NAT. NAT. HIST. BUL L. SIAM SOC. 44: 217-242 ， 1996

BIRD AND MAM 島fAL RECORDS FROM THE SANGTHONG DISTRICT ，VIENTIANE MUNICIPALITY ，LAOS IN 1996

j. j. W. Duckworth 1

ABSTRACT

Birds Birds were su 円 eyed in the Vientiane Forestry College Training and Model Forest (TMF) in Sangthong District ，Vientiane ， from mid-February to mid-March 1996. Incidental observations observations were made of large mammals. The originallowland forest of the area is heavily degraded degraded except for very small patches ， but a rich bird community still occurs. Populations of of certain birds and mammals have been depleted by hunting ，some to local extinction ，al- though though others notoriously sensitive to hunting remain ，because of acceptance ，unusual in Laos ，

by by villagers of restrictions. Seventeen bird sp 巴cies of elevated conservation concern (Key Species) Species) w 巴re found ， and 10 of mammals; of these three and four ，respectively ， are considered

Olobally Olobally Th reatened. All forest Key Species except one found were in s巴mi-evergreen forest ， comprising comprising extensive logged areas now dominated by giant bamboo ， and re Ii ct uncleared

patches patches on hillocks and ridges in the centre of 白e TMF. Two 1釘 ge islands in the Mekong channel channel held five Key Species of bird not found in the TMF. Th e most important populations of of Key Species in 血e TMF at a global level are Short-tailed Parrotbill Paradoxornis davidianus. 1erdon's 1erdon's Bushchat Saxicola jerdoni. a gibbon Hylobates as yet unidentified ，Inornate Squirrel Callosciurus Callosciurus inornatus. Asian Elephant Elephas maximus and wild cattle 80S sp. As well as the the above ，populations of Pompadour Pigeon Treron pompadora. Rufous-throated Fulvetta Alc 伊'pe rufogularis and Plain Martin Riparia paludicola are nationally importan t. Bamboo

Woodpecker Woodpecker Gecinulus viridis was widespread: this is the first confirmation of its occu 汀巴nce

east east of the Mekong. Th ere have b閃 n no similar surveys in Laos to the no ロh of the site and such such surveys would probably change the perceived importance of the TMF.

INTRODUCTION

A wildlife survey in 1996 assessed conservation concems for inco 中oration into the management framework for the Training and Model Forest (TMF) of the Vientiane Forestry College ，situat 巴:d in Sangthong District ，Vientiane Municipality ，Laos (DUCKWORTH ，1996). Fieldwork concentrated on birds ，with incidental observations of large mammals. Observations were directed towards assessing the status of Key Species ，those of elevated conservation importance. Key Species of birds are taken from THEWLIS ET A L. (in prep.) ， in in four categories: Globally Threaten 巴d and Gl obally Near- Threatened ，both following COLLAR ET A L. (1994) ，At Ri sk in Thailand ，following TREESUCON & ROUND (1990) ，and under National Historical Decline ，a list specific to Laos generated from comparison of recent recent and historical status assessments. Mammals 訂 e classed as Globally Thr eatened ， following GROOMBRIDOE (1993) ，or Regionally At Ri sk ，following SALTER (1 993).

1 East Redham Farm ，Pilning ，Bristol BSI2 310 ，U.K 目

217 218 J. W. DUCKWORTH

IK 0 25'

Phou Houay Bapbak A ANamHim Pbou Van Yap Houay Tsapsaet " e 18°20' 18"20'

.f,N 102'05' 'Y

Figure 1. The Sangthong Forest showing physical features, villages, areas surveyed and places named in the text.

• Survey base: both seasons e dry season survey base ~ wet season survey base Q vill age (not used as a survey base) (Ban) river (Nam or Houay) Training and Model Forest boundary BIRD BIRD AND MAMMAL RECORDS 219

Systematics Systematics and nomenclature follow SIBLEY & MONROE (1990 ， 1993) for birds and CORBET & HILL (1 992) for mammals. The term ‘forest' covers both sustained post- logging logging regrowth ， and relict areas which retain degraded original tree canopy ，出 us including

all all extensive tracts of bamboo and trees where the c加 opy was over 5% presen t. Not all would be considered forest by all surveyors (e.g. DUCKWORTH ET AL.， 1993) ， but this was the the most appropriate classification for the TMF. Forest types follow ROUND (1988). Scientific names are given in the text for birds and mammals only for species not in Tables 1 and

2. 2. Altitudes and co-ordinates of sites outside the survey area are given in the g位 etteer of THEWLIS ET A L. (in prep ふ

SURVEY AREA

Proposed Proposed boundaries of the TMF (Fig. 1) ，whose central co-ordinates are approximately 18 0 20'N ，102 0 10'E ， cover about 355 km2• The Mekong at Paksang is at an altitude of 170 m a.s. l.; most of the TMF lies between 180 and 500 m ， with the highest p巴ak at 609 m. Th e terrain terrain is mostly gentle ， but small steep-sided hillocks are numerous in the central p紅 t of the 紅 ea. Two major streams ， the Nam Sang and the Nam Thon ， cross the TMF ， while the Mekong forms the southern boundary. All are navigable throughout the dry season 加 d support support several villages along their length.

