. 66-74; ,Ilonal(Kal! 3l!MJlll y XII - nepwai1 nanose XIII CTCT. (3MeHbi y a):(MiHiCTpal(bTHHa naniTbi'Illai1 i T3pbiTapbil!JJbHbiX CTpyKTypax)", Bec14i AH Ee;zapyci. Cepblfl zpwwocKix rtaByK, 1992, Nr. 3-4, p. 41-49; ,Grodno w sredniowieczu i w czasach nowo:lytnych (w swietle zr6del archeologicznych)", Archeologia Historica Polona, Torun, 1996, Nr. 3, p. 259-272; ,,ll,a flbiTaHHJI a6 naYaTKax BJ~JJiKara KHl!CTBa JliToycKara y Cllp3t\3iHe XIII cT. (llw 0THOCHTeJlbHO ~e~HHHQHH «3aMOK» B KY1lbTYPHbJX cnoes, HanH4HeM crreuw~H4eCKHX cospeMeHHOH HayKe npeo6na~aiOT apxwTeKTypHhie, npe~MeTOB (3JleMeHTbl BOOpy)l(eHH» H CH3pS!)I(eHHSI apxeOJJOfH'-leCKHe H HCTOpHKO-COQHOJ10fH4eCKHe BCa~HHKOB, pa3H006pa3Hble yKpaweHHSI H np04He xapaKTepwcTHKH . B nepsoM cnyqae (apxwTeKTYPHOM) IOBenwpHbie npe~MeThi, KYJJhTOBbie npe~MeTh i <<3aMOK» - 3TO O~Ha H3 ~OpM IIOCeneHHSI, KOTOpaS! HH~HBH~yaJJbHOfO Tl0Jlh30BaHH»), 33HJITHS! HMeeT CJle~yiOIQHe apXHTeKTypHhie 31le MeHTbi: HaceneHHS~ . CneuwanwcTw apxeoJJorw ~nS~ ~OpTH~HKaQHOHHbie CHCTeMbl (~epeB»HHhle HJlH 0603Ha4eHHSI paHHeCpe~HeBeKOBhiX TlOCeJJeHHH C KaMeHHbie CTeHbl, BaJlbl H pBbl, 6aWHH - ~0H)I(0Hhl, Ha3BaHHhiMH HCTIOJ1b3YIOT TepMHH BOpOTa H MOCThl), )l(f!Jlble (~BOpUbl ), CaKpaJJbHbl e «rOpO~HI.Qe», KOTOpb!H B onpe~eneHHOM CMbiCJle (KaiTJlHl(bl 11 xpaMhl) 11 X03SIHCTBeHHbie (KOHIOWHH, SIBJJ»eTCSI TO)I(~eCTBeHHbiM ITOHSITHIO «3aMOK». nwsosapHH, neKapHH, CKna~bi) . B pe3ynhTaTe C TO'IKH 3peHHJI HCTOpHKO-COUHOJ10fH4eCKOH , pa3BMTHSI esponeHCKOH ~OpTH~HKal(HOHHOH MhlCJlH «3aMOK» 3TO KH.H)I(eCKa» HJlH np11B3THa.H wccne~osaTeJJH apxwTeKTYPhi militaris Bhi~enwnw pe3H~eHUHS~ , KOTopa» o6bi 4HO xopowo yKpenJJeHa H HeCKOJlbKO OCHOBHbiX o60pOHHTeJ1bHhi X KOMIIJleKCOB, BhiiTOJlH.HJla p01lh a~MHHHCTpaTHBHOfO , BOeHHOfO, xapaKTepHbiX ~JlSI OT~eJ1bHbiX HCTOpH4eCKHX :mox: xo3S~HCTBeHHoro w KynhTypHo-penwrwo3Horo ueHTpa ropo~HI.Qa , 3aMKH , yKpenneHHhie ropo ~a, KperrocTH. 1 rocy~apCTBeHHbiX HJlH 4aCTHbiX BJla~eHHH. 3aMKH, ITepBhie 6hiJIH THTIM'IHhiMH ~JJJI paHHHX ~a 3 pacnOJJO)I(eHHble B~OJlb rocy~apCTBeHHbiX rpaHHU, cpe~HeBeKOBbSI , ~pyrwe H TpeTbH ~JlSI pa3BHT0f0 H BhHTOJlHJIJlH B rrepByiO 04epe~b ~YHKUHH no3~Hero cpe~HeseKOBhll , a nocJJe~HHe - ~JJS~ Hosoro norpaHH4Hhi X ~OpiTOCTOB. TIOCJle~HHe MOfJlM 6biTb speMeHH. KaK rocy~apCTBeHHhiMH, TaK H 43CTHbiMH. 8 ~pyroM CJlyqae (apxeOJJOfH'IeCKOM) «3aMOK» 0TMe4eHHa» MHOf03H34HOCTh TIOHS!TH.H «33MOK» liBJJJieTCSI O~HOH H3 KaTeropwii apxeonorH4eCKHX .HBJJ.HeTCSI CJle~CTBHeM , BO-nepBbiX, CJlO)I(HOCTH fi3MSITHHKOB, KOTOpble xapaKTepH3YIOTCll SIBJleHH» , a BO-BTOpbiX, ero pa3HOCTOpOHHOCTH. o6opOHHTe1lhHOH CHCTeMOH, ~OpMOH H pa3MepaMH bOJlee TOfO Ka)l(~aJI H3 xapaKTepHCTHK He nosepxHOCTH, CIIel(M~MKOH )l(f!JlOfO H npOTHBOpe4HT ce6e, a Ha060pOT B33HMHO X03»HCTBeHHOf0 CTpOHTeJl bCTBa, MOIQHOCTblO ~onoJJHS~eTcS~. KaK C4HTaeT noJJhCKHH wccne~osaTenh 1 8 Ll ETUVOS PlLYS 2008 .[(EPEB5IHHblE 3AMKM EEJIAPYCVI XIV- XVll BEKOB (COCT05IHME VI3Y4EHHOCTVI VI VICCJI E.[(OBA TEJ!bCKVIE nPOEJIEM bl ) JleweK Kai13ep, «poh_cia ., zamek" nie rna potrzeby 3DeMeHTOB 3TI1X OTHOWeHI1~ - KpynHaH '-laCTHaH ograniczac do budowli murowanych. Nazw?_ t?. stosowac 3eMeDbHaH C06CTBeHHOCTb (KHH3H, pen11ri103HbiX naleiy do zaloien. o wa lorach obronno-mieszkalnych 11HCTI1TYTOB, 6oHp/ wnHXTbl) 11 llOCTeneHHaH ee (takie o .funkcjach gospodarnzych i administracyjnych), 11MMYHI1TI13aU:11H. ,ZJ;nH 11CTOp11H HapO~OB ~eHTpMbHO~ zwiqzanych z okreslonym etapem rozwoju spolecznego.»2 11 BocTO'-IHO~ Esponbi ~onroe speMH 6bJna np11HHTa 3aMOK O~HOBpeMeHHO 6hln yKpenneHHO~ MapKCI1CTCKO-neHI1HCKaH sepC11H reHe311Ca pe311~eHU11e~ CeHbepa (He TODbKO KOpo ne BCKO~ 11DI1 cpeo ~ani13Ma, KOTopall 6bJJla rrpe~cTasneHa B pa60Tax KHH)I{eCKO~ , a soo6~e KpynHbiX senbMO)I{), 3 TO E. fpeKOBa, D . Pbi6aKOBa, B . Maspo~I1Ha, B . na 3Ha'-111T, O~HOBpeMeHHO 06beKTOM cpopnHjW wyTbl , Jl. Y.epenHI1Ha 11 ~ p. CornacHO ei1 , KaU110HHOrO 11CKyCCTBa 11 3neMeHTOM rpa)l{~aHCKO~ cpeo~aJlbHOe rocy~apCTBO 11 ero OCHOBhl ('-laCTHaH 11 soeHHO~ snaCTM. BMecTe c TeM 3TO 6bina '-laCTHaH C06CTBeHHOCTb Ha 3eMJI!O, 11 BaCCaJlbHaH co6CTBeHHOCTb, a He KOMMYHMbHaH, ueHTp sna~eHI1~ 3aBI1CI1MOCTb) Ha Tepp11T0p1111 pacCeJleHI1H BOCT04Hb!X 11 yca~b6a '-!aCTHOBna~enb'-leCKO~ e~I1H11Ubl , ee cnaBHH cpopM11PYIOTCH y)l{e Ha rpaH11U:e Vlll- IX B. 11 cny)l{6bi 11 BnaCTI1Tene~ , MeCTO C ~ pyr11M 3Ha'-leHI1eM, ~o X- XI ss. 3TOT npou:ecc 3aKaH'-111BaeTcH. l1MeHHO '-!eM yKpenneHHbi~ ropo~. UeHTpbl 4aCTHblX BJla~eHI1~ (KHll3e~ 111111 60llp) TOrO E~e O~HO 3aMe'-laHI1e OTHOCI1TeDbHO TepM11HO speMeHI1 o6bliBDHJli1Cb y)l{e « cpeo~aJlbHbiMI1 norl111. flOHHTI1!0 <<3a MOK» B BOCTO'-IHOCnaBHHCK11X 3aMKaM11». 6oJree Toro, paHHecpe~HeseKOBbie JieTOlli1CHX OTBe'!aJOT neKCeMbl «r pa~ » 11 «~BOp». rocy~apcTsa cpa3y np113Hasani1Cb KnaccosbiMI1, a TepM11H «3aMOK» s H3hlKe HaceneHI1H Beni1Koro OTHOWeHI1ll Me)l{~y KJlaCCaMI1 aHTarOHI1CTI14eCKI1M11 . KHH)I{eCTBa Jli1TOBCKoro c XIV B. nocTeneHHO l1 no see cnoco6cTsosano pa3BI1TI1!0 yKpenneHHbiX BbiTeCHHeT 11 3aMeHHeT npe~bi~y~ee - «r pa~ ». noce neH I1~ KaK nyHKTOB 3a ~I1 Tbl cpeo~anos OT l1MeHHO «3aMOK» C 3TOrO BpeMeHI1 Ha'-111HaeT He~OBODbCTBa 3aBI1CI1MbiX KpeCTbliH . o6o3Ha'-laTb ueHTpanbHbJ~ nyHKT o6opoHbi ropo~os , C BbJWenpe~CTaBJleHHO~ ll0311U11e~ COBeTCKI1X KOTOpbl~ 6bJn OKpy)l{eH 060p0H 11TeDbHblM 11 11CT0p11KOB HeB03M0)1{H0 COrJiaCI1TCH , llOTOMY 4TO COOpy)l{eHI1HMI1 , a TaK)I{e cpOpT11cp11U11pOBaHHOe paHHecpe~HeseKOBbJe rocy~a pcTs a Ha Tepp11TOp1111 MeCTO, npe~Ha3Ha'-leHHOe ~nH np0)1{11BaHI1H 11 3a~I1Tb l BocT04HO~ EsponbJ He 11Men11 KnacCI1'-IecKI1X 4epT KHH3H, a TaK)I{e KpyiTHOrO CBeTCKOrO 11DI1 ~YXOBHOrO cpeo~aJlbHOro CTpoll . 3To He 6biJl cpeo~ani13M, senbM0)1{11. BMecTe co cnosoM « miasto/ MecTa» KOTOpbi~ CTp011JlCll H a JleHHO~ CI1CTeMe 11 saccanbH0- neKCeMa «3aMOK» - Ha116onee pacnpocTpaHeHHOe 6eHecp11U11aJlbHbiX CBH3HX, a TaK )l{e ~BYX OCHOBHbiX o603Ha'-leHI1e scex yKpenneHHhlX noceneHI1~ Ha np11HU1111ax 3TOH CI1CTeMbl - 3eMeJlbHbiX BJla~eHI1liX Tepp11TOp1111 Eenapyc11 , Jli1TBbi 11 YKpa11Hbi snnOTb 11 Jli14HOi1 3aBI1C11MOCTI1 . He «KJJaCC I14eCK11e» ~o KOHUa XVIII s. 3 3To 6binO rnaBHO~ np11'-111HO~ cpeo~aJlbHhle COU11aJibHO-ll0Jli1TI14eCKI1e 11 W11pOrO 11CllOJib30BaHI1H CDOBa «3aMOK» B 3KOHOMI14eCKI1e OTHOWeHI1ll 6bJJll1 xapaKTepHbl ~Dll 6enopyccKo~ TOI10HI1MI1Ke 11 yp6aH11MI1Ke: BepXHI1~ rocy~apCTB nepBbiX flliCTOB Ha Tepp11TOp1111 flOJJbW11, 11 H11)1{HI1~ 3aMOK s flonouKe 11 BI1Te6cKe, CTapbi~ nweMbiC DI1~0B B 4eXI111 , Aprra~OB B BeHrp1111 , 11 HOBbi~ 3aMKI1 s fpo~Ho, 3aMKOBaH ropa B KHll)l{eCTB P!Op11KOBI14 ei1 Ha Pyc11 s X-XIII ss., a Epacnase, 3aMKOBaH ropa 11 Manbr~ 3aMoK B TaK)I{e Ben11Koro KHH)I{eCTBa Jli1TOBCKoro OT Hosorpy~Ke , 3aMOK s ,ll;p11CBHTax, 3aM'-111~e s M 11 H~osra srrnoTb ~o speMeH 5lra~ JJ bi 11 BI1TOBTa. BonKOBbiCKe 11 ~ pyr11e ; 3aM3'-IeK, 3aMKOBI1~e , flOJlbCKI1~ Me~11es11cT KapoJJb Mo~3enescKI1 y~a4HO 3aMKOB~I13Ha, 3aM'-111CKO, 3aMOK KOponeBbi DOHbi Ha3BaJl ~aHHYIO COUMaDbH0-110JJI1TI14eCKY!O CI1CTeMy 11 ~p. 3TI1 Ha3BaHI1H 0603Ha'-la!OT OCTaTKI1 «system prawa ksiqi?_cego». 5 Cpe~HeBeKOBbTX rop0~11~ 11 11CTOp11'1eCKI1e UeHTpbl CMbiCJl 3Toi1 CI1CTeMbi cocTOI1T s o6JJO)I(eHMI1 scero ropO ~OB. 4 l1HTepeCHOe Ha6n!O~eHI1e - yp60HI1Mbl HaCeJJeHI1ll pa3H006pa3Hb!MI1 06H3aHHOCT51MI1, «3aMOK» 11 llp0113BO~Hble OT ero cpopMbl 11Me!OTCH B KOTOpbie CKJla~bJBaJ111Cb 113 pa3BeTBJJeHHO~ CI1CTeMbl Ka)I{~OM ropo~e Eena pyc11, KOTOpbr~ B03HI1K s paHHeM ~aHe~ 11 llOBI1HHOCTe~, 11CllOJJHeHI1e KOTOpbiX cpe~HeseKOBbe (~o XIV s .). KcTaTI1 , s ni1TOBCKOM o6ecne411sano co~ep)l{aHI1e KH51)1{ecKoro ~sopa 11 H3biKe «piliakalnis» TaK)I{e nepeso~I1TCH KaK HOpMaJJbHOe cpyHKU110H11pOBaHI1e rocy~apCTBa. «3aMKo saH ropa» . Heo6xo~I1MO OTMeTI1Tb, '-ITO s Coui1MbHa51 necTH11Ua s «systemie prawa ksia3Jtccego» COBpeMeHHOM pyCCKOM H3b1Ke CDOBO «3aMOK» 11MeeT cKna~biBanacb 113 Haxo ~51~erocl! Ha sepxy KHH3 51, no3~H!O!O MeTp11KY (XVIII- XIX ss.) 11 nonano B KOTOpbl~ HBJIHJJCll cpOMaJJbHbJM X03HI1HOM BCe~ 3eMDI1 Hero 113 nonbCKoro, qepe3 nocpe~HI1'-IeCTBO B KHH)I{eCTBe , BeDbMO)I{, CB060~HbiX B011HOB 6enopyccKoro. TaKaH· nMHrBI1CTI1'-IeCKaH CI1TyaU11H ~py)I{I1HHI1KOB 11 KpeCTbHH , a TaK)I{e MHOr0- HBnHeTCH HpK11M CBI1~eTenbCTBOM 60DbWOll pa3H11Ubl 411CJJeHHhlX KaTerop11~ noJJycso6o~HhlX 11 pa6os. B cpopMaX 11 Tl111aX 060pOHI1TeDbHOrO 11CKyCCTBa l1cKJ110411TenbHall ponb KHH3H so scex ccpepax )1{113HI1 Ben11Koro KHH)I{eCTBa Jli1TOBCKoro 11 MocKOBCKoro paHHecpe ~He BeKosoro rocy~apcTsa He MO)I{eT KHH)I{eCTBa. paccMaTp11BaTbCH KaK a6con!OTI13M. C caMoro Ha4ana l1JBeCTHO, '-ITO «3aMOK» llOHBDHeTCH TaM 11 TOr~a, MOHapX1111 ~e~CTBOBaJ111 CI1Jlbl, KOTOpble ycneWHO r~e cpopM11py!OTCH B o6~eCTBe cpeo~anbHble orpaHI1411BaJll1 CaMOBJlaCTI1e KHH3e~. flpas ~a, pOJlb OTHOWeHI1H, OC06eHHO 0~11H 113 