Many minor tributaries of the two main rivers flow even in mid March ，p 訂 ticularly in in the heart of the TMF ， but some streams of equivalent size in the flatter eastern fringe (e.g. around around Ban Koua) are dry for several months of the ye 也 This difference in water supply is is reflected in the natural forest cover ， which is semi-evergreen in the centre and mixed deciduous deciduous in the east and south. Few 紅 eas west of the Nam Sang were investigated. Almost all remaining timber was removed by State Forest Ente 中rise 9 during the 1980s (FOPPES ， 1995) and no extensive primary forest is believed to remain in the 百 1F (W. EHRHARDT ，verbally ， 1996).

East East of the TMF and the densely settled N 創 n Thon vallery ，rises the Phou Phanang NBCA ，a hilly National Biodiversity Conservation Ar ea (NBCA) of unknown value for wildlife. wildlife. To the south lies the Mekong river. To the north lie 紅 eas probably similar in habitat habitat to much of the TMF. To the west ，particularly at the latitude of Ban So ，villagers report report that after two hours' walk one enters unlogged forest which it takes at least eight hours hours to traverse. This area ，known as Dong Phaken ，was reported to hold large wildlife populations populations and therefore probably acts as a dispersal source for forest animals to the TMF. The area lies in North Laos (sensu KING ET AL. ， 1975) and in subunit 10a (sensu MACKINNON & MACK 町 NON ， 1986). Extensive forest remains in Laos in subunit lO a (BERKMULLER ET A し， 1995) but mostly well to the south. As a whole ，forest cover in North North Laos is highly degraded and fragmented (SALTER ， 1993) and an area the size and condition condition of the TMF is more valuable than it would be in the South or Centre of the country. country. There is no appropriate surveyed site elsewhere in Laos with which to compare the the wildlife and habitat of the TMF. Most comparisons are drawn with a reconnaissance survey survey of Phou Kh ao Kh ouay NBCA ，northeast of Vientiane ， in late 1994 (WCS ， 1995e; DUCKWORTH ET A L.， in press) and a more comprehensive survey of the Houei Nh ang Nature Nature Reserve in late 1992 (DUCKWORTH ET AL.， 1994; THEWLIS ET AL.， 1996). The 220 J. W. DUCKWORTH

climax climax forest cover of Houei Nh ang wωprobably similar to that of 出eτ 'M F， but it is small (300 (300 ha of forest) and only about 15 km north of Vi 印刷ne and so has lost most sp 配 ies of of large mammal and many birds too.

METHODS

Fieldwork Fieldwork totalled approximately 8 weeks ，4 each in 出e dry and wet se 描 ons (Febru 紅 y- March and June-July respectively) and was based at 9v i1l ages and one non-v i1l age site (Fig. (Fig. 1). Most survey was by opportunistic daytime observation ，usually on foot ， sometimes by boa t. τ'h e general protocol for fieldwork and analysis is detailed in DUCKWORTH ET A L. (1 993). Observations on foot were mostly within 5 km of the base ， with several much longer longer forays. Boats were paddled (rather 白血 motor-driven) to facilitate detection of shy shy species. On foot ， these were difficult to view because of the inevitable noise made walking 出rough the forest; dry bamboo debris dominated the litter layer over large 釘 eas. A few hours of nocturnal surveys were performed ， following the methodology in DUCKWORTH ET 仏(1 994). Signs were sωdied when appropriate ， but few specific searches were made. Appeals for trophies and fresh kills to be shown to 白e surveyor had variable success ， probably because of the short time spent in most villages. The status of each species was assessed on a five point scale: A ，abundant ， over a dozen found daily. C ，common ， found daily ，usually fewer than a dozen. F，frequent ， found on at least half of days. 0 ，occasional ， found on fewer th 組 a half of days. R ，rare ， found only once or twice. P， present but status was not assessed. L (prefix) ，出 e species was clearly much commoner 泊 some 紅 e部出組 in others. Species Species differ in their detec 匂bility ，and since the assessment aims to indicate the species' species' s sta 加 s rather 出an how many were found ， the raw contact 企equency was modified in in the light of 白e numerous factors listed in DUCKWORTH ETι. (1 993). Thus ， for example ，a shy bird of dense v句 etation and lacking distinctive calls would probably be considered considered common if it was seen only once or twice a week. Hunters Hunters were interviewed in five vi1l ages about large mammals. A discussion of 蜘 ng 出s and weaknesses of 白is 飽chn 同ue for surveying wildlife in Laos will app 蹴 elsewhere; elsewhere; because of the numerous problems of interpretation ，no species recorded only by villagers' information c組 be confrrmed as present in the τ'M F.

WILDLIFE OBSERVED

Overview of Wildlife Communities in the Area

Birds Birds Th e staωs of all birds found is given in Table 1. Forest birds were accorded the most S町 vey effort (as relict forest is the most threatened habitat in the τ'M F and is likely to BIRD AND MAMMAL RECORDS 221 harbour harbour the most Key Species) but the list is probably incomplete for some groups typically difficult difficult to survey: gamebirds (Phasianidae) and pittas (Pitta) are shy ground-living species and 紅 e difficult to see unless the observer can walk quietly through large areas with a good view through the understorey (no such areas were found) ， while woodpeckers and flycatchers

紅 e speciose groups prim 紅 ily of the canopy. Evidence 血at detection difficulties were real comes from vocal pheasants and pぽ tridges: Grey Peacock-Pheasant and Scaly-breasted Par 住idge were both common in some areas (several were heard daily) yet neither was seen in in the field even once. Ground-living species lacking distinctive calls ， or with ones not known to the observer ，may be equally common but pass undetected. Among forest birds there were some notable absentees ， probably due to hunting. These include imperial pigeons Ducula ， hombills (except Oriental Pied ，and even that was in in very low numbers) ，resident raptors and large waterbirds (villagers stated 出at Oriental Darter Darter Anhinga melanogaster and White-winged Duck Cairina scutulata had disappeared recently. recently. Populations of both have collapsed in Laos; EVANS ET A L.， in press; THEWLIS ET AL.， in prep ふA1 1訂 e conspicuous birds and the lack of records doubtless reflects a real scarcity scarcity or absence. Th e same suite of species was similarly absent or sc 訂 ce at Phou Kh ao Kh ouay NBCA ， another heavily hunted degraded forest close to Vientiane (DUCKWORTH

ET AL.， in press); 白ey 訂 e all favoured qu 紅 ry. Hombills seem to be the birds of the region's region's evergreen and semi-evergreen forest which 紅 e most sensitive to human pressure (ROUND ， 1984; THEWLIS ET AL.， in prep ふ Other qu 紅可 species persist: Scaly-breasted Partridge Partridge and Grey Peacock-Pheasant had similar distributions ， mainly in the more remote north north and west ，and both have probably contracted in range from overhunting. Red Junglefowl Junglefowl was the only gamebird found to be widespread ， as in other recent Lao surveys; but but it was rather sc 紅白， and indeed was unrecorded on the wet-season survey when ， however ， the areas supporting the largest numbers were not visited. Two species of green pigeon pigeon and Emerald Dove ，all popul 訂 quarry ，were widely distributed. Among non-qu 訂 ry species ， there were also some notable scarcities ，some p巴rhaps due to to the degraded nature of the fores t. Woodpeckers were seen infrequently ，recalling the complete complete absence of records at Houei Nhang (T 田 WLIS ET AL.， 1996). There were no records records of forktails. Scarlet Minivet and White-crested Laughingt 面ush ， both visually conspicuous conspicuous and vocal species ，were each found only once. The latter is often at high densities densities in bamboo dominated 紅 eas ，and both 訂 e common in degraded 紅 eas of Central and South Laos. Their r紅 ity in the TMF is not easily explicable; neither was recorded at Houei Nhang. Birds Birds in cultivated and other non-forest areas were surveyed less fully. Th ere were some differences between slash-and-bum and paddies (e.g. White Wagtails were common in in the latter but absent from the former) and some local pattems (e.g. Red-whiskered Bulbul Bulbul and Li ttle Green Bee-eater were common around Ban Wangma but unrecorded elsewhere). elsewhere). Few Key Species were found in such habitats: only Blyth's Frogmouth (identification (identification provisional) ， Hill Myna and ，marginally ，Rufous-throated Fulvetta. Several species species very common in second 紅 y or open habitats in Thailand (LEKAGUL & ROUND ， 1991) 1991) were not found in the TMF ，reflecting their scarcity or absence elsewhere in Laos: Chestnut Chestnut -capped Babbler Timalia pileata ， Yellow-eyed Babbler Chrysomma sinense ，Ashy Woodswallow Artamus j山 cus ， Plain-backed Sparrow Passer flaveolus and Pied Fantail Rhipidura Rhipidura javanica are examples (DUCKWORTH ET AL. ， in press). 222 J. W. DUCKWORTH

The distinct community on the islands of Don Sadok and Don Nou in the Mekong channel channel is typical of such a specialised habitat with simple vegetation s町ucture: it has few species species of which a high proportion are very common ，and some are r紅 e or scarce outside the the habita t. The dense bushes on flat p紅白， submerged by turbulent water for several months the year ， but resembling superficially a Zygophyllum-Hamada vegetated plain of eastem eastem Ar abia for the remainder ， held very high densities of Jerdon's Bushchat ，Plaintive Cuckoo ， Greater Coucal ，Streak-eared Bulbul ，Oriental Magpie-Robin ，Common Tailorbird ， Plain Plain Prinia and Yellow-bellied Prinia ， with lower numbers of Blue-tailed Bee-eater ， Pied Bushchat ， Golden-headed Cisticola and a few other species. Both bushchats ， the bulbul ， bee-eater ，cisticola and both prinia species were extremely localised or unrecorded in 出e adjacent adjacent dryland mosaic of cultivation ， scrub and relict fores t. Conversely ，Grey-breasted