Ba)I{He~WI1X BeJlbMO)I{ B Ha3BaHH0~ llODI1TI1'-IeCKO~ CI1CTeMe TO)I{e LJ ETUVOS PIL YS 2008 1 9 L ,UEPEB51HHblE 3AMKJ1 5EnAPYCI1 XIV- XV!l BEKOB (COCT051 Hl1E 113Y'-!EHHOCTI1 11 11CCn E,UOBATEJlbCKJ1E nPOGnEMbl) Henb3H nepeo~eHHBa Tb, llOTOMY 4TO 3Ta rpynna KpenOCTb B faHUIOH11liiKax); 6) 4aCTHOBJla,lleJlb4eCKHe nonHOCTbJO JaBHcena 11 6bina nO.ll411HeHa KHHJJO . Ee 3aMKH esponeHCKOrO T11lla C 6acTHOHHOH CHCTeMOH npeCTI1~ 11 BhlCOKOe 3KOHOMI1 4eCKOe nOJlO~eHI1e (Hecs11~, 3acnaBJib, bbiXOB, fnycK, KaponHH non HaXO,lll1ni1Cb B 3aBHCI1MOCTI1 OT 3aHHMaeMbiX I111HCKOM 11 ,llp.). C ,llpyroi1 CTOpOHbl, 11CnOJlb3YH pyKOBO.llHUJ,HX non~HocTei1 11 11cnonHeHI1H no BOJie TOnorpacpH4eCK11e xapaKTepHCTHKH, M. TKatJeB KHH3H pa3Jli14HhiX BJlaCTHblX cpyHK~11H. Ha3bJBaeT Tp11 THna: I) 3aMKI1 pa3Jli14HhlX cpopM Ha 6eJonacHOCTb cTpaHw o6ecne411Bana ceTb B03BbJllleHHOCTHX, nnaH KOTOpblX nOBTOpHeT yKpenneHH biX noceneHHH ( «rpanos») c ~11JlhiMI1 11 KOHcp11rypaU1110 peJibecpa; 2) pacnono~eHHbJe B 060pOHI1TenbHbJMH cpyHK~HHMI1 , 06HeCeHHblX ,llpeB0- HI1 311Hax, o6bJ4HO C perynHpHOH nnaH11pOBKOH 11 3eMJlHHbiMI1 sanaMH 11 rny6oKI1MI1 psaMH, Ja lll11pOKI1M 11CnOJlb30BaHHeM pBOB C BO,llOH ; 3) KOTOpbiMI1 HaXO.lli1JlCH soeHHhJH rapH1130H .6 IT03TOMY pacnono~eHHble s HI1 311Hax c 6acTHOHHOi1 11 n04TI1 HeB03MO~HO rOBOpHTb 0 oxsaTbiBanH ~eHTp ropona 11 conpenenhHbie noca,llbi rorrblllaHax ; 2) 3aMKI1, pacnorro~eHHbie B (ITonouK, BHTe6cK, CnyuK, Mor11nes, I>pecT, TPY.llHO.llOCTynHhiX MeCTax, TaKI1X Kai< ocTpos, Pe4H~a); 5) csoeo6pa3Hbie JaMKH - HHKaHCTenH nonyocTpos, B03BhirneHHOCTI1 cpen11 6onoT, noi1Mhi posaHHbJe KynhTOBhie coopy~eHHH (uepKBI1 s peK ()J,p11CBHThi , E3ep11w,e, JlbiCKOBO, MononetJHO, CbiHKOBI14ax, MyposaHKe, Cynpacne, nonOUKI!H ConoMepe4be); 3) JaMKI1, nocTpoeHHbie Ha 6eperOBbiX Cocp11i1CKI1i1 co6op; KOCTen s KaMaHx; npo Mbicax (CTpernHH, TeTepHH) 11JII1 Ha BbiCOKI1X TecTaHTCKHe c6opbl B Koi1naHose, AcTarnHHe, o6pbiBI1CTbiX 6eperax peK, OT,lleJlHHCb OT npHne 3acnasne; CHHarora B DbJxase) 11 ~11Jibie .llOMa (.llOM- raJOUJ,eH Tepp11T0p1111 BaJIOM 11 pBOM , npe11MY- 20 LIETUVOS PILYS 2008 ,[(EPEB5!HHbi E 3AMKM EEJJAPYCY! XIV- XV II BEKOB (COCT05!HY!E Y13Y4EHHOCTY1 Yl YICCJl E,[(OBA TEJJbCKYIE nPOEJl EMbl) I pav. Mediniqpilill rekonstrukcijos. I. Svisloce (OsipoviCiLl rajonas). Autorius S. SergaCiovas (pagal. C. A. Cepza'lee, .. /{epeeRmtbt£i 3aMoK cepeowtbl XVI16. 6 CeuCJW 3 wecTBeHHO IT-rro.IJ:o6Hoil cpopMbi (JloroilcK, MbiWb); rrepBOM cnyqae HCTOpHKH H HCTOpHKH apXHTeKTypw 4) 3aMKH, KOTOph!e COCTOHJIH 113 .IJ:BYX L!aCTeM - Ha OCHOBaHHH H3y4eHHH HHBeHTapeM, HappaTHBHbiX C06CTBeHHO 3aMKa H llO):tJaM'·l Hilla ()l,y6pOBHO , HCT04HHKOB, nnaHOB, rpacp!14eCKHX H306pa)l(eHHM )J{no6HH, JlbJCKOBO); 5) 3aMKH L!aCTHOBJia.IJ:eJib'leCKHX H apXHTeKTypHb!X 06MepOB CyllleCTBYIOIJ.lHX 3aMKOB ropO.IJ:OB, COXpaHHBWH·e KOHcpHrypaUHIO 6biBWHX HJIH HX py11H .n.enaiOT rrorrbiTKH onHcaTb BHemHMM .n.eTHHUeB XI-XIII ss. H yseJIH'lHBWHe BH.D., BHyTpeHHIOIO cTpyKTypy, xapaKTepH3YIOT cpopTHcpHKaUHOHHbie yKperrneHHH B Bb!COTY H nepecTpoiiKM 11 YHI1'1TO)I(eHHH, onpe.n.enHIOT wHpHHY (3acnasJib, KneuK, JloroilcK, )l,pyuK, sna.n.enbues. E11.1e s Ha'lane XX s. BHTe6cKMM HCTOpHK EpamH, )l,asbi.D. -ropo.IJ:OK, Typos, Epacnas). H Kpaese.n., qneH l1MrrepaTopcKoro apxeonorM'leCKoro 113y'1eHHe .[lepeBHHHhlX 3aMKOB Ha Te ppHTOpHH o611.1ecTsa A. CanyHos sseJI s Hay'lHbiM o6opoT EenapycH se.n.eTcH s .n.syx HarrpasneHHHx: pHCYHKH JJ,e peBHHHbiX Kpe!lOCTeM (K03bHHhl, apXHTeKTypHO-HCTOpHL! eCKOM H apxeOJIOfH'leCKOM. 8 KpacHoe, CHTHO, Cywa, CoKon, TyposnH), LIET UVOS PlL YS 2008 2 1 )J,EP EB51 HHbi E 3AMKl1 EEJIAPYCl1 XIV-XVII BEKOB (COCT051Hl1E l13Y4EHHOCTl1 l1 l1CCJIE)J,OBA TEJibCKl1E IIPOEJIEMbl) nocTpoeHHbiX no seneHI110 HsaHa fpo3Horo s (cj:>opT11 22 LIE T UVOS PIL YS 2008 .[(E PEB51HHbi E 3AMKI1 EEJIAPYC I1 X IV- XV II BEKOB (COCT051HI1 E 113Y4EHHOCTI1 11 11C CJ1E.[(OBATEJibCKI1 E OPOEJI EMbl) 2 J J - I I - 2 ' ' 2 2 ail ii iiiiiiiil ~ 2 I 2 2 I ' I I I -· 6 · - 1 3 2 pav. Medinhl riimt{ rekonstrukcijos. Autorius J. Jakima viCius. 1. Loskas, 1620 (Volozino rajonas) . 2. Dubrovno, 1645 (raj ono centras). 3 Kamenecas, 1635 (rajono centra5) . Pagal 10. A. flKUMo Bu'l., 3on qecTBO EenopyccHH XVI - cepe,UHHbi XVII BB .: CnpaBOYHOe noco6He, MuNCK, 1991, p. 131 (Dubrovno), p. !52 (Kamenecas), p. 194 (Loskas). Wooden palace reconstructions. Author Y. Yakimovich. I . Losk, 1620 (Volozhin District). 2. Dubrovna, 1645 (district centre). 3 Kamianets, 1635 (district centre) . From 10. A. J!KuMOBU'l, 3on YeCTBO EenopyccHH XVI - cepe.UHHbi XV!l BB . CnpasoYtiOe noco6He, MwtCK, 1991, p. 131 (Dubrovna), p. /52 (Kamianets), p. 194 (Losk). OCHOBaHH51 3aMKa, CTpOwrellbHa5! HCTOpHH , KaMeHHhie pyHHhi 6enapycKHX 3aMKOB (KaMeHei.\KaH OC06eHHOCTH cpopTHcpHKai.\HOHHbTX COOpy)[{ eHHH , se)[{a (puc. 1 :3), JlH ~ a , Kpeso, Hosorpy~oK, 1po~ Ho , YepThi MaTepHaJibHOi1 KYllbTY Phl) HeB03MO)[{HO MHp, MH ~3 eJih , 3acn asn h) Y pewHTh 6e3 apxeon orHYeCKHX Hcc n e ~ osaHHH . B Apxeon orHt.JecKoe H3yYeHHe Henocpe ~ CTBeHHO 6en opyccKoi1 apxeonorHH 6hlno y ~ en e Ho ~ epeBHHHhiX 3aMKOB nepHo ~ a BKJI (KaK yKpen 3H3YHTellbHOe BHHM3HHe HC C 1l e ~OB3HH51M neHHbiX l..(eHTpOB ropO ~ OB , TaK H Wll51XeTCKI1X apxeOJI OrHY eCKHX naMHTHHKOB , KOTOpbi e 51Bll51 Jl HCb pe 3 H~eHI..(HH) H34allOCh ~ OCTaTOt.JHO n0 3~ HO 11 ~ 0 HaCeJleHHhiMH nyHKTaMH , H3BeCTHhlMH nO JleTOnHCHM cero~HHWHero ~ HH OYeHh cpparMeHTapHO. 8 H3BecniOi1 Xll- XIV BB ., a TaK)[{e . ropo~HI.l..\aM c p a H H ecpe ~ 6enopyccKoi1 3 HI.\HKllOne~ HH Apxeo;zozi>l i HyM i.:JMamblKa 26 HeBeKosoH. xpoHon orHei1. ITonyt.JeHHhle HTOrOBhle Ee;wpyci , H 3~ aHHOi1 B 1993 r ., scTpeYaeM pe3yJlhTaThl n03BO llHJlH peKOHCTpyHpOBaTb HHcpopMai.\HIO o 53 ~ epeBHHHhiX 3aMKax: EepecTbe, o6opoHHTellhHhie coopy)[{eHHH yKpenneHHhiX 6o6pyi1cK, EopHcos, EparHH, Epacnas, Ebixos, noceneHHHi1 Ha 3BaHHoro nepHo ~ a . 3To BHTe 6cKHi1 BepxHI1i1, BHTe6cKHi1 HH)[{HHi1 , npeHMyl.l..\eCTBeHHO 6b!JlH Ba Ji bi , pBbi , ~ epeBHHHbie BHTe6cKHi1 Y 3ropCKHi1 , 1opo ~ oK (Mono ~ et.JeH C KHi1 CT eHbl H 6aWHH. C HaYaJla XX B. BHHMaHHe pai10H), lOpO~OK (1..\eHTp pai10Ha), lJIYCK, 1ny60KOe, HCC Jl e ~osaTeneH. H pecTaspaTopos TaK)[{e npHsneKan H fOMellb, lOpBaJlb (PeYHI.\KHH pai1oH), lOpbl LI E TUVO S PI L YS 2008 23 )J,EPEBJIHHblE 3AMKM EEJlAPYCM XIV- XVII BEKOB (COCT051Hl1E M3YLIEHHOCTVI VI MCCJlE)J,OBA TEll bCKVI E n POEJlEMbJ) (fopeuntH paHOH), )J,aBhl):l-fOpOL\OK, )J,11CHa, )J,py51 , HeMHOro 60JJbrue 11HcpOpMaU1111 11MeeTc51 o cTpyKType )J,pyUK (TOJJ0411HCK11H paeH), )J,p11CB51Thl (EpacJJaBCK11H 11 XpOHOJ10fl1 11 ):lepeB0-3eMJJ51Hb!X o6opOH11TeJJbHbiX pai1oH), )J,y6posHo, E3ep11L.Ue (fopOL\OKCK11H pai1oH), coopy)[{eHI1H ):lepeB51HHbiX 3aMKOB. C 0,[\HOH CTOpOHbl, )I{JJo611H , 3acJJaBJJb, KapOJJI1H (4aCTb Il11HCKa), 3TO pe3yJJ&TaTbi npope30K saJJOB c ueJJbiO KJJeUK, Ko6p11H , KorrbiCb, Kp114es, JlerreJJh, Jloes, 11CCJie):IOBaT b cpOpT11cp11KaU1111 yKperrJieHHbiX JlnoBI1411, MomJJes, MorHJJbHO (Y3):1eHCK11H pai1oH), rroceneHI1H XI-XIII ss ., a c Llpyroi1 - HeMHoro- Mo3bipb, MaJJoe C11THO (IloJJOUK11H pai1oHa), 411CJJeHHhle ueJJeHanpasneHHhle pacKonK11 MoJJo):le'-1 Ho, McTI1CJJasJJ b, Il11 HCK , IloJJOUK11H o6opoHI1TeJI &HbJX coopy)!(eHI1H 3aMKOB XV-XVIII ss. BepxHI1H , IToJJOUK11H H11)[{H 11 i1 , IT py L\H 11 Kl1-Bna Ilpope3Ka saJJoB 6&IJJa c):leJiaHa 10p11eM 3aHueM B 36 (M11opcK11H pai1oH), Pa):IOMJJb (lJ:ayccKI1H pai1oH), 3acnasJJe , 3):1yap):IOM 3aropyJI&CKI1M Ha ropOL\11L.Uax 37 38 Pa):IOWKOBI1411 (MoJJo):le411HCK11H pai1oH), Pe411Ua, Korr&Icl1 11 Cs11cJI0'-111 . AHaJJor i14Ha51 11CCJJe):lo Cs11cJJO'-Ih (Oc11rrOB11UK11H pai1oH), CJJOHI1M , CJJyUK, saTeJibCKa51 rrpoueL\ypa rrpose):leHa M11xa11noM 39 40 illKJJOB, CTOJJ11H , CTpern11H ()I{JJo611HCK11H pai1oH), TKa'-leBhiM Ha )J,p11CB51TCKOM , )J;11cHeHCK11M 11 Cypa)[{ (B11Te6cKI1i1 pai1oH), Xoi1HI1KH , lJ:e4epcK. 8 Cypa)[{CKOM4 1 3aM411L.Uax, M11xa11JJOM TKa'-leB&IM 11 42 TeKcTax, rrpe11MyL.UeCTBeHHO Harrl1caHHhix M11xa11JJOM Banep11eM IT03L\H51KOBbiM s KJJeuKe , 0n&roi1 JlesKo 43 44 TKa'-leBbiM, rrpe):ICTaBJieHo Torrorpaqm'-lecKoe orr11caH11e s Opwe 11 ropOL\Ke . ropOL\11lU, KOTOpbre B XV- XVIII BB. BbirrOJJH51JJI1 ToJJhKO B e):I11H114HhlX cJJy4a51x o6beM 11 cpyHKU1111 ,[1epeB51HHbi X 3aMKOB, 11X paC£lOJJO)[{eH11e Ha pe3yJJbTaTbl apxeOJJOfl14eCKI1X paCKOflOK £l03BOJ15110T MeCTHOCTI1 , BHeWHI1H 811):1 , pa3Mephl, 11 OCTaTK11 ):10£l0JJHI1Tb 11HcpOpMaU1110 HaH,[IeHHh!X 11HBeHTapeH, 060pOHI1TeJJbHb!X C11CTeM. Ha OCHOBaH1111 npOCJJe):\11Th 060pOHI1TeJJhHhJe CI1CTeMhl, Bbi51BI1Th 11 COxpaH11BWI1XC51 11HBeHTapeH B 3HU11KJJO£le):\114eCK11X noKaJJI130BaT& CTPYKTYPHhre 4aCTI1 ):lepeB51HHhrx CTaTbHX 0'-leHb £l0):1p06HO 0£li1CaHbl BHyTpeHHHH 3aMKOB , a B HeKOTOpbl X CJJy'-laHX OTKph!Tb cTpyKTypa 3aMKOB 11 11x ¢opT11cp11KaU110HHhle YH11KaJJ&HbJe coopy)[{eHI1H . H11)[{e npeL\CTaBJJ51eM s CI1CTeMbl, He pe):IKO CO):Iep)[{11MOe apceHaJJOB. C11HTeTI14eCKOH cpOpMe Ha1160nee 3Ha411TeJJbHbi e 11 )J;orrOJJH51eT C£l11COK ):lepeBHHHbtX 3aMKOB C 11HTepeCHh!e pe3yJJhTaTbi apxeOJJOfl14eCK11X Tepp11TOp1111 EeJJopycH 11HcpopMaU11H 113 KH11r M. TKa 11CCJie):IOBaHI1H ,[1epeB51HHhiX 3aMKOB Ha Tepp11TOp1111 '-!esa A6apoH'IhiR 36yoaeaHHi 3axoOHix 35LMeJlb EeJZapyci oeJJapyc11 . HaM11 C03HaTeJJbHO 11CKJ1104eHbl XJJJ-XVlll cmcm. (MiHCK, 1978) 11 ]aMKi i Jl/003i (MiHCK, ):lepeBH H H ble cpOpT11cp11Kai.