Prinia ，Stripe 同 throated Bulbul (and various other species) abounded from the cultivation up to to the riverbank but were r紅 e and unrecorded ，respectively ， in the channe l. Some hillocks in the channel above water all ye 肌 except for flash floods ，and theirtrees supported supported a depauperate derivative of the bird commu 凶ty of the adjacent land ，including visits visits by Pompadour Green Pigeon. Rocky outcrops within the channel hosted Wire-tailed Swallows ，and the earth cliffs Plain Martins; bo 白 probably bred and in July over 300 of the the former and over 100 of the latter were observed. These 訂 e the largest numbers seen in in Laos in recent years of both species ， which have declined in Laos (THEWLIS ET A L.， in prep ふ Sandbanks ，open mud and pools held ducks ，wagtails ，Paddyfield Pipit and a few waders waders (migrant and resident) ， notably small numbers of River Lapwing and Small Pratincole. Pratincole. Human disturbance seemed too high for these breeding waders to reach their natural natural densities (see DUCKWORTH & TIMMINS ， in prep ふ This This is the only recently surveyed site in Laos with substantial fieldwork in both winter winter and summer ，and 血us where seasonality of occu 立 ence can be assessed. Discussions on seasonality 泊四EWLIS ET AL. (1 996) and DUCKWORTH ET AL. (in press) were based largely largely on a mix of observations from many 紅 eas. In the TMF in 1996 ， the following species species declined noticeably between February-March and June-July: pond heron sp. (presumed (presumed Chinese)* (THEWLIS ET A L.， 1996; DUCKWORTH ET A L.， in press) ， Oriental

Honey-buzzard ぺLargeHawk 回 Cuckoo* ， Brown-backed Needletail (THEWLIS ET AL. ，1996) ， Fork-tailed Fork-tailed Swift (DUCKWORTH ET AL. ， in press) ，Common Ki ngfisher* (THEWLIS ET AL. ， 1996) ， Black-winged Cuckooshrike* ，Ashy Drongo ，Hair-crested Drongo ， Black-naped Oriole* ，Maroon Oriole* (THEWLIS ET A L.， 1996) ， Blue Whistling Thrush 六 Verditer Fl ycatcher* ， Grey-headed Canary- Fl ycatcher* (THEWLIS ET AL. ， 1996) and Whi te Wagtail* (DUCKWORTH ET AL. ， in press). 百le following increased over 出e same period: Cinnamon Bittem 穴 Dollarbird* ，swiftlet sp. and Black-backed Ki ngfisher* (DUCKWORTH ET A L.， in press). press). Asterisked (*) species were recorded only at one season (although some summer visitors visitors had begun to arrive by mid March ，when the ‘winter' survey ended) and thus may be complete migrants. Well-known migrant species (whose seasonality can be seen in

Table Table 1) 紅 e not listed ， nor are species with so few r，巴 cords that apparent pattems could be due due to chance. Citations 紅巳 to recent discussions of the species' s seasonality in Laos. Birds Birds which occur in th e. TMF all winter cannot be distinguished from those which visit only only on passage ， because observations cornmenced in mid February. Th e extent of movement is is unclear: some species may move long distances ， while others may be short distance or altitudinal altitudinal migrants. In this latter category probably fall also Lesser Racket-tailed Drongo ， BIRD BIRD AND MAMMAL RECORDS 223

Little Little Pied Fl ycatcher and Black-throated Sunbird ， three species recorded infrequently in Febru 紅 y-March but no subsequently; all 旬pical of higher 釘 'eas (KING ET A L.， 1975; LEKAGUL & ROUND ， 1991; THEWLIS ET AL.， 1996). Little Ri nged Plover and Jerdon's Bushchat Bushchat left the Mekong channel between June and July as the water levels rose.

Mammals Marnmals (Table 2) were less well surveyed than were birds. Even squirrels and treeshrews treeshrews were shy: numbers seemed low and were probably depressed by hunting. Black Giant Giant Squirrel was not observed and is now ，according to villagers ， extremely r紅 'e in 白e τMF; it is notoriously sensitive to human pressure ， at least in Laos (W ANG ET A L.， 1989; DUCKWORTH ET AL. ， 1994; WCS ，1995a -e). Monkey numbers were low compared with remote remote areas elsewhere in Laos ， but records were widespread in view of the heavy persecution.τ 'h e frequency of carnivore and deer footprints also seemed low. By contrast ， the the Elephant population was clearly healthy and substantial numbers of wild cattle were reported. reported. A small arnount of work was carried out at night during the wet season. Ar ound Ban Namiang ， in 8 hours singles each of Leopard Cat and Common Palm Civet were seen; 1 there there were no mammalian sightings in 2 /2 hours around Ban Houaytom. These encounter rates rates are very low compared with other areas of Lao lowland forest ，where one mammalian contact contact per hour (excluding rats and bats) is usual (DUCKWORTH ET AL. ， 1994; WCS ， 1995a -e). There has been 00 previous systematic night survey work in Laos in the wet season season (so results from the TMF are not strictly comparable with those from elsewhere) ， but hunters hunters at B 組 Kuai confirmed that these rates were about average; on noctumal hunting forays ，出 ey claimed to see one marnmal (excluding rats 佃 d bats) about every 4 hours; they they seemed astonished when told that elsewhere in Laos rates of one contact per 20 minutes minutes are attainable. Th e low rate in TMF is very likely to be due to heavy hunting pressure pressure and reflects the low sighting rates of diumal squirrels.

Selected .Selected Species Accounts

Accounts 紅 'e given for all Key Species ， for three species representing 叩 extension of known range and for two where a marked sc 釘 city probably arose through h紅 vesting. As well well as the species documented here ，villagers gave fairly convincing reports of several other other Key Species of marnma l.

Birds Birds

Siamese Fireback Lo phura diardi (Globally 官 rrea 蜘 ed). A male by the Narn Sang between between Ban Wangma and Ban So on 8 July. Th e species is easily overlooked (see above). Hunters Hunters reported 白紙 it was common in the TMF ， at least around the Narn Sang north of Ban Kua i. It still occurs widely in Laos in forests below 500 m altitude (τHEWLIS ET AL.， in in prep よ but presence in such a degraded 紅白 is noteworthy. Grey Peacock-Pheasant PO かplectron bicalcaratum (At Ri sk in Thailand). Birds were heard almost daily when semi-evergreen forest was visited from Ban Wangma (both 224 J. W. DUCKWORTH

sides sides of 血eNamS 組g) ， the Houay Tsapsaet and B 組 Taohai ，組 d once 2 km ups 住'eam of Ban So. Usually 1-2 birds were heard per day; the peak was 5. There were no records

on 血e wet season survey ，but ，little time w 部 then spent in 紅 e剖 where birds were heard in in the dry season ，and calling may have ceased (R. J.τ 'IMM町 S，verbally ，1996). 百lese rather rather low numbers perhaps represent a population reduced by trapping. Th e species occurs occurs widely in evergreen and semi-evergreen forests ， even degraded ones ， in Laos (THE' 札 IS ET AL. ， in prep ふ

Red-co Il ar 吋 Woodpecker Picus rabieri (Globally Thr eatened). A single flew over 白e Nam Sang in a degraded 釘 ea several km upstream of Ban So on 15 Febru 紅 y and a malew 錨 seen in relict semi-evergreen forest at Houay Tsapsaet on 3 March. Several wet season season records indicated breeding in or ne 紅白eτ 'M F: one in bamboo-dominated relict forest forest ne 紅 Ban N 値目佃g (24 June) ，a far 凶ly P紅 ty including 1-2 juveniles ，estimated to have have left the nest less 白an a week previously ， in s住eamside bamboo northwest of Ban Napo (30 June) ， a farnily with at least one juvenile in extensive maωre bamboo west of Ban Kuai (3 and 6 July) ，組 d at least 白ree (presumably also a far 国ly) in bamboo-dominated scrub scrub west of Ban Houaytom (1 3 July). 百lI s species is widespread in Laos but is common only in primary evergreen or semi- evergreen evergreen forest below 500 m a ふ1. (THEWLIS ET AL. ， in prep よ al 血ough it was found in highly highly degraded forest in February-March 1996 near the N 紘 ai Plateau (R. J. TTh刷町 S， verbally ， 1996). Pri or to logging ， the TMF was probably optimum habita t.

Bamboo W ωdpecker， Gecinulus viridis. Pairs were seen ne 紅 B 佃 Wangma (two sites) ，Ban Nar 国佃g 姐 d Ban Koua in February-March. Singles were seen near Ban Napo 佃 d west of B 阻 Kuai in July ， and pairs with young juveniles were fou~d south of B 組 Kuai (7 July) 組 d near Ban Houaytom (12 July). All records were 合om giant bamboo ， sometimes sometimes beneath a regenerating forest canopy. Th e wide spread of records suggests that 血e species occ 町 S 曲roughout areas of bamboo in 血eτ 'M F. Al血 ough listed (by implication) for all Laos by DELACOUR & JABOUILLE (1 940) ，出 e only only previous documented record of Barilboo Woodpecker for Laos ，Cambodia or Vietnam appe 紅 s to be a male collected at Muang Li ep ， Laos (1 80 29'N ，101 ・39'E; beside the Mekong about 60 km northwest of the TMF on 16 Janu 釘 y 1919 (ROBINSON & KLoss ， 1931). 1931). These birds 泊由eτ 'M F may be the first 11 回 ords 仕om east of the Mekong Ri ver ， as as it is not clear on which side the 1919 specimen was collected ， although DELACOUR (195 1) hypo 曲目ised 血at it w 拙 collected “probalement s町 la rive droit du Mekong alors que [Pale-headed Woodpecker] G. grantia indochinensis se trouve s町 la rive gauche". Over the South and Centre of Laos ，Bamboo Woodpecker ， which occ 町'S in Burma ，Th ailand 組 dMalaya(K 到 G ET AL. ，1975) ，is replaced by the closely 割問lated Pale-headed Woodpecker (THEWLIS ET 仏， in prep ふ DELACOUR'S ambiguous statement conceming left and right river river banks was probably intended to 凶 ply 血at he believed the 1919 spec 並ien to come from west of the Mekong ， but it may have been based merely on a belief 白紙 it would be unlikely unlikely to find the two species co ・occu 凶 ng.