(110HHhle 3aMKOBbie 1991 ). 3To ropOL\11L.Ua Jlh!CKOBO (ITpy)[{aHCK11H paHOH) COOpy)[{eHI151, CJJa6o 11CCJJe,[IOBaHHbie B BOeBOL\CKHX (puc. 3:1), 3arrpyL\bi (Ko6p11HCK11H pai1oH), MbiWb 11 noseTOBhiX ueHTpax - BI1Te6cKe, IlonouKe, (EpaHOBI14CK11H pai1oH), Pa):lyHh- fopOL\11L.Ue oepeCTbe, MCTI1CJiaBJie, CJJyuKe, Opwe 11 L\pyr11X, (8opOHOBCKI1H paHoH), )l{a6ep ()J;por11411HCKI1H TaK KaK OHI1 npeTeHLIYIOT Ha OT,[IeJJhHYIO CTaTbiO . pai1oH), HaJJe3HI1K11-Kp11BJJHHbi ()l{a611HKOBCKI1H no TOH )[{e np11411He Mhl OCTaBI1Jll1 6e3 BH11MaH1151 pai1oH), BbiCOKoe (KaMeHeUK11H pai1oH), foJJhWaHhi 6acT110HH&Ie 3aMKH s 3acnasne, 11HXOBI14ax, HosoM (0ruMHHCKI1H pai1oH), Koi1):1aHoso (cospeMeHHbiH ohixose, HecBH)[{e, fepaHeHax 11 HeKOTOphie L1pyr11e. )J,3ep)[{11HCK) , CTapbiH Csep)[{eHb (CToJJ6UOBCKI1H 0):1H11M 113 nepB&IX 6&JJJ 11CCJie):loBaH M11xa11JIOM pai1oH) , ITeTp11KOB, 0cTpOW11UK11H ropO):I OK TKa'-leBhiM B 1976 11 1980 rr. JaMoK B Mono,.e•mo.45 (M11HCKI1H pai1oH), PaKOB (BoJJO)[{I1HCK11H pai1oH), CTp011TeJJI1 3aMKa 11CTIOJJ&3osanl1 HI1 3KI1H CeMKOB fopOL\OK-CoJJoMepe4be (M11HCKI1i1 pai1oH), 60JJOT11CTb!H peJJbecp 11 HaTypaJJbHble npenHTCTBI1H JlocK (8oJJ0)[{11HCK11H pai1oH) , TeTep11H Ha rrpasoM 6epery peK11 Ywa. nepsoHa'-laJJ &HO 6&JJJ (KpyrJJHHCKI1H pai1oH) , EapKyJJa6oso (obiXOBCKI1H coopy)[{eH rrocTaMeHT 113 6peseH pa3MepoM 120x80 pai1oH) , fJJy6oKoe, McT116oso (BoJJKOBbiCKI1H M, Ha HeM csepxy 113 rrecKa 11 rpaBI151 6hm Hac&maH pai1oH). TaK11M o6pa3oM, 11CCJJe):loBaTeJJHMI1 11CKyccTseHHbiH xoJJM s&rcoToi1 4 M. B pe3yJJhTaTe BblHBJJeHhl 72 apxeOJJOrl14eCK11X rraMHTH11Ka B 811,[\e noJJy'-IHJiaCh rrp51MoyroJJ&Ha51 rrJJoL.Ua):IKa , co ropOL\11L.U /3aM411lU (pa3HOH CTerreH11 coxpaHHOCT11 ) , CKpyrJJeHHb!M IOfO- BOCTO'-IHh!M yrJJOM , yKperrJJeHHa51 KOTOph!e MO)[{HO 11):\eHT11cp11U11pOBaTb C neC4aHHO- fJ111HHHh!M BaJJOM Bh!COTOH 3,5 M 11 ,[1epeBHHHh!MI1 3aMKaMI1 , 113BeCTHhlMI1 no W11p11HOH B OCHOBaHI111 11 M (puc. 3:2). no Bepxy £li1CbMeHHb!M 11CT04HI1KaM. BaJJ OB HaXOL\11J111Cb ):l epeBHHHbie CTeHhi - rOpOL\HI1 11 K CO)KaJJeH 1110, apxeoJJOrl14eCKI1e 11CCJJe):IOBaHI1H 6aWHI1 C ,[1 epeB51HHblM11 Bbe3,[1HbiMI1 BOpOTaMI1 B Ha Ha3BaHHbiX naMHTHI1KaX B 60JlbW11HCTBe CBOeM BOCTO'-IHOH KypT11He. JTJ KaMHeH 11 K11prl114a 6&IJ111 orpaH11411Jli1Cb TOnorpacp114eCKI1M 0£l11CaHI1eM 11 C):leJJaHbl flO):IrlOpHble CTeHKI1 , KOTOpbie 3aL.U11L.UaJI11 He6oJJ&W11MI1 pacKonKaMM c ueJJbiO onpe):leJJeHI1H rrpoe3LI OT ochrrraHI151 sana. ITo yrnaM rr n oL.UaL\K11 MOL.UHOCTI1 , CTpaT11rpacp1411 11 nepBOHa'-laJlbHOH rrpocJJe)[{I1BaiOTC51 BbiCTyrr&I. M. TKa'-leB Bl1):1en B HI1X xpoHOJJOrl111 KY JJ bT YPH&Ix cJJoes. Hanp11Mep, OCTaTKI1 6aCTI10HOB rOJJJJaH,[ICKOrO Tl1 na, 28 29 pacKorrKI1 0JJ&rl1 JlesKo s lliKJJose , KonbiCI1 , rrocTpoeHHhiX B XVII B., O):IHaKo L\pyroi1 6eJJopyccKI1H 0 3 1 fopo):IKyl 11 Cypa)[{e , IllaM11JJH EeKTHHeesa s fopax 11CCJJe):IOBaTeJib lQ. 3a511.( C411TaeT 11X £lJJOL.Ua,[IKaM11 32 33 (fopeuKoro pai1oHa) , AJJera Tpycosa s Mo3bipe , ):IJJH 6arneH , KOTOpbie 3Ha411TeJJhHO BblCTyrraiOT 3a 3 46 8aJJep11H Illa6JJ IOKa s Csep)[{aH11 \ M11xa11JJa Jli1HI110 3aMKOBbiX CTeH. 06Hapy)[{eHHbJe OCTaTKI1 TKa'-lesa35 B opari1He, ropsaJJe, )J;p11CBHTax, Jloese. CTOJJ60BOH KOHCTpyKU1111 OKOJJO lTOL\HO)[{hH 24 LlETUVOS PIL YS 2008 )J,EPEB51HHbiE 3AMKH EEJlAPYCl1 XIV-XVII BEKOB (COCT051Hl1E l13Y'-IEHHOCTI1 11 l1CCJl E)J.OBA TEJl bCKl1E ITPOEJ1EMbl) .,, •• . ~ .~. .:,...... ~t~_§_~ '·i·i.'~---;'_ ~-~ ;:;,:.~~;;;;;,;:;;~:::;=.::;=::=iF:::...... ,... !' : "''"""""'"~~, ~ H:. '·""'"'":::/iit~;~~ii:~i;\\i1 ~. oh lo a ; '" ~ . ···--..;;-:;;;;~.'Z;;;;;:::::;;:::,;::;m H::.\\',\iii;\r:::::m.:. "\iii:':':::\ •1• • iJ----- 0 \ ~ ' 0 ---~~-- 0 ' ------'\,_~_ o ·o v- -&>--v · . ; 1 2 /~~ r~ M ~ ,. , ' '' I• •• •·' ~ II •.' • . ' •' II ...· / ...... ,, ...... 3 3 pav. Medinh(pilh(planai. 1. Lyskovo (Pruionh[ rajonas). 2. Molodecnas (rajono centras): a) pities planas; b) pylimo pjftvio profilis. 3. Gorodokas (Molodecno rajonas). Pagal M. A. TKa'-wy, A6apoH 47 «6aCTHOHOB» HHTepnpeTHpy~TCll KaK yKpenneHHll 3AaHHH Ha TeppHTOp1111 nocJie)l.Hero. CornacHo npOTHB OrTOJ13aHHll 3eMJ111 HJIH B03M0)!(H0 liBJiliiOTCll nepBOMY HHBeHTap~ 1623 r., 3aMOK 60Jibll!e nOJII1CaAaMH. Bo3ne ~)!(HOro sana M . TKal.feBbiM npeACTaBJ1liJ1 C060~ yca)lb6y, KOTOpal! COCTOl!Jia 113 6hlJII1 paCKOrTaHhl OCTaTKH KaMeHHO~ rTOCTpO~KI1 ABOpa 11 ryMHHwa. lJepe3 HerTOJIHhle 30 JieT B pa3MepaMH 1Jx24 M, COXpaHHBWHeCl! Ha Bb!COTY 1,14 MoJio)le"'HO Ha peKe Ywe BHOBb OTCTpaHsaeTCll M 11 ll1Hp11HOH 0 , 65 M, rT03)!(e pacwHpeHHbJe )1.0 1 M. AepeBl!HHbl~ 3aMOK. 3TH nepeMeHbl 3acp11KCI1pOBaJI Ha cTeHax Bbil!BneHbi cneAbi cj>pecKOBO~ pocn11c11, BTOpOH 11HBeHTapb 165] r. 3aMOK npe)lCTaBJ1liJI C060~ 3TO rT03BOJII1JIO aBTOpy paCKOrTOK HHTepnpeTHpOBaTb LfeTb!pexyroJibHOe yKpenJieH 11e OCTpOBHOfO THna CO py11Hbi KaK 3aMKOBbiH xpaM, 11CITOJ1b30saswH~Cll B CTeHaMI1 Tl1rTa «OCTpOr», 4 60KOBbiMI1 6aWHliMI1 11 XVI-XVIII BB. Ilpas)la, B coxpaHI1BWI1XCll Bbe3)l.HO~ 6paMO~, K KOTOpOH '1epe3 pOB 6biJl HHBeHTapl!X MeCTel.fKa 11 3aMKa MoJIO)lel.fHO 1623 11 npono)!(eH MOCT. B apxeoJiori1LfeCKI1X ny6JII1KaU:HliX, 165) rr. HeT HI1KaKO~ 11HcpopMaU:1111 0 KaMeHHOM K CO)!(aJJeHHIO, He )laeTCll BpeMll ITOCTpO~KI1 L1 E TUVO S PIL YS 2008 2 5 )J,EPEB51HHbi E 3AMKV! 6EJ1APYCV! XIV- XVII BEKOB (COCT05!Hl1E l13Y'IEHHOCTI1 I1 HCCJlE)J,OBATEJlbCKHE ITPOEJlEMbQ Mono.ne4eHcKoro JaMKa, a 11CTOp11KI1 Ha3hJBaiOT .D;aHHOrO apxeOllOrl14eCKOr O naM~THI1Ka ~Bll~eTC~ pacnn&IB4aTyiO .naTy - KOHen XIV - Ha4ano XV ss.48 Halll1411e TeppaCbl W11p11HOH 7-10 M Me)I(.IJ;y pBOM 11 M. TKa4eB Ha411Han apxeonorH4eCKOe H3y4eHI1e BallOM (puc. 3:3). IJaM~TH11K HeO.D;HOKpaTHO JaMKa B Kpu4eBe. 8 1973-1976 rr. 11M pacKonaHo 11CClle.nosaJlc~: s 1966 r. 66 KB. M pacKonan 51.. 3sepyro, 360 KB. M Ha «3aMKOBOH rope», B 1987-]988, 1995- s 1973 r . -M . TKa4es, s 1989 r . 372 KB . M - 2000 r. pa6oTy npo.nomKHll ero y4eHHK AH.npeii r. CaraHOBI14 11 B 1998 r. 75 KB. M. - 11. faHeuKa~ . 51 MeTellhCKI1H, pacKonaBWI1H 284 KB. M. 49 rop0.11;11ll(e ~aHHbiH 3aMOK 6bin nocTpOeH npH6mf311TenhHO B «3aMKosa~ ropa» pacnollO)I(eHo s ueHTpe ropo.na Ha Ha4alle XVI s. , Ha ropo.D;I1ll(e cpe.nHero :nana npasoM 6epery peKH Co)!(. 0Ho JaHHMaeT osall&HhiH KYllhTyphi WTpHXOBaHHOH KepaMI1KI1. XOllM pa3MepaMI1 I 00x60 M, KOTOpbiH B03BhiWaeTC~ IJepBOHa 3aMKa .IJ;Ba)I(.IJ;bl peKOHCTpy11pOBallC~ - C nOMO!l(blO 3.D;aHI1H, cnO)I(eHHb!X KJJa.IJ;KOH B rOTI14eCKOM CTI1J1e , rllHHhi 11 necKa OH 6&Ill yselll14eH .n o 6 M, a c c ne4HhiM11 pa3sanaMH. Cpe.n11 apxeonorH4eCKoro BHeWHeH CTOpOHbl yKpenll~llC~ .nepHOM. MaTep11ana Bhi)l.en~eTC~ YHI1KanbHa~ KOJ1lleKU11~ 0KOH4aTellhHbiH Bl1.11; o6opOHI1TenbHbie coopy)l(eHI1~ peHeccaHcHoro Kacpen~. 52 3aMOK s fopo.nKe 6biJJ np11o6pell11 s XVII-XVIII ss., Kor.na noclle Tpex 4aCTHOBna.nenb'leCKHM 11 3a sepW11ll CBOe nO.D;CbinOK BbJCOTa .II;OCT11rlla 7 M, a W11p11Ha y cylljeCTBOBaHI1e B cepe.11;11He XVIJ B. ocHosaHH~ 15 M. CoxpaH11Bw11ec~ 11HBeHTap11 l1HTepecH&Ie 11 sa)I(Hbie MaTepHanhr nony411na Kp114escKoro JaMKa Ja 1673, 1679 11 1682 r. On&ra JlesKo, 11ccne.ny.H 3aMKI1 s E3ep11me 11 CBI1.IJ;eTellbCTBYIOT, 4TO no Bepxy sana HaXO.II;I1llC~ ~y6posHo . 3aMoK E3epume (fopo.n oKCKI1ii p-H) «napKaH» (rop1130HTallbHhie 6pesHa, JaKpenlleHH&Ie pacnono)l(eH s IOro- 3ana.nHoi1 4aCTI1 nonyocTposa B sepT11KallbHbie CTO~K11) C npope3aHHb!MI1 OKHaMI1 - o 3epa E3ep11me Ha B0 3B&rweHHOCTI1 c 60HH11UaMI1 11 nOKpb!ThiH «.D;paH11UaMI1». C ropo.na 3CKOpn11pOBaHHbJMI1 CKllOHaMI1 , KOTOpa~ np1106pena s JaMOK nona.nalll1 qepe3 B'be3.D;HyiO .nsyx:na)I(HYIO cpopMy np~MoyrOllbHI1Ka , BhiT~HyToro c cesepa Ha 6awHIO - «6paMy», nepe.n KOTopoi1 pacnollorallc~ lOr, pa3MepaMI1 J20x 100 M. C BOCT04HOH 11 cesepHOH Bb!COKI1H MOCT C O.IJ;HI1M DO.IJ;'beMHbJM 3BeHOM. KpOMe CTOpOHhl COXpaHI1Jli1Ch Banbi Ha Bb!COTY OT 2 .11;0 4 M :noii 6awHI1, 11HBeHTap& 1694 r . ynoMI1HaeT eme 4 11 Bb!pa311TeJlbHO 0603Ha'leHHb!e Ha MeCTHOCTI1 MeCTa 6awHI1, panono)l(eHH&Ie no nep11MeTpy 3aMKosoi1 pacnOJIO)I(eHI1.H Tpex 6allleH )J;I1aMeTpOM .11;0 15 M 11 rop&L Ilpose.neHHhie apxeollOrl14eCKI1e 11CClle.nosaHI1~ BhlCOTOH )l.O 7 M. C cesepHOH CTOpOHhl 3aMOK Ha Tepp11TOp1111 Kp114escKoro JaMKa He )l.ODOnHHTenhHO 6b!Jl yKpenneH pBOM, HanOJJ HeHHbiM 3aqmKC11pOBall11 OCTaTKOB )1(11 llbiX 11 X03~HC T BeHHbiX so.noii. IlpoeJ.n s 3aMOK pacnonaranc~ c BOCTOKa, co cTpoeHHH XV-XVIII ss. 06Hapy)l(eHHhJe 6 nocTpoeK CTOpOHbl y3KOrO nepeweifKa, KOTOpblH COe )l. I1H~Jl cpy6Hoi1 KOHCTPYKU1111 .naT11pyiOTC~ XII- XIII BB. nonyocTpOB C 6nH)I(aHUJHM HaceneHHhiM nyHKTOM. IJpe.D;CTaBlleHHe 0 3aCTpOHKe 3aMKa .D;aiOT HaM He 11CKniO'leHo, 4TO JaMOK HMen cs~ 3 b c 6Jl11)1(aifwHM Ha3BaHHhie 11HBeHTapH.50 6eperoM nocpe.ncTBOM .ne pes~HHOro HaCTHJla Ha csa~x, 3aMOK ropO)J,OK (MOJIO)J,el.JeHCKHH paifou) KOTOpblH Ha4HHaJlC~ B IOr0-3ana)l.HOM yrny 3aMKa. pacnOllO)I(eH Ha 3a na.IJ;HOH · 0Kpa11He O)J;H011MeHHOH B 1979 r . 