Oriental Oriental Pi ed Hornbill Anthacoceros albirostris. Two fed in a 企uiting fig several km up 岨 'eam of Ban So (15 February) ，3 flew over 由e Nam Sang 1 km upstream of Ban Houaytom (12 March) and birds were heard near Ban Wangma (21 Febru 紅 y) ，Ban Taohai BIRD AND MAMMAL RECORDS 225

(5 (5 and 7 March) ，Ban Kuai (4 July) ，Ban So (1 0 July) and Ban Houaytom (13 July). Th ese few records ， for a distinctive species with a far-carrying ca11 ，and sma11 groups reflect a low population at the time of the survey ， probably as a result of hunting. It is the only hombill hombill not considered at risk in Thailand (TREESUCON & ROUND ， 1990) or Laos (THEWLIS ET AL. ， in prep.) but as at Phou Kh ao Kh ouay NBCA (DUCKWORTH ET AL. ， in press) numbers are we11 below capacity.

Coral-billed Coral-billed Ground Cuckoo Ca 中 ococcyx renauldi (Globa11y Near- 百1f eatened). Singles Singles heard near Ban So (22 February) and Ban Napo (1 1 March) were in bamboo- dominated dominated regrow 出 almost lacking mature trees. None was heard during the wet season. This This species ，notoriously difficult to see ，calls seasonally in Laos; levels rise dramatica11y around around early March and regular calling is probably finished by late May (THEWLIS ET A L.， in in prep.; R .J. TlM MINS ，verba11y ， 1996). The timing of the survey thus did not a110w a clear assessment assessment of the status of this species. Records in such degraded are habitat unusual ， although although the species is widespread below 800 m (THEWLIS ET A L.， in prep ふ Red-breasted Parakeet Psittacula alexandr i. At least 6 parakeets near Ban Narniang on 28 February were 出is species; records of 2-3 p訂 akeets around Ban Taohai on 5 March and Ban Koua on 7 March were probably this species. A11 were in La gerstroemia-

dominated dominated forest ，which was almost unvisited during the wet 胴 season survey ，when no parakeets parakeets were found. These very low numbers (healthy populations live as flocks of dozens) dozens) presumably result from sustained trapping: the species is one of the most popular cagebirds cagebirds in Vientiane. In a recent analysis of threatened and declining birds in Laos ， THEWLIS ET A L. (in prep.) suspected that this species had declined and contracted in r阻 ge but but historical data were insufficiently detailed to demonstrate this. Crested Crested Treeswift Hemiprocne coronata. Up to 6 were seen around 5 villages on 13 dates dates in a11 months ，including a pair at a nest with eggs west of Ban Kuai on 3 July. These are 出 e first records for North Laos of a species which was previously found in Savannakhet Province Province (common; BANGS & VAN TYNE ， 1931; DAVID-BEAULIEU ， 1949-1950) and the southemmost 4 of provinces Laos (l ocally common; OUSTALET ， 1899-1903; ENGELBACH ， 1932; 1932; THEWLIS ET AL. ， 1996; DUCKWORTH ET 札， in press). ENGELBACH (1932) and DAVI D- BEAULIEU (1 949-1950) commented on its attachment to dry dipteroca 中 forest ， although although it was recorded in the Northem Zone of Xe Pian NBCA which is composed of degraded degraded mixed deciduous forest amid cultivation (THEWLIS ET A L.， 1996). Al l recorded sites sites in Laos are in the lowlands.

Blyth's Blyth's Frogmouth Batrachostomus ~がnis (At Ri sk in Thailand). One or two birds provisiona11y provisiona11y identified as this species were heard from trees within Ban So (l ate February) and around Ban Namiang and the Houay Tsapsaet (early March and late June). These ca11s have have been heard at many sites in Laos (THEWLIS ET A L.， in prep.) but are not confirmed as as this species ，which is not proved to occur in Laos. They match precisely the Blyth's Frogmouth ca11s recorded in MARSHALL (1 978); P. D. ROUND (verba11y ，after listening to tapes tapes from South Laos ， to T. D. EVANS ， 1993) agrees with this assessmen t. Pompadour Green- Pi geon Treron pompadora (At Ri sk in Thailand). There were 5- 6 records: at least 3 in a fruit tree several km upstream of Ban So on 15 February ，and 4 226 J. W. DUCKWORTH probably probably of this species there on 26 February; a pair in a riverside tree at the upstream limit of of the Ban So village 訂 ea on 26 Feb 刊訂y; a male several km west of Ban Namiang on

2M 訂 ch; at least one male near Ban Koua on 8 March; and a female in fruiting bushes growing on a Mekong sandbank at Paksang on 22 June. Many green pigeons were not identified identified to species ，especially in the wet season ，and the species may be considerably more common in the TMF than these records indicate. These 紅 e the first field records in Laos for 50 years of a species formerly collected widely. widely. DELACOUR & JABOUILLE (1 940) listed it as occurring throughout Laos. Specific records ， of 1-2 ，come from: Boun Tai (BANGS & VAN TYNE ， 1931); Saravane and Pakxe (ENGELBACH ， 1932); Ban T' Woi and Ban Hoi Mak (ROBINSON & KLoss ， 1931). Shot Pompadour Green Pig 巴ons were found in early 1996 in Vientiane (W. G. ROBICHAUD ， verbally ， 1996) and Ban Lak 一Hasipsong (R. J. TIMMINS ，verbally ， 1996); much wildlife from the TMF is taken to latter site for sale. River Lapwing Vanellus duvaucelii (National Hi storical Decline). Two showing territorial territorial behaviour on a Mekong sandbank at Paksang on 13 March. One there and 2 on another another sandbank opposite Ban Nasar on 22 June. Three around Ban Nasar on 15 July. The three in June-July were all adults and it is unlikely that the species bred successfully in in this area in 1996. The low density (all records probably involved only one group) probably probably reflects the large number of people using this site. Small Pratincole Glareola lactea (At Ri sk in Thailand). Eight on 22 June and a fully-fledged fully-fledged juvenile on 15 July on a large Mekong sandbank 1 km downstream of Ban Nasar. Nasar. It is noteworthy that it appears to have bred successfully in the area in 1996 while River River Lapwing did no t: in Laos Small Pratincole seems ，of 白e two ， to be more tolerant of of human disturb 姐 ce and still occurs in Vientiane and Savannakhet towns (T 田 WLIS ET Aし， 1996; DUCKWORTH & TIMMINS. ， in press).

Collared Collared Falconet Microhier a.x caerulescens. Singles ne 訂 Ban So on 15 February and Ban Wangma on 19 Febru 紅 y 訂 e probably the first records for North Laos. Previously ， it it was known in Laos from Kouays (an untrac 巴 d locality in the South) (OUSTALET 1899- 1903) ， Savannakhet Province (a resident breeder; DAVI D- BEAULIEU ， 1949-1950) and the southernmost southernmost four provinces of Laos ，particularly flat areas of the Xe Kong basin (ENGELBACH ， 1932; THEWLIS ET AL.， 1996; DUCKWORTH ET AL.， in press). In South Laos ， 出e species is typical of edge areas around deciduous forests of the Mekong plains; occ 町民nce in in the TMF is thus not surprising. Bar-bellied Bar-bellied Pi tta Pitta elliotti (Globally Near-Threatened). A recen t1 y fledgedjuvenile was shot near Ban Napo on 30 June. Conditions were not ideal for detecting pittas in 出e field. field. Recent surveys have found the species widely in South and Central Laos (THEWLIS ET AL.， in prep.) ， but the only previous record from North Laos is from Lao Pako ， another area area of degraded bamboo-dominated forest ne 紅 Vientiane (THEWLIS ET AL.， 1996). Brown-rumped Minivet Pericrocotus cantonensis (Globally Near- Threatened). A flock flock of at least 7 near Ban Namiang on 29 February and 1 March in degraded

La gerstroemia 幽 dominated deciduous forest is the first record from North Laos; the few previous previous Lao records come from the Nakai-Nam Theun and Phou Xang He NBCAs in BIRD BIRD AND MAMMAL RECORDS 227

Central Central Laos and the Xe Pian NBCA ， the Tahoi region (the upper Xe Kong) ， near Pakxe