0 . JlesKO pacKonana I 00 KB . M Ha .nepeBHI1, MeCTHOe Ha3BaHI1e «3aMOK». IJpe.D;CTaBn~eT JaMKosoii nnoma.nKe, npo113sena npope3KY sana 11 C060H nllO!l(a.IJ;KY osanhHOH cpopMbl pa3MepaM11 OCHOBaHI1~ IOrO - BOCT04HOH 6aWHH. 53 72x44 M, BhiT~HYTYIO no ni1HI111 cesep-10r, Apxeonor114ecK11e 11ccne.nosaH11~ noKaJanH, 4TO B03BbiWaiO!l(yiOC~ Ha 5 M Ha.IJ; ypOBHeM BO .D; bl , nepBOHa4aJlbHhle 3aMKOBhle cpopTHcpHKaUH11 OKpy)l(eHHYIO pBOM lli11p11HOH 25-30 M 11 Bh!COKI1MI1 B0 3BO.ll.HJlHCh y)l(e B XIV B. l1ccne.nosaTenbH11Ue .no I 0 M sallaMH. l1H.IJ;HBH.IJ;yan&Hoii oco6eHHOCTbiO llY4We scero y.nanocb npocne.IJ;HTh cTpaT11rpacpHIO 26 LIETUVOS PIL YS 2008 )J,EPEB51HHbiE 3AMKJ1 EEJIAPYCH XTV -XVll BEKOB (COCT051HY!E YI3Y4EHHOCTYI Yl YICCJlE)J,OBA T EJl bCKY! E n P06JlEMbl) o6opOHI1TeJlbHOH 6aWHI1. IJOCJle)l,H~~ 11MeJJa 11CnOJlb30BaJiaCb TaK)I(e C BHeWHeH CTOpOHbl KapKaca OCHOBaHI1e )l,l1aMeTpOM 12 M 11 pacnOJJaraJJaCb Ha Ha W11p11HY 0 , 7 M . B OT)l,eJihHhlX MeCTaX ITO)], HI1)1(HI1H CBOeo6pa3HOH nO)l,YWKe MOI.llHOCTbiO )1,0 M , ~pyc 6peBeH ITOJlO)I(eHbl 60JlbWI1e KaMHI1, a )l,Jl~ C)l,eJlaHHOH 113 CMeCI1 rJJI1Hbl, neCKa, rpas11~ 11 MeJJKI1X yKpenJJeHI151 yrJJOB KapKaCa 11CITOJlb30BaJli1Cb KaMHei1. Bbiwe npocJJe)I(I1BaeTc~ npocJJOHKa TeMHOH YeTblpexyrOJlbHbJe CTOJI6bJ )l,11aMeTpOM )1,0 0,2-0,25 M OKpaCK11 C 60JlbWI1M KOJlJ14eCTBOM yrJJeH 11 30Jlbl, 11 KaMHI1. B cesepo-BOCT04HOM yrJJy pacKonaHHOH Ha KOTOpOH 3acp11KC11pOBaHbl OCTaTKI1 )l,epeB~HHbiX nOCTpOHKI1 11MeJJaCb ITe4b 113 rOpWKOBOH KacpJJ11 C KOHCTPYKL\I'IH nJJoxoi1 coxpaHHOCTI1. IlepsoHa'-!aJJhHa~ KBa)l.p11cpOJJhHh!M 11 KpyrJJhiM ycTbeM py6e)l(a XV 6aWH51 ITOri16Jla B OrHe, ee OCTaTKI1 6b!Jll1 XVI BB. 11 nOJJ11XpOMHOH peJJbecpHOH nJJaCTI1H4aToi1 HI1BemipOBaHhl 11 3aCblf!aHbl KYJlhTypHbiM CJIOeM KacpJJ11 XVI B. c repaJJh)l,I1YecKI1M opHaMeHTOM. TeMHOH OKpaCKI1 MOf.llHOCTbiO )1,0 J M , ITOBepxy 06Hapy)l(eHHh!H apxeOJJOfl14eCKI1H MaTep11aJI (KacpJJ~ , KOToporo B XV B. cTp011TCH )l.pyraH. HoBOB03Be)l.eHHaH K11piT114 , cpparMeHT HO)I(eH , HaKOHe4HI1K CTpeJJbl , 6aWH51 11MeJia KaMeHHbiH cpyH)l,aMeHT, CJIO)I(eHHbiH 113 6p11TBa, KepaMI14eCKa51 ITOCY )],a) IT03BOJli1Jl 0 . JleBKO )l,BYX pH)l,OB 60JihWI1X BaJJyHOB. flOCJle)l,yiOf.lll1e )l,aT11pOBaTb BhlHBJleHHhlH 06beKT .IJ:y6poBeHCKOfO nepe)l,eJlKI1 11 06HOBJleHI151 )l,epeBHHHhlX 3aMKa Ha XVI B . 11 cooTHeCTI1 ero c 6awHei1, o6opOHI1TeJJbHhiX yKpenJJeHI1H 3aMKa XVl-XVll ss. Hap11coBaHHOH Ha KapTe Cl1ri13MYH)l.a np0113BO)l,I1Jli1Cb Ha y)l(e 11MeiOf.lleHC51 OCHOBe, ITOTOMY rep6epwTeHHa. 55 IO . EoxaH ITpe)l,ITOJI0)1(11Jl, 4TO :na 4TO B :HOH 4aCTI1 3aMKa nO)l,CblnOK BaJJa 11Jll1 6aWHH BblnOJJHHJla cj:>yHKL!I111 CBOeo6pa3HOrO yKpeiTJleHI1H cpyH)l,aMeHTa apxeOJJOfl1'-leCKI1 He )l,epeBHHHOrO (()l,0H)I(OHa». 56 3acp11KC11pOBaHO. flOJJyYeHHbie B pe3yJJhTaTe paCKOnOK B cesepHoi1 11 ueHTpaJJhHOH YacTax apXeOJlOfl14eCKI1e MaTep11aJlbl n03BOJl~IOT Cy)l,I1Th, 4TO ,lJ.y6pOBeHCKOrO 3aM4Hf.lla BbiHBJleHbl OCTaTKI1 )l.pyri1X 3aMOK B E3ep11f.lle cpyHKLI110H11posaJJ 11 B XVII B. ITOCTpOeK pa3Hb!X XpOHOJl0fH4eCKHX nepHO)l,OB. JaMOK .IJ:y6pOBHO (LieHTp 0)l,H011MeHHOfO p - Ha) CaMbie paHHI1e 11 3 HHX ITpep:cTasJJeHhi ITOCTpOeH Ha BhlCOKOM JleBOM 6epery .IJ:Henpa np11 3arJJy6JJeHHhiMI1 B 3eMJliO )1(11JlHf.llaMI1 11 p: aT11py!OTC51 BITa)l,eHI111 B Hero peKI1 .IJ:y6poBeHKI1. 0CTaTKJ1 ero Ha OCHOBaHI111 ropLUKOBOH KacpJJ11 C KBap:paTHbiMI1 11 ITpe)l,CTaBJlHIOT C060H 6Jli13KYIO ITO cpopMe K KpymhiMI1 ycThHMI1 Ha XV - Ha4aJJoM XVI BB. Eonee ITp51.MOyrOJlhHI1KY B03BbiWeHHOCTh, KOTOpaJI COCTOI1T 11HTepeCHOH OKa3aJlaCb 60JlbLUa51 ITOCTpOHKa C 113 )l.Byx ITJlOf.lla)l,OK c nepeiTa)l,oM yposHeH ITOLJ:BaJJOM 11 OCTaTKaMI1 ITe411, Bh!HBJleHHaH B ITOBepxHOCTI1 )l,O I M. EoJJee BhiCOKaH , 3ana)l,HaH, cTp011TeJJhHOM rop113 0HTe py6e)l(a XVI- XVII BB. - HMeJJa pa3Mephr 90x45 M , HI1)1(HHH (cpop6ypr) - BTopoi1 noJJOBI1Hhi XVII BB. 57 3Ta nocTpoi1Ka 11MeJJa 3 5x45 M. Ha o6o11x ITJlOf.lla)l,Kax cero)l,HJI He ITpHMoyrOJibHYIO cpopMy pa3MepaMI1 6 , 2x6 ,4 M ITO ITpOCJle)I(I1BaiOTC51 CJle)l,bl o6opOHI1TeJlbHhiX BHeWHeMy KpaiO 11 5 , 4x5 , 4 M ITO BHyTpeHHeMy, COOpy)l(eHI1H. TOJJbKO C BOCTO'-IHOH CTOpOHbl rJJy60KI1H pacnoJJoraJJach Ha cj:>yHp:aMeHTe 11 3 KpacHOH rJJI1H hi pOB, npOKOnaHHbiH Me)l()l,y peKOH .IJ:y6poseHKOH 11 Bb!COTOH 0 , 8 M 11 W11p11HOH 0 , 7 M , BKOnaHHOM B .IJ:HenpOM, OT)l,eJJHJl 3aMOK OT JleB06epe)I(H0H 4aCTI1 MaTep11KOBhlH CJIOH 11 ITOLJ:KpenJJeHHOM KaMHHMI1. ropo)l.a 11 np11)l,aBaJl 3aMKY 811)1, OCTpOBHOH KpenOCTI1 . KaMHI1 BCTpeYaiOTCJI 11 BHYTPI1 coopy)l(eHI1~ , .IJ:opora s 3aMOK npoxO)l,I1JJa no y3KOi1 3 eMJJ~Hoi1 HeKOTOpble 11 3 HI1X OTMe4aiOT ypOBeHb HaXO)I()l,eHI1H HaCbiiTI1 . BnepBbie 11CCJle)l,OBaHI151 Ha Tepp11TOp1111 ITOJla (KaK BhJMOCTKa 113 MeJlKI1X KaMHeH B 3anap:HOM .IJ:y6pOBeHCKOrO 3aMKa ITpOBO)l,I1Jli1Cb B 1996-1997 rr. yrJJy). Ilo)l.BaJJbHOe noMef.lleHI1e 6hiJIO yrny6JJeHo Ha 0JJHOH JleBKO, pacKOnaBWeH 400 KB. M 11 ]-) ,2 M Hl1)1(e ypOBHH 3aJJeraHI1H cpyH)l,aMeHTOB c)l,eJJaswei1 npope3KY CKJJOHa 3aM411f.lla c cesepHoi1 nocT pOHKI1. BHyTp11 OH 6hiJJ o6w11T )l.OCKaMI1, a no cTopoHhi nJJOf.lla)l,KI1Y B pe3 yJJbTaTe y)l.aJJOCh LieHTpy Ha paBHOM paCCTOHHI111 pacnoJJaraJJHCh ycTaHOBI1Th, '-ITO ITepBOHa'-laJlhHbie 3 aMKOBbie CTOJl6hi-OITOpbl )l,l1aMeTpOM )1,0 30 CM 11 BKOITaHHbie B )l,epeBHHHhie yKpenJieHI1~ ()l.aT11pyeMbJe KOHLIOM MaTep11K Ha 20 CM. B )l,aHHOM o6beKTe Bhl~B11Jll1 XV - Ha'-!aJJoM XVI BB.) npe)l,cTaBJJHJJI1 co6oi1 60JlbWOe KOJlH4eCTBO cpparMeHTOB CTeKJlHHHhiX 113rOpO)l,h CTOJl60BOH KOHCTpyKLI1111, OITOpHbie CTOJl6hi 6yThiJleH C )l,H111.llaMI1 25- 30 CM B )l,l1aMeTpe, KOTOpOH )l,l1aMeTpOM 0 , 2-0, 25 M pacnoJJaraJJI1Cb Ha cpparMeHTOB W TOcpOB , 6yTh!JlOK, CTOITOK 11 CTaKaHOB paCCT051HI111 0,4- 0,5 M )l.pyr OT )l.pyra. 3TO 11MnopTHoro ITp0113BO)l,CTBa. TyT )l(e 6hiJll1 HaH)l,eHhJ 060pOHI1TeJlbHOe COOpy)l(eHI1e 6biJlO B03Be)l.eHO )1,0 cpparMeHTbl KpyiTHh!X fJli1HHHh!X COCy)l.OB. Y IOrO MOMeHTa HaCblf!aHI151 3eMJI51HOfO BaJla 11 ITOri16JlO B BOCT04HOf0 KpaH )l,aHHOH ITOCTpOHKI1 Ha ypOBHe orHe. Ha nJJOf.lla)l,Ke 3aMKa B OT)l,aJJeHI111 OT BHeWHI1X 3 aJJeraHI1H cpyH)l. aMeHTa 6biJJ pacKonaH pa3BaJJ yKpenJJeHI1H 6bJJl OTKpbiT cpyH)l,aMeHT OT KBa)l,paTHOH KacpeJJbHOH ne411 . nOCTpOHKI1, COXpaHI1Btlii1HC51 Ha BbiCOTy 0,8 M , flpe)l.CTaBJJeHI1e 0 BHeWHeM Bl1)l,e 11 BHyTpeHHeH nOJJHOCTbiO 3arny6JJeHHhiH B MaTep11K. Pa3Mepbi CTpyKType 3aMKa B ,lJ.y6pOBHe )l,aeT e)l.I1HCTBeHHb!H nOCTpOHKI1 no BHeWHeMy Kpa!O - 5 , 4x5 , 4 M , a 11 3 BeCTHblH 11HBeHTaph, COCTaBJJeHHhiH peBI13 0paMI1 BHyTpeHHeMy Kpa!O - 4x4 M . KapKac )l,aHHOH AH)l.p11HHOM IlapeH6aKOM 11 ~Ky6oM raeLIK11M 28 ITOCTpOHKI1 BbinOJJHeH 11 3 6peBeH )l,l1aMeTpOM )1,0 0 , ]5 M , Ma~ 1645 r_sR 3aMOK 6hiJl )l,epeB~HHbiH, COCTOHJl 11 3 ITOJlO)I(eHHhiX peweTKOH B YeTbipe ~pyca Ha f!JlOf.lla)l,Ky )l.Byx qacTeH - BepxHero 11 HI1)1(Hero (ITO)l,3aMoK). 113 KpaCHOH 060)1()1(eHHOH fJl11Hhl. fJJI1Ha IJepBhiH 113 HI1X BO BpeMH COCTaBJleHI1H 11HBeHTapH LI ETUYOS PILYS 2008 27 )J,EP E B5IHHbiE 3AMKH 6EJIAPYCI1 XIV- XVIf BEKOB (COCT05IHHE H3YqEHHOCTH H HCCn E)J,OBA TEn bCKH E n PO En EM bl) np11wen B yna~OK. YKpennen 6hJJJ cTeHaMI1 npOCTOH pacw11p11n nnoma~KY 11 ITOJlHOCTbiO 11 3MeHI1n KOHCTPYKL\1111 Tl1na «OCTpor», 2 6awwiMI1 - yrnosoil CI1CTeMy 060pOHI1TenhHblX COOpy)l(eHI1H: HaChll1aJJ BaJJ , 11 Sbe 3~ HOH, a TaK)I(e weCTbiO «rOpO~HHMI1» CO yseni1411JI SO~HHOH pos, S03BeJI ITHTb 6aCTI10HOB 11 CTOpOHbl .lJ:nenpa, OCTaTKI1 npe~hi~YI..lleH ITOCTp011Jl KaMeHHYIO Bbe3~HYIO 6aWHIO. TaKI1M o6opOHI1TenhHOH CI1CTeMhJ. B uenTpe ~eTI1Hlla o6pa30M , 3aMOK np11o6pen ¢opMy perynHpHoro pacnonaranCH )1(11nOH ~OM, COCTOHBWI1H 113 CeHeH, ITHTI1yrOJibHI1Ka C 6aCTI10HaMI1 ITO yrnaM (BbiCOTa 1136bi 11 KOMOpbi. BOKpyr Hero CTOHJII1 6posap, KYPTI1H ~ OCTI1rana 7 M) 11 ~BYMH: 6awHH:MI1 KBaCHaH 1136a, l111BHI1lla (norpe6, sepOHTHO, OCTaTKI1 (TpeXbHpycHaH CO CTOpOHbT MeCTe'-!Ka 11 ~BYXbH:pycHaH: ero 6b!JII1 06Hapy)l(eHbl 0. JleBKO SO BpeMH na KYPTI1He co cTopoHbi peK11). BnyTp11 pacKorroK), KneTb. Cornacno 11HBenTap10 1645 r. , pacrronO)I(I1JJl1Cb 6epHap~l1HCKl1H MOHaCTblpb C 060pOHI1TeJibHhle COOpy)l(eHI1H 11 ~pyr11e 3~aHI1H 60JibWI1M 6ap04HhiM KOCTeJJOM (ITOCTpOeHHbiH B H11)1(Hero 3aMKa 3HaYI1TeJibHO oTni1YaJII1Ch oT 1667 r .) , ~Bopeu , )1(11nbie l1 X03HHCTBeHHb!e ITOCTpOH Bepxnero. On 6bin OKpy)l(eH «OCTporoM», yKpenneH KI1 , KOTOpble He COXpaHI1JJl1Cb ~0 HaWI1X ~HeH. TpeMH HOBOITOCTpOeHHbTMM ~BYXbHpyCHbTMI1 Yni1KaJJbHhiM ~epeBH:HHhiM o6opOHI1TenhHbiM 6aWHHMI1 11 YeTBepTOH 6awHeH- BOpOTaMI1 . l.J,eHTp coopy)l(eHI1eM, BhiHBJJeHHhiM apxeonoraMI1 Ha ~eTMHlla 3aHI1Man ~epeBHHHbiH ~BYX3Ta)I(HbiH ~Bopeu. Tepp11TOp1111 Eenapyc11, H:Bnj!eTCH u:epKOBh-LJ.OH)I(OH na KpoMe nero Ha Tepp11TOpMM H11)1(Hero 3aMKa LJ,eTunu:e LJ.pesnero McTucJJaBJJH, pacKonaHHaH BCTpeqaeM eme 0~11H )1(11nOH O~H0 3T a)I(HbiH ~OM , 2 JleoHI1~0M Bacl1nheBI1YeM AneKceesbiM.62 B cesepnoi1 KYXHI1 , 3 KOHIOWHI1 , ITO~Ban , apcenan, CKap6HI1llY YaCTI1 rOp0~111..lla Ha O~HOM 11 TOM )l(e MeCTe B 11 Cl111Xnep. ne6onbWOM y~aneHI111 OT sana na npOTH)I(eHI111 ~onroro ~HOroneTHMM apxeonorl14eCK11M 11CCne~OBaHI1HM cymecTBOBaHI1H 3aMKa (cepe~ 11na XTT - cepe~MHa XVII ITO~BepraeTCH 3aMOK r JJYCK (lleHTp O~H011MeHHOrO BB .) ITOCne~osaTeJibHO CTp011JII1Cb ITH:Tb ~ epeBH:HHbiX p aHOHa) . IlepBbie 12 KB. M paCKOITan B 1988 r. CTpOeHI1H , Ha3SaHHbiX aBTOpOM paCKOITOK fena~3 h CaraHOBI1Y, a c 1996 r . 6onee 10 neT no~pH~ «coopy)l(eHI1HMI1». CoopyJJCeHue M! 1 6biJJO cpy6neHo ero 11ccne~yeT Hp11na faneuKaH . 59 06maH rrnoma~b HeMHOr O BbiWe MaTep11Ka, B03MO)I(H0, Ha 11CCJie~osaHHOH Tepp11TOp1111 Ha cerO~HHWHI1H ~eHb cneu11aJJbHOH MaTep11KOBOH ITO~Cbll1Ke . IlpOCTOHnO COCTaBnHeT OKOJIO 500 KB . M, 3TO I1pMMepHO 1 o/o OT OHO ne~onro , cropeno, ocTaBMB Mccne~osaTeJIIO seen nnoma~11 (45 000 KB . M) . fnyccKMH 3aMoK JJI1Wb cne~bl OT~enbHblX o6yrneHHbiX YaCTeH S paCITOJIO)I(eH Ha Sb!COKOM rrpaBOM 6epery p. I1TI14b, IOrO- BOCTOYHOH '-!aCTI1 CeBepHblX paCKOITOB. S BOCTOYHOH YaCTI1 O~H011MeHHOrO HaCeJi eHHOrO Coopy.?tCeHu e N! 2 6biJJO BhiCTpoeno, no MHeHI110 rryHKTa, Ha CBOeo6pa3HOM OCTpOBe , KOTOpblH Jl. AneKceeBa, cpa3y rrocne r116en11 npe ~ bi ~ ymero ITOHBMnCH B C11ny HaTypaJJbHbiX l1 3MeHeHMH pycna Ha TOM )l(e MeCTe 11 ITOYTI1 Ha TOM )l(e ypOSHe . peKI1 . ~omnocTb KY JJ hTYPHhiX cnoes na 3aMYI1me Ono rrpe ~ cTasnHno co6oi1 ~ y6osy10 nocTpoi1Ky, KOne6neTCH OT 1,8 ~0 2 , 9 M. ~HOrOJJeTHI1e 11 ITOYTI1 KSa ~ paTHOH 11 3 6aWHJ1: O~Ha myxaH:, BTOpaH C 6paMOH 11 TpeThH Hero COXpaHI1 JI OCb ~Ba eJJOBb!X BeHl.(a HeTOnCTb!X c ¢opTKOH, BhiBO~H:I..lleH K peKe IlT114h. Ha 3aMKOSOM 6peBeH ( 15- 17 CM ) , ITOJJO)I(eHHbiX Herrocpe~CTBeHHO ~eTI1Hlle HaXO~I1ni1Cb Tp11 ')!(11nbiX ITOMel..lleHI1H 11 4 Ha 3e MniO. 3Ta ITOCTpOHKa 6biJJa ne6onbWOH, B Bl1~e xo3H:HCTBeHHhiX ( «CB11pHa» ) . 61 Co STOp hiM KBa~paTa (cTopoHaM11 6,95 M) , rrocTaBnennoi1 BHYTPH CTpaT11rpa¢114eCKI1M rOp1130HTOM , ~aT11pyeMbiM npe~bi~YI..lli1X TaK, YTO ee CeBepO-BOCTO'-!HaH YaCTb 165 5- 167 5/ 80 rr. , CBH3ana pa~11 Kan bHaH MaKCI1MaJlbHO ITp116JJI1)1(aJJaCb K CeBepO -BOCTOYHOH nepecTpOHKa fnyccKoro 3aMKa, npe~rrp11HH Ta H YaC TI1 rrpe)I(HI1X 3~3HI1H, He HapywaH YaCTeH AneKcaH~paM Ilony611HCKI1M rrocne OKOHYaHMH rrocne~HMX. Yrnhi ero coe~ I1HeHbi B o6no (puc. 4:2). BOHHhi c MocKOBCKI1M uapcTBOM s 1666 r . On Bhlwe pacrronaranoch CoopyJtceHue N! 4 , KO Topoe 28 LI ETUVOS PlLYS 2008 )J,EPEB5IHHhiE 3AMKVI EEJlAPYCVI XIV- XVII BEKOB (COCT05IHHE V13Y4EHHOCTH VI VICCJlE.D,OBA TEJlhCKVI E nPOEJlEMbl) npe.[ICTaBJHIJJO 60JJblllOH 4eTblpexyrOJJbHHK, opHeHTHpOBaHHbiH, KaK H npe.[lbi .LIYII.\He, C cesepo BOCTOKa Ha lOf0-3ana.[l, H HMeJJO pa3Mepbl 13, 7x 12 M. Ha 3TOT pa3 3To 6hi1la secbMa MOII.\HaH KOHCTPYKUHH, COopy)l(eHHaH 113 HeCKOJlbKHX TpeXCTeHHb!X cpy60B 113 .Liy6a. ,l],O HaC .D:OlllllO TpH BeHua TOJJCTb!X (30-35 CM) CTeH , .[IJJHHa KOTOpbiX .[lliKTOBallaCh OnHTb )l(e TeMH np51Mb!MH .LIY60Bb1Mll CTBOJ13MH, KOTOpbi e y.D:aJJOCb HaHTII 11 cpy6HTh. Tpe6osa1111Ch CTBOJJbi 6onee TOJlCTbie, YeM .L\1151 coopy)l(eHHH N2 2, .L\OCTaTb HX 6bi1lO eme 6onee TPY .L\HO, a TIOTOMY OHH 6biJJI1 11 6onee KOpOTKHMI1. ,Zl,ll51 .[\JlHHHb!X CTeH TpeXCTeHHbiX cpy60B B6JJI1311 yrJJOB BCero 3.[13Hll51 HCTI01lb30B3JJI1Cb CTBOJJbl .[IJJHHOH 3 , 8 M (OKOJJO TIOJJYTOpa Ca)l(eHb), f ' Me)I(.LIY 3TI1MH TpexcTeHHbiMH Cpy6aMH CT051JlH TaKHe )l(e Cpy6bJ, HO C 6011ee KOpOTKHMI1 6peBH3MH HX .[IJlHHHbiX CTeH. ,l],JJ51 Mallb!X CTeH BCeX TpeXCTeHHbJX cpy60B HCnOJJb30B3Jl11Cb T3KHe )l(e no .[IHaMeTpy 6peBHa, HO .[IJJHHOH He MHOfHM 6011ee MeTpa. ,l],1151 60JlhllleH )l(eCTKOCTH KOHCTpyKUHH Mallb!e CTeHbl COCe.[IHHX TpeXCTeHHbiX cpy6oB y KOHUOB COe.[IH HHJlHCb Bpy6JJeHHbiMH B HHX ropH30HTaJJbHbiMI1 , cpaBHHTeJlbHO TOHKHMH (5- 8 CM) )l(ep.[151MH. CoopyJJCeflue Ng 4 6hJJJO nocTaBneHO Ha MecTe Bcex npe.L\bi .LIYII.\IIX, HO 6hJJJO no nnoma.LIH 6oJJbllle coopy)l(eHHH N2 3 11, KaK BbiHCHHJJOCh, pacnonaranocb HeMHoro HH)I(e, npH4eM 3ana.[IHaH, cesepHaH 11 BOCT04HaH CTeHbl ero 6biJl11 nOJJO)I(eHbl Ha OCTaTKI1 4 pav. Mstislavas. XII-XVI a. cerkvh(-donioml rekonstrukcijos. COOTBeTCTBYIOII.\HX CTeH COOpy)l(eHH51 N2 2 , Ha 3TH Autoriai: L. Aleksejevas (I- 4, vaizdo perspektyva), C. BoriseviCius )l(e OCTaTKH OnHpaJJHCb 11 KOpOTKIIe CTeHhl lOf0- (5-6, aksonometrija). Nr. I . Antrasis statinys - XIII a. pirmasis 3ana.[IHblX TpeXCTeHHb!X cpy60B. flpOTHBOnOJJO)I(HbJe ketvirtis. N!: 2. TreCiasis statinys- XJII a. vidwys. Nr. 3, 5. Ketvirtasis statinys - XIII a. 7 desimt. N!: 4, 6. Penktasis statinys - XIV a. )l(e 11M KOpOTKHe CTeHbl npope3aJJII CeBepO-BOCT04HYlO vidurys - XVII a. vidurys (pagal fl. B. AlleKcee6, , /{permuu cTeHKY coopy)l(eHHH N2 3 (oHa, cne.JJ:OBaTellbHO, McmuCJla6Jl b 6 C6eme apxeoJlozuu ", ficTapbiYHa-apxea.JiariYHbl 6b!Jla B 3eMJJe, H Ha4e ee 6bi npOCTO Bb16pa1111). 36opHiK, MiucK, I995, Nt: 6, p. 174). BnnoTHYJO K JOro-3 ana.[IHOi1 cTeHe coopy)l(eHHH Mstsislaw. Reconstructions of the 12'h- J6'h-centwy Orthodox N2 4 6hJJJ npHcTpoeH MaJleHbKHH .D:y6oBbi H church- donjon. Authors: L. Alekseyev (1 - 4, image perspective), cpy6HK, coxpaHHB!llerocH Ha 4 seHua. 3To 6hi JJH C. Borisevich (5- 6, axonomet1y) . I. Second structure - first quar OCTaTKH He60llblll0f0 Kpbl1lbU3, nO HeCOXpaHHBlllHMCH ter ofth e 13'" centwy. 2. Third structure - mid-I 3'" centwy. 3 and CTyneHbKaM KOTOporo C 3ana.[la nO.[IHHM3JlHCb B 5. Fourth structure - 1260s. 4 and 6. Fifih structure - mid-14'" fl. TIOCTpOHKY N2 4 (pH C. 4:3,5). ,l],aTa nOCTpOHKH mid-1 7'h centwy (from B. AJleKcee6, '4fJe611Uu McmucJW6flb 6 ceeme apxeoJlozuu ', ficTapbiYHa-apxea.Jiari•IHbi 36opHiK, Miii CK, coopy)l(e H HH N2 4 yeT a H aBJJ 11 BaeTCH I995, no. 6, p. I74) . .[leH.Lip0XpOHOJJOrH4eCKOH .[laTOH BOCT04HOH yJJHU~ 3 nHToro Hpyca - 1261 r . 3Ha4HT, o6beKT N2 4 6bi1l B03Be.D:eH B 1260- x ro.[lax. f116eJJb ero coBna.[laeT c nepeMelllaHHOi1 3eMnei1 c rJJHHoi1 , Jle)l(amei1 60JJbllii1M nO)I(apoM , KOTOpblH MO)I(HO 0THeCTI1 K ropH30HTallbHhiMH CJJOHMH. BcKope coopy)l(eHHe 5 nepBbiM ro.D:aM XIV B. cropeno, H OCT3JJCH rJIHH51HbiH 6yrop BbiCOTOH 50- CoopyJJceuue Nf! 5 6bJJJO BOChMHyroJJbHOH 60 CM , nepeKpb!Tb!H CllOeM TIO)I(apHII.\a, CJle.[lbl cpopMbi, coxpaHHJJOCh Ha TPH enoBhJX seHua, ero KOTOpOrO 6biJlH BH.L\Hbl y ceBepHOrO OCHOBaHH51 BHyTpeHHOCTb 6biJJa 33TIOJlHeHa BMeCTe C BepXHHMH 6yrpa. 3TO 6biJl n O)l(a p 13 59 r. ilOCJle TIO)I(apa o6ropellbiMH ocTaTKaMH coopy)l(eHHH N2 4 MOII.\HhiMH coopy)l(eHHe N2 5 cpa3y 6bi1lO BOCCTaHOBJleHo Cll051MH fJJHHbl , nOBepXHOCTb KOTOpOH B cepe.[IHHe nollHOCThJO B npe)I(HeM BH.L\e. B Hapy)I(HbiX MecTax .L\OXO.L\HJJa n04TH .[10 COBpeMeHHOH nOBepXHOCTH , y KpaeB 6bJJJ .[IOChi naH «TiaHUHpb», a Ha CO o6pa3yH B Hei1 pOL\ 6yrpa. fllHHHHOe 3anonHeHHe xpaHHBlliHeCH TpH HH)I(HHX BeHI.(a BO.LIPY3HJJH HOBble He 6hiJl0 0.[\HOpO.L\HbJM: y KpaeB , B03JJ e CTeH, OHa BeHUbl BOCbMHyrOJJbHHK3 (puc. 4:4,6). 0KOH43TeJlbHO 6bJJla ropa3.LIO 6onee nJJOTHoi1 , TBep.LIOH, 6e3 coopy)l(eHHe N2 5 norH6no BO BpeMH BOeHHhiX .D:ei1cT npHMecei1 11 pacnpocTpaHHJJacb OT CTeHbJ BHYTPh Ha BHH 1654 r. , npH lliTypMe McTHCJlaBJlH KHH3eM paccTOHHHe .LIO nonyTopa MeTpoB. Cepe.L\HHa B o6- A. H . Tpy6euKHM . pa3oBaBllleMCH fJJHH51HOM «BOCbMHyrOJJbHOM J1TaK, B He60JJblliOM KHH)I(eCKOM UeHTpe KOJlbUe» , KaK 6bi «naHUHpe», 6hiJla 3a6HTa MCTHCJlaBJle Ha O,L\HOM H TOM )l(e MeCTe B CeBepHOH Ll ET UVOS PILYS 2008 29 .[lEPEB5IHHblE 3AMKH 6EJJAPYCH XIV- XVII BEKOB (COCT05!Hl1 E YI3Y4EHHOCTYI VI YICCJJE.[lOBA TEJJbCKYI E OP06JJEMbl ) 5 pav. Senovine Brasta. Xlfl a. medinis miestas. Archeologinio muziejaus Brastojefi'agmentas. A. Ali.RKceey, A. J!yKattt36ilJ , Cnan'lhma 6enapyci. <1>oTaanh60M, MiHcK, 2004, p. 52. Old Brest. A 13'" century wooden city. A fragment o,/the archaeological museum in Brest. From A. AMtKceey, A. J!yKatu36i't, Cnal('lhma I>enapyci. 4aCTJof KpenOCTI1 , B HeKOTOpOM y.naneH.I111 OT KpOHWTeHH XOpoca C WeCT .11rpaHHhiM OO,[ICBe4H.I1KOM cesepHoro sana c XII no XVll B., T. e. secb nep110.r1 ,[IJI ~ TOHKOH CBe411 , np.11KJienaHHhlH K a)!(ypHOMY cymeCTBOBaHI1~ ,[leT.I1Hl.(a, He.I13MeHHO B03B0,[111JII1 cpJia)!(KY C Jli1Thl M 11 CKB03Hh!M 11 11 3 06pa)!(eHI1~ M 11 ,LiepeB~HHOe 3,[1aHI1e HC )!(.11JIOe .11 He X03.!1HCTBeHHOe, wecT11KphiJioro Cepacp11Ma s cepe.n11He, c .npaKOHOM B KOTOpOM , 04eB11,[1HO, 6bJJia OCTpa~ Ha,[I06HOCTb. C 11 3 B.I1JI.I1CTbiM XBOCTOM Hase pxy 11 OpHaMeHTaJlhHhlMI1 flp114eM ,[I Ba 11 3 n~T.I1 coopy)!(eH.I1H 6bJJll1 CJIO)!(eHhl MOTI1BaMI1 soKpyr Cepa¢11Ma. 63 Ha cymecTsosaH.He 11 3 .ny6a, O,[IHO .113 H.I1X B03Be,[leHO B TeXHI1Ke uepKBI1 yKa3hlBaiDT HaXO,LI KI1 6pOH3 0BOH JlaMna,[lhl, CTp011TeJlhCTBa yKpenJieHI1H (TpeXCTeHHbJe cpy6hl). ,[1.11CKa OT 6pOH30BOrO OO,[ICBe4HI1Ka, 6pOH30BYhl OcHOBhiBa.HCh Ha :noM, a TaK)!(e Ha cpopMe nnaHa Kpbillle4KY Ka,[I.HJla, OOJI11 BHbiX nJI.HTOK nOJia - ,[IBe C 3TI1X CT pOeH.HH , 6Jl113KI1X K KBa,LipaTy 11Jl.l1 3eJieHOH nOJII1BOH 11 4eThipe c nOJI.I1BOH u,seTa 6op,L10 . BOChMI1yrOJlhH.I1KY, .11 Ha MeCTe, r.ne OHI1 6hiJll1 803- TaK KaK 3aMK.I1 6biJII1 04eHh TeCHO CB~3aHhi c Be,LieHhl Ha ,[leT.I1Hl.(e, aBTOp paCKOnOK JleOHI1,[1 pa3BI1TI1eM cpeO,[IaJ111 3 Ma (cpe,LIHeBeKOBheM), TO 11X AneKcees np.11wen K Mhi CJII1, 4TO nepe.n HaMI1 yna,[IOK ~BJI~JIC~ CI1MOTOMOM nOCTeneHHOrO ,Li epeB~HHhie ,[10H)!(0Hhl, ~BJl~BWI1CC~ « OCHOBHhiM OTM11paH.I1~ cpeo.nanhHOro o6mecTsa. ,n:n~ Tepp11TOp1111 3Jie MeHTOM 060p0Hhl», paCC411TaHHhiM Ha BKJI Ha'Iano cou,11aJ1hHhiX nepeMeH OTHOCI1TC~ KO « KpyroBOH 06CTpeJI». Ba)!(Hb!M MOMeHTOM B BTopoi1 nonos11He XVI B. - speMeHI1 sa)!(HhiX 11CCJIC,[IOBaHI1~X ,Li epe~~HHhlX coopy)!(eHI1H 3 KOHOMI14 CC KI1X npeo6pa3 0BaH.I1H (BOJI04Ha~ o6opOH.I1TeJibHOrO T11na Ha JyiCTI1CJiaBCKOM ropO,L111LUe, pecpopMa 11 cpOpM11pOBaHI1e cp0IlhBap04HOH CI1CTeMhi, npose.neHHhiX JI. B. AneKceeBhiM, ~sn~eTc~ pa3 BI1T.I1e rOpO,LIOB 11 MeCTe4eK, 3arp a HI14HOH o6Hapy)!(eHI1e BHYTP.I1 .11x .11 no coce.ncTBY norpe6eHI1H. Toprosn11). Bee 3To HaWJlO OT06pa)!(eH.I1e B flocne,LIH11e 6bi JII1 npo113se.neHhi s .nepes~HHhiX apX11TeKType 4aCTHOBJla,[leJl b4eCK.11X KOMnJleKCOB: rpo6ax, no o6p~.ny TpynonOJIO)!(eH.H~ , c e,[I11HI14HhiM.I1 BMeCTO 3aM KOB CTpmiTC~ ,[IBOpl.(hl .11 ,[lBO phi. 64 B CI1JIY Haxo.nKaMI1 norpe6aJihHOro 11HBeHTap~ . P~.noM c BHeWHenOJII1TI14eCK11X np.114.11H B 3ana,[IHbi X Oni1CaHHhlM.I1 nOCTpOHKaM.I1 HaH,[IeHhl .npyr.11e soeso.ncTsax BKJI 3TOT npou,ecc 3 Ha411TeJl bHO npe,LIMCThi KYJi hTa: 6 cpparMeHTOB KOJlOKonos, onepe)!(aJl aHaJIOri14HhlH B BOCT04HbiX, H aX O,LI~LU11XC~ 30 LIET UVOS PILYS 2008 )lEPEB5IHHbiE 3AMKI1 fiEJIAPYCM XIV-XVII BEKOB (COCT05IHME M3Y4EHHOCTH 11 MCCJIE)lOBATEJibCKME ITPOfiJTEMbi) non TIOCTO~HHO~ yrp030~ aprpeCCHBHOrO H ponH B architectura militaris 8KJ1. IlapanenbHO PoccH~cKoro rocy napcTBa. nOJI)l(Hbl aKTHBI1311pOBaTbC~ apX11BHbie TIOI1CKH HOBbiX 8 3aKJHOI..feHHH XO'ieTC51 OTMeTHTb HaH60IIee H nepeOCMblCJieHMe H3BeCTHblX TIMCbMeHHbiX aKTyanbHhle HccnenosaTenbcKHe npo6neMw s MCTOI..fHHKOB, KOTOpbie TI03 BOIIHJIH 6bi Bbi~CHHTb H3y'ieHHH nepeB~HHOrO 3aMKOBOrO 3 0nl..feCTBa Ha COUMaJibHbJe THTIOJIOrH~ cpenHeBeKOBbiX nepeB51HHbiX 3aMKOB H reorpa Ll ET UVOS PILYS 2008 3 1 BALTARUSIJOS X IV- XVII A. M EDINI V PILIV TYRIMV PROBLEMOS BALTARUSIJOS XIV-XVII A. MEDINHJ PILHJ TYRIMlJ PROBLEMOS Straipsnio santrauka GENADZIJ SEMIANCIUK Gardino Jankos Kupalos valstybinis universitetas, Archeologijos ir etnologijos katedra Siuolaikineje mokslineje literatliroje zodziu ,pilis" igyjanti imunitet<~.. Centrines ir Ryt4. Europos taut4 apibreziama gyvenviete, turinti fortifikacines sistemas istorijai ilg<~. laik'l. buvo taikoma marksistine-leninine (medines arba murines gynybines sienas, fosas, pylimus, feodalizmo genezes koncepcija (pateikta B. Grekovo, bokstus-donzonus, vartus ir tiltus), gyvenamuosius pastatus B. Rybakovo, V. Mavrodino, B. Pasutos ir kill! istorik4. (riimus), sakralinius pastatus (koplycias, sventyklas) ir darbuose). J4. nuomone, feodaliniai santykiai (privati ukinius statinius (arklides, varyklas, kepyklas, sandelius). zemes nuosavybe ir vasaline priklausomybe) rytLt slav4. VakarLt Europoje architectura militaris terminu paprastai gyvenamose teritorijose susiformavo VIII- IX a. ir iki X apibudinami gynybiniai kompleksai: piliavietes ir pilys XI a. sis procesas pasibaige. Sio laikotarpio kunigaikscil!. (budingi viduramzi4. epochai), itvirtinti miestai ir ir bajor4 privatUs centrai buvo laikomi ,feodalinemis tvirtoves (budingi naujiesiems amziams). Tuo tarpu pilimis". Sios ankstyvl.J.il! viduramzitt ,valstybes" buvo archeologiniu poziuriu , viduramzi4. pilis" - tai laikomos turinciomis ,antagonistines klases" . Pagal si<~. archeologijos paminklo kategorija, turinti gynybin(( koncepcij'l. itvirtintos gyvenvietes pletojosi kaip feodal4. s istem<~., uzimamo ploto dydi ir form<~. , kultiirinil! gynybiniai punktai, siekiant apsiginti nuo nepatenkintLt sluoksnil! stori., kur aptinkami sioms vietovems budingi valstieci4.. radiniai (ginklai, raitelil! ekipuotes fragmentai, Su sia sovietinil! istoriktt pozicija negalima sutikti. juvelyriniai dirbiniai, sakraliniai ir buitiniai daiktai). AnkstyvLtj4 viduramzi4 valstybiniai dariniai Ryt4. Zvelgiant istoriko sociologo akirnis, ,pi lis"- tai itvirtinta Europoje neturejo klasikini4. feodalines santvarkos bruoz4. kunigaikscio rezidencija, administracinis, karinis, iikinis Tai nebuvo feodali zmas, paremtas Ieoine sistema ir ir kultiirinis-religinis centras, turej((s itakos valstybes arba vasaliniais rysiais, stigo ir dviejl! pagrindinil!. sios sistemos privacios valdos mastu. Pilys, issidesciusios arti principl! - zemes valdl! ir asmenines priklausomybes. valstybini4 siem.J., paprastai atliko forposto vaidmeni. Jos Neklasikiniai feodaliniai socialiniai ir politiniai bei galejo buti valstybines arba privacios. Sios charakteristikos ekonominiai santykiai buvo budingi pirmLtj4 Piast4 nepriestarauja viena kitai, o viena kit'!. papildo, nes ,pi lis" - Lenkijoje, Psemislid4 Cekijoje, Arpad4. Vengrijoje, tai daugiasluoksnis sudetingas reiskinys, kunigaikscio arba kunigaiksci4. Riurikaici4 Kijevo Rusioje X- Xlli a. , taip privacios valdos centras, kuris vienu metu reprezentuoja pat Lietuvos Didziajai Kunigaikstystei nuo Mindaugo iki ir administracin((, ir karin(( va ld zi<~.. pat Jogailos ir Vytauto valdymo. Lenk4 medievistas Taciau rytLt slaVLt teritorijose ir metrasciuose zodziui Karolis Modzelewskis vykusiai pavadino si<~. socialin(( , pilis" yra tapacios leksemos ,senovinis miestas", politin(( sistem'l. , kunigaiksci4. teises sistema". Jos esme , dvaras". Lietuvos Didziosios Kunigaikstystes rusen4 visl!. sali es gyventojl! pareiga moketi duokl(( ir atlikti kalboje ,pilis" nuo XIV a. laipsniskai isstume senljj<~. ivairias funkcijas, butinas kunigaikscio dvaro ir ,miesto", ,gyvenvietes" S<~.vok<~.. Butent nuo XIV a. ,pilis" administracijos islaikymui. Pagal viespatavusi'l. socialines zymejo centrini miest4. gynybini punkt<~., fortifikacij<~., hierarchijos sistem<~. kunigaikstis formaliai buvo visos sk irt <~. apginti kunigaiksti ir jo kariaun<~., valdovo valstybes zemes seimininkas, taciau jo valdzia nebuvo gyvenamljj<~. viet<~. . Dabartines Baltarusijos, Lietuvos ir absol i uti. N uo pat , kun igaiksci 4. teises sistemos" Ukrainos teritorijose labiausiai paplito leksemos ,pilis" susikurimo valstybes valdzioje egzistavo jegos, kurios ir ,miestas", nurodancios itvirtint<~. gyvenviet((. Baltarusi4. ribojo valdovo savival((. Tiesa, didik4. reiksmes sioje toponimikoje susidare itin budingi ivardijimai: Aukstutine politineje strukturoje negalime pervertinti, nes ir jie buvo ir Zemutine Polocko ir Vitebsko pilys, Senoji ir Naujoji visiskai priklausomi nuo kunigaikscio. Svarbi sios sistemas pilys Gardine, Pilies kalnas Breslaujoje, Pities kalnas ir grandis, garantuojanti valstybes saugum'l., buvo itvirtint4. Mazoji pilis Naugarduke, Pilaite, Piliaviete, Karalienes gyvenvieci4. tinklas. Senoves miestai buvo sustiprinti Bonos pilis etc. Sie pavadinimai atspindi viduramzi4. medinemis uztvaromis ir zemes pylimais, gi li ais grioviais. miestLt formavimosi tradicijas. Toponim<~. , pilis" ir jo Tok.ioje gyvenvieteje ne tik kuresi miestieciai, bet buvo ir formas aptinkame kiekviename Baltarusijos mieste, kuris nuolatine igula. Todel X- XIII a. Ryt4. Europoje susiformavo iki XIV a. Sio zodzio reiksme panasi ir neaptinkami privatiis miestai ir pilys. Pirmosios didzil!.il! dabartineje lietuvil! kalboje. Reikia pazymeti, kad rus4 kunigaiksci4. pilys Lietuvos Didziosios Kunigaikstystes kalboje zodis , pilis" imtas vartoti gana velai (XVIII teritorijoje atsirado tik XIV a. J4 li ekanas matome XIX a.) - jis perimtas is lenkl! kalbos, tarpininkaujant Vilni uj e, Naugarduke, Trakuose, Medininkuose, Lydoje, baltarusiams. Sis trumpas ekskursas i lingvistikos istorij'l. Krevoje. Feodalizmo genezes Lietuvos Didziojoje parodo teritorij4 giminingum<~. ir didelius skirtumus tarp Kunigaikstysteje pastar4.i4 melt! tyrimai liudija, kad sios Lietuvos Didziosios Kunigaikstytes ir Maskvos sistemas susiformavim'l. galima datuoti ne anksciau kaip kunigaikstystes fortifikacines architektiiros srityje. XIV a. paskutiniuoju ketvirCiu. Butent siame laikotarpyje Pilys atsiranda ten, kur susiformuoja feodalinei gludi dabartines Baltarusijos teritorijos , kastelizacijos" visuomenei budinga stambioji zemevalda, laipsniskai atskaitos taskas. 32 LJ ETUVOS PILYS 2008 BALTARUSIJOS XIV- XVII A. MEDINHj PILilJ TYR!MlJ PROBLEMOS XlV-XVlll a. Baltarusijos pili4. tipologija mokslineje Baltarusijos pilims paskyre Jurijus Jakimovicius (1989). literaturoje galutinai nesuformuota. Esama keli4. Autorius sugrupavo pilis i valstybines, seniunijtt ir isankstini4. prielaid4.. Placiau paplitt(s pili4. suskirstymas privacias, nurode, kad ypac dideli pokyciai medinitt i medines ir murines. Geriausiai pagristq_ tipologijq_ yra i tvirti ni mtt statyboj e ivy ko XVI a., keiciantis pristatt(s prof. Michailas Tkaciovas. Remdamasis konstrukcijoms. XVIII a. Lietuvos Didziosios socialinemis ir istorinemis prielaidomis, jis isskyre Kunigaikstystes rytineje dalyje seniunijtt centrai ir I) gotikinius murinius bokstus-donzonus (Kamenece, privacios rezidencijos dar tebebuvo ginamos senomis Gardine, Brastoje, Naugarduke, Turove), 2) valstybines fortifikacijomis, o vakaruose jos jau buvo sunaikintos, murines pilis-kastelius (Lyda, Kreva, Medininkai) ir pleciantis didziulitt privaCitt rezidencij4. su rumais ir daugiabokstes pilis (Gardinas, Naugardukas, Orsa), parkais statyboms. Pagrindine medinitt pili4. sunykimo 3) privacias pilis (murines Myriaus, Geranainilb Ikaznes, priezastis - karines technikos pazanga (artilerija) ir nauj4 Medelilb Liubcios pilys, medines Radaskonilb Lyskovo, urbanistinitt koncepcij4. miesi4. statyboje peremimas. Savo Gorodoko, Myso pilys), 4) miesi4. fortifikacijas, kurios tyrimus J. Jakimovicius pratt(se sudarydamas special4. nuo XVI a. keliomis gynybinemis linijomis juose miesto informacini leidini apie XVI-XVII a. Baltarusijos pilis centrq_ ar gyvenviett( (Polockas, Vitebskas, Sluckas, (cia aptartos 29 pilys). Demesio vertos pasiUiytos kai kuritt Mogiliovas, Brasta, Recyca), 5) itvirtintus sakralinius pili4. rekonstrukcijos, pvz., Dubrovno, Kameneco, Losko pastatus (cerkves Sinkeviciuose, Myrovankoje, Supraslyje, ir kt. Anatolijus Kulaginas daugiatomiame darbe Polocko Sofijos soboras, Kamaj4. baznycia, protestant4 Baltarusijos architektiira apzvelge X-XVIII a. gynybinius maldos namai Kaidanove, Astasine, Zaslavlyje, sinagoga kompleksus bendros europines ir slaVtt tradicijtt kontekste. Bychove), itvirtintus gyvenamuosius namus (rumai-pilaite Paskutinis is siuolaikinitt baltarusitt autoritt gynybini4. Gaidziuniskese), 6) privacias europinio tipo pilis su sistemq aprasymus tyrinejo Jurijus Bochanas.lkonografiniai bastionine gynybine sistema (Nesvyzius, Zaslavlis, ir istoriniai tyrimai parade, kad daugelio sitt objekttt Bychovas, Gluskas, Karolinas prie Pinsko ir kt.) . Pilys paslapcitt neimanoma iminti be archeologinitt tyrinejim4. skiriasi ir savo topografinemis charakteristikomis Siuolaikine baltarusitt archeologija daug demesio skiria (aukstumq, zemumq). Jurijus Jakimovicius sioje XU- XIV a. metrasciuose minimiems senoviniams tipologijoje isskyre seniunq pilis (Kobrine, Bobruiskas, miestams ir pilims. Tyrimtt rezultatai padejo rekonstruoti Kricevas, Rogaciovas). Jurijus Zajacas, pletodamas seniausitt gynybini4. pili4. itvirtinimus (fosas, pylimus, topografines Baltarusijos pili4. grupes, murini4. pili4. medines sienas ir bokstus). Nuo XX a. pradzios tyrinejamos topografijos ypatybes pritaike medinems. Jo tipologijoje seniausios milrines pilys (Kameneco bokstas, Lyda, Kreva, isskiriamos 1) aukstum4. medines pilys, kuri4. Naugardukas, Gardinas, Myrius, Medeliai, Zaslavlis). konfiguracija prik1auso nuo kalno aiksteles formos arba Archeologiniai Baltarusijos medini4 pili4 tyrimai aikstele dirbtinai islyginama (Ostosickio Gorodoko, prasidejo palyginti neseniai. TSaiskinti 72 paminklai, Losko, Radaskoni4., Rakovo, Senoji pilis Alsenuose), kuriuos tyrinejo ir aprase archeologai XX a. antrojoje 2) sal4., pusiasali4., kitoki4. sunkiai prieinam4. vietovi4 puseje ir kuril!. identifikacijq_ patvirtino rasytiniai saltiniai pilys (Druksi4., Ezerisces, Lyskovo, Molodecno, (inventoriai, arsenal4 aprasymai). Taciau daznai Solomerecjes), 3) pilys, pastatytos ant auks14. upiq krantl!., archeologiniai tyrimai budavo fragmentiski, apsiribota su fosomis ir pylimais, dazniausiai I, fom1os (Lohoiskas, topografijos ir pirmine kultilrinitt sluoksnitt analize. Mysas), 4) dvinares pilys, susidedancios is pilies ir Daugiausia dometasi XI- XIII a. gynybiniais pylimais, priespilio (Dubrovnas, Zlobinas, Lyskovas), 5) privaCi4 sutvirtintais medinemis konstrukcijomis. Atskirais miest4. pilys, issaugojusios senesni4. XI- XIII a. itvirtinil!. atvejais rasytine infonnacija leido giliau istirti gynybines gyvenvieciq konfiguracijq_ (Zaslavlis, Kleckas, Lohoiskas, sistemas, lokalizuoti atskirtt medini4. statini4. struktQrq_, Druckas, Braginas, David-Gorodokas, Turovas, Breslauja). identifikuoti unikalius statinius. Kai kurie is tirt4. objekt4 - Medines Baltarusijos pilys tyrinejamos istoriniu, Vitebsko, Polocko, Brastos, Mstislavlio, Slucko, Orsos architekturiniu ir archeologiniu aspektais. Tyrimai pilys - tai centriniai vaivadijtt ir paviet4. punktai, kuritt pradedami nuo inventoritt ir kittt rasytinitt saltinil!. bei aptarimui kiekvienu atveju reiket4. atskiro straipsnio. kartografijos studijq. XX a. pradzioje buvo paskelbti lvano Milstt nuomone, jie dar nepakankamai istyrineti. Todel Rusciojo isakymu pastatytq Polocko pilies itvirtinim4. siame darbe jie nera aptariami. Del tos pacios priezasties piesiniai (kartografas Stanislovas Pacholoveckis, 1579 m.), neminimos bastionines pilys Zaslavlyje, LiachoviCiuose, Vitebsko pilies ,brezinys" (1664 m.). Remiantis XVI Nesvyziuje, Geranainyse ir kitur. XVII a. inventoriais buvo aprasytos Svisloces, Polocko, Toliau straipsnyje pateikiami archeologinitt tyrim4. Borisovo pilys. XVI a. Vitebsko apylinki4. medines pilis duomenys apie medines pilis Molodecno, Kricevo, aprase B. Brezgo (knyga isleista Vilniuje 1933 m.). Gorodoko (Molodecno rajonas), Ezerisces (Gorodoko Baltarusi4. architekturos i-storikai, remdamiesi 1549 m. rajonas), Dubrovno (Dubrovno rajonas), Glusko (Giusko inventoriumi, pasiule Radaskoni4. pilies rekonstrukcijq_, rajonas), Mstislavlio miestuose. Si4. pilitt gynybiniai o pagal Tstorijos archyve islikusius XVII a. planus buvo itvirtinimai dar veike XVII a. viduryje - antrojoje puseje. atlikta Svisloces (Osipovici4. rajonas) pilies Seniausi itvirtinimai datuojami Xll- Xlll a. (Kricevo, rekonstrukcija. Atskirq_ tyrimq_, skirtq_ sios pilies Mstislavlio pilys). Medines pilys buvo statomos XV a. topografijai, planui ir fortifikacijoms, paskelbe Vadimas pabaigoje - XVI a., nors murine statyba tuo metujau buvo Kosmanas (200 I). Specialiq_ studijq_ medinems placiai paplitusi (Gorodoko, Dubrovno, Glusko pilys). LIETUVOS PIL YS 2008 33 BALTARUSIJOS XIV- XVII A. MEDINI V PILI V TYRIMV PROBLEMOS Archeologine medziaga leidzia manyti, kad mediniai isigalint privaciai zemevaldai. Vietoj pilil! atsirado pastatai buvo sildomi renesansinil! koklil! krosnimis, r£tstl! privarus dvarai ir rumai. Sis procesas vakarineje salies konstrukcijos buvo sustiprinamos akmenimis, statomi dalyje vyko sparciau, o rytineje, nuolatjautusioje Maskvos auksti mediniai bokstai-donzonai (Dubrovno pilis). Ypac Didziosios Kunigaikstystes agresijct, jis buvo letas, todel idomus buvo Mstislavlio senovinis miestas. Siame buvusios cia ilgai issilaike medini4. pili4. statybos tradicijos. kunigaikstystes centre, siaurineje pities dalyje, nuo XII iki Medini4. pili4. dabartines Baltarusijos teritorijoje XVII a. vidurio, t. y. visq medinio priemiescio egzistavimo tyrimai atskleide problemas, susijusias su si4. statini4. laikotarpi, buvo penkis kartus atstatytas ypatingas pastatas - geneze, chronologija, funkcijomis, fortifikacini4. statini4. cerkve-donzonas. Du kartus si cerkve buvo pastatyta is struktura. Tolesnio tobulinimo galima tiketis aptariant qzuolo. Paskutinis statinys - penktasis chronologiskai - viduramzil! medinil! pili!! tipologij Henadzi Semianchuk Yanka Kupala State Hrodna University, Department of Archaeology and Ethnology Research Problems of 14'h-J7 The term ' castle' has been defined in contemporary the Church, or a noble/member of the szlachta). This land science in respect to architecture, archaeology, and his ownership gradually became ever more independent. The tory - sociology. The polysemy of the concept of ' castle' first grand ducal or state castle was erected in the territory developed out of the complexity and diversity of the phe of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 14'h century. Their nomenon itself. Each definition augments the others. A ruins survive in Vilnius, Trakai, Medininkai (Lithuania), castle was the fortified residence of a large landowner, i.e. Navahrudak, Lida, and Kreva (Belarus). This was the age a monument of the art of fortification and a symbol of the of 'castelization' for Belarus. civil and military government. At the same time a castle No typology of 14'11- IS'h-century castles has been cre was private property, the centre of a large holding, and a ated in Belarusian historical and archaeological scien private unit with its own managers and services. A castle tific literature. But several preliminary suggestions do is not a fortified city. Beginning in the 14'h century, the exist. The division into wooden and masonry castles is the term, 'castle', in the conception of the inhabitants of the most common (A. Mityanin, J. Bokhan). Prof. Mikhail Grand Duchy of Lithuania, began to mean a city's central Tkachou has proposed the most justified and complex defensive point, which was ringed by defensive fortifica typology. He divided castles into six types on the basis of tions. It was also a fortification structure intended to be social and historical factors and into three types on the the residence of a duke, a magnate, or a high church offi basis of the topographical characteristics. The Tkachou cial. The words 'miasto!fotecma' together with the lexeme typology is used by Architecture Historian Y. Yakimovich 'zamakhafowK' are the most widespread descriptions of and Archaeologist Y. Zayac. all the fortified settlements in the territory of Belarus, The research into Belarusian wooden castles is occur Lithuania, and Ukraine up until the late 18'11 century. We ring in two directions: the history and architecture of the encounter the toponym 'castle' and its forms in every castles is being studied and archaeological research is Belarusian city settled prior to the 14'h century. being conducted. Those investigating the first direction, 'Piliakalnis' also means 'castle hill' in Lithuanian. The word i.e. historians and architecture historians, study the castle 'castle' ('zamokh aMoK' ) began to be used fairly late (in inventories as well as the narrative and cartographic the 18'h- 19'11 century) in modem Russian and was taken sources and, on the basis of architectural measurements from Polish through Belarusian. This linguistic distinc of the surviving buildings and ruins, attempt to describe tion shows the big differences between the Grand Duchy the exterior and interior structure of the castles, charac of Lithuania and the Principality ofMoscow in the area of terise the reconstructions, and determine the owners fortification architecture. (A. Sapunov, D. Dovgialo, B. Brezhgo, A. Mityanin, A 'castle' appeared at that time and place, where feu Y. Yakimovich, A. Kulagin, M. Tkachou, and J. Bochan). dal relationships formed, especially one of the main fac Not every castle has written and iconographic sources. tors of these relationships, big land ownership (by a duke, These sources rarely go back to the 16'11 century, usually 34 I.I ETUVOS PJLYS 2008 BALTARUSIJOS XIV- XVII A. MEDINIV PILIV TYRIMV PROBLEMOS 11 11 going only to the 17' or 18 ' century. Therefore archaeo ofM. Tkachou and A. Metelskij at Krychaw (1973-1976; logical investigations help to resolve many questions 1987- 1988; 1995- 2000); the investigations of J. Zveruga, (when the castle was built, the construction history, the M. Tkachou, G. Saganovich, and l. Ganecka at Haradok special features of the fortification structures, and the fea (1966, 1973, 1989, 1998); 0 . Levko's investigations of the tures of the material culture). The research into Belarusian castles at Yezyaryshcha (1979) and Dubro?na ( 1996-1997); wooden castles erected during the Grand Duchy of Lithua and the investigations of G. Saganovicz and I. Ganecka of nia (fortified city centres and szlachta residences), began the castle at Hlusk (1988, 1996-2008). In the l960s- 1970s, late and have occurred fragmentally up until now. The Archaeologist Leonid Vasiljevich Aleksejev discovered a well known Belarusian encyclopaedia ApxeoJZo2iH. i unique wooden defensive structure: an Orthodox church - ny.Mi3.MambtKa EeJZapyci and the books by M. Tkachou donjon at the castle in the old town of Mstsislaw. mention 72 wooden castles. Unfortunately, the archaeo Currently the most important scientific research prob logical investigation of these sites is limited to their topo lems connected with the investigation of wooden Belarusian graphical description and to small-scale excavations that castles from the 14'11- 18' 11 centuries are: to increase and seek to ascertain the thickness and chronology of the cul expand the archaeological investigation of the discovered turallayer. The castles at Drysviaty, Dysna, Surazh, Brahin, sites of wooden castles in order to better ascertain the gen Horval ', and Kletsk were excavated under the direction of esis and construction history of each castle, its chronology, Mikhail Tkachou; at Shklo?, Kopys, Haradok, and Surazh the fortification structures, the interior structure, and the under the direction of Olga Levko; at Gory under the relics of the everyday material culture. It is imperative to direction of Shamil Bektinejev; at Mazyr under the direc further improve the typology of medieval and Modem Age tion of Oleg Trusov, at Sverzhen' under the direction of castles, to determine their location and role in the general Valerij Shabliuk; at Zaslawye under the direction of Yury panorama of the architectura militaris of the Grand Duchy Zajac, and at Kopys and Svislach under the direction of of Lithuania, to deepen the knowledge and expand the search Edward Zagorulski. fn individual instances information for new written sources, which would help to ascertain the from hi storical inventories was able to supplement the social function of the castles, to correct the chronology of archaeological investigations, to explain the defensive sys the owners, to highlight the catastrophic periods and years tems, and to locate the structural parts of the wooden cas of prosperity, and to more accurately reconstruct the castle tles, and in some instances unique structures were even interiors and exteriors. Studies comparing wooden discovered. For example, the 1976 and 1980 investiga Belarusian castles with analogous Lithuanian and Ukrain tions at Maladzyechna by M. Tkachou; the investigations ian complexes are needed. 1 L. Kajzer, Zamki i spo/eczenstwo. Przemiany arch i tektury i 11 M. A. T~<:a'loy , ,3aMaK", ApxeanoziR i !-!yA·Ii3Ma/11blKa Eenapyci . budownictwa obronnego w Polsce w X- XVIII wieku, t.6dz, 1993 , s. II. 311/.{b/.Kll.aneiJbiR , MiHCK , 1993, c. 260- 26 1. 2 2 Ibid. , s. 13. ' 10. A. .H~<:iMoBi'l , ,)J,paynRHhi~ 3aMK i oenapyci XVl- XVTII CTCT.", 3 M. A. T~<:a'lo y , A6apmt'lbtR 36y oaaalllli 1axoouix 3Jt.M.ellb 5 e.n apyci n oMN i Ki AW C/11a/.{Kaii KYJ/bi11Yflbi 5 eJwpyci : H o6b/J/ oacn eoaeawti. X III- XVIII cmcm., MH. , 1978, c. 42- 43 . 36opniK apmbiKynaji, p3.U. C. B. Mapu3ney, MH. , 1989. c. 120- 124. 4 Jl. Yn . )J,y'ILII.I, Apxe(IJWZi'lllbtR noA·IIIiKi ji Na3eax, eepaeawmx i 13 10. A. 3a!IQ, ,3aMKi", ApxeaJIOZiR 5 e;wpyci. Y 4-x ma.AWX, T. 4: naoa.ullRX 6v wpycaji, MH ., 1993, c. 7, 9. n oAuliKi X IV- XVIII cmcm., MH., 200 1, c. 69- 72. 5 K. Modzelewski, Organizacja g ospodarcza p(llistwa piastowskiego 14 Ib id., c. 7 1. X- X III w., Wroclaw, 19 75; K. Modzelewski, Chlopi w monarchii 15 ABTOpOM ,Ua iHibi X p11CYHKOB , C03,UaHHbiX BO speMH BOeHHOH wczesnopiastowskiej, Wroclaw, 1987; B. Krzemienska, D. Trestik, KOMnai·IHH CTecpana oaTOp11~ no ocso60JK.UCH HIO TionouKa s 15 79 r., , Wirtschaftsgeschichtliche Grundlagen des friihmittelalterlichen CYHTaeTc~ CTaJli1CJJaB TiaxonoseUK11i1 , np11 y•JaCTHH KoponescKoro Staates in Mitteleuropa (Biihmen, Polen, Ungam im I 0.-1 I.Jh.)", reoMeTpa TieTpa LI ETU VOS PILYS 2008 35 BALTARUS IJ OS XIV- XV II A. MED INIV PILI V TYRIMV PROBLEMOS 22 10. A. JhdMoBi'l, ,)l,payn~Hhl~ 3aMKi 6enapyci XVI- XV III CTCT.", OOK/1{10011, ncKO B, 1988, c. 75-77; 0 . H. JleB KO , Cpeol/ e6eK08b/ e c. 120- 124. meppumopuaJibllo -arlAIUHucmpamUf.i llbl e tt ellmpbi ce6epo- 23 10. A. JIKIIMOBII'l , Jorlaca tla 11 nnaH nepsoro 3TaJKa 30 lbid., c.ll 5- 11 6. Jl BOpUa 1-IHJKHero 33MKa 10. 5JKHMOBHY3 . 3 1 0. H. JleBKO, , VIccnenosaHHH B ceaepO-BOCTO'IHOH oenopyCCHH ", 59 I. raneuKaH, , KepaM i'IHbl nocyn 3 KYJlb"fYpHara niJacTa 1522- 1680 ApxeoiiOcU'I ecKue omKp~>tmun 1980 c., M. , 198 1, c. 340- 34 1. rr. r JIYCKara 33 MKa: T3X HaJJari 3 6 Ll ET UVOS P ILYS 2008