and and the north 幽 east slopes of the Bolovens in South Laos (ENGELBACH ， 1932; THEWLIS ET L.， AL.， in prep ふ Most recent records were in deciduous forests ，including degraded areas; the the species may well be limited in the TMF to the eastem and southem margins. Jerdon's Jerdon's Bushchat Saxicola jerdoni (Gl ob a1 ly Near-Threatened). A very dense population population was found in the Mekong channel in the dense scrub on the flat p紅白 ofDon Sadok and Don Nou. On 13 M 訂 ch ， 21 singing m a1 es were located ，on 22 June ， 13 males ， a female and ajuvenile male and on 15 July a thorough survey of allland remaining above water water (perhaps 10% of that in March) found only 4 mal 巴s. Extrapolating from surveyed parts parts of the islands ， the population is likely to exceed 100 pairs and may be in the order of of 200 pairs. Th ese are the first Lao records for over 50 years and the habitat differs greatly greatly from that recorded previously in Laos. For example ， the species was a common resident resident at Nonghet ，a high valley (1 500 m) dominated by rocks and tall herbs in place of the the original forest and subject to frequent fires ，frosts and fog (DELACOUR & JABOUILLE ， 1927; 1927; DAVI D-ー BEAULIEU ， 1944). The habitats occupied by birds in Thailand ， where populations populations have been reduced by drainage and clearence 紅 e more similar to that at Paksang: Paksang: ta1 1 grass of riverine floodplains (ROUND ，1988). All Lao records and the threats to to this population will be detailed elsewhere. iIl H iIl Myna Gracula religiosa (At Risk in Thailand). Hill Myna was observed daily (up (up to 42 birds) around Ban Wangma. Small numbers (2 -4) were seen along the Nam Sang between Ban So and Ban Wangma on four dates. Four flew over the Houay Tsapsaet on 4 March. Th ese 紅白s were barely visited during the rainy season ， and the only records of of the species were of seven near Ban Wangma and four over Ban So. This patchy distribution distribution probably reflects heavy harvesting of the nestlings (it is one of the most popul 訂 cagebirds in Vientiane; THEWLIS ET AL. in prep.) pushing the species into the most remote remote areas. An elderly resident of Ban Kuai reported that ， decades ago ，flocks of over a hundred plundered the fruit trees around the village. Hill Myna was primarily in areas of of forest edge ， which occur throughout the TMF. EIsewhere in Laos ，it has been recorded widely widely on recent surveys (THEWLIS ET AL.， in prep.) and it is unlikely that its patchy distribution distribution in the TMF 訂 ises through habitat preference. Plain Plain Martin Rip α ria paludicola (At Risk in Thailand). At Paksang ，20n 14 February and and 4， probably 6，on 13 March. Birds were moving in pairs and singing; some sexual chasing chasing was observed. They probably breed in the sand cliffs exposed in the Mekong channel channel during the dry season. At least ten in the Paksang-Ban Nasar area on 24 June ， and and 81 and 103 there on ，respectively ， 14 and 15 July. The February-June counts represent minima; minima; it is likely that 8 pairs were then in the surveyed area. Substantial numbers had evidently evidently arrived from elsewhere by July. The only other recent Lao records of Plain Martin Martin are of 1-2 in Xe Pian NBCA on 31 Decemb 巴r 1992 and by the Mekong in Vientiane on 31 March 1996; it has declined in Laos ， formedy being recorded widely as a common resident resident on the Mekong and major tributaries ，including some areas recently surveyed (THEWLIS (THEWLIS ET AL. ， in prep.). Wire-tailed Wire-tailed Swallow Hirundo smithii (At Ri sk in Thailand. At Paksang ，6- 12 on 14 February ， 13 March and 22 June are minimum figures; the birds showed much territorial 228 J. W. DUCKWORTH

behaviour behaviour around the exposed rocks in the channe l. In the Paksang-B 組 Nasar area ， 163 and 327 were seen on 14 加 d 15 July respectively. Both July counts were probably underestimates underestimates by up to half ， as many swallows were too distant to identify to species. Many juveniles were present and ， as with Plain Martin ，many additional birds had clearly moved into the 紅 ea between June and July. Recent s町 veys in Laos have found 由is species species widely on large rivers with rocky islets ， although not in the numbers found by some historical observers (DA VlD- BEAULIEU ， 1949-1950; THEWLIS ET AL. ， in prep ふIt is difficult difficult to assess the significance of the July numbers ，by far the largest seen recently in La os ， due to the lack of rainy season observations elsewhere in Laos.

Rufous-throated Rufous-throated Fulvetta Alcippe rufogularis (Gl obally Ne 紅・官官'eatened). 百lI s species species abounded in all relict forest ， even in deciduous areas ， and was occasional in scrub over over old cultivation. Up to nine groups (usually of 2， sometimes of 3，or ， in June-J 叫y， 4) 4) were found daily ， but its song season started late 泊出e 合y season s町 vey ， and seemed to to be closing during the wet season survey; on each day many non-singing birds were probably probably overlooked. On one occasion in M 釘 'ch ， one bird stimulated countersong from three three neighbouring territories ，all within 200 m ， and during June and July ，a persistently singing singing bird often elicited song from 2-4 others audible from the same spo t. Observations during during April would probably exceed frequently the 20 groups found per day at the Nam Ao forest ，Nam Kading NBCA ， which holds the densest known population in Laos (τHEWLIS ET AL.， in prep ふTh e species was ，jointly with Buff-breasted Babbler in some 紅 eas ，白 e commonest understorey babbler. On 25 June ，two barely-fledged juveniles (ωgether with at least one adult) were seen; on 27 June ，2 adults vigorously mobbed the observer ，suggesting that a nest was nearby; and and on 6 July a nest with 3 hatching chicks was found in a rotting bamboo culm hanging 2.1 2.1 m over a small s回創n. Many further records of breeding could probably have been obtained obtained had all birds heard been investigated.

A. れ major (identified to subspecies by location) occurs widely but rarely commonly in in Central Laos ， and always wi 白 a localised distribution; it seems sensitive to habitat degradation degradation and has not been found in extensive degraded forest such as the τ'M F (THEWLIS ET 仏， in prep ふ However ， in Tranninh province (North Laos) ，A. れ blanchardi was wiidespread wiidespread and common in forest of 姐 y condition ， but A. κm可Or occurred only patchily in in the south (DAVI D- BEAULIEU ， 1944); A. れ blanchardi also occ 町 s in degraded areas in Vietnam (ROBSON ET AL. ， 1993). The different subspecies seem to show varying habitat choice. choice. Th e one in the TMF is not known. Short-tailed Short-tailed Parrotbill Paradoxomis davidianus (Globally Threatened). One or two flocks flocks were seen daily (when suitable habitat was s町 veyed) in maωre bamboo northwest of of Ban Wangma in February. A single was seen (i na mixed species flock) near Ban So on 27 February ，2 flocks were found between Ban Taohai 佃 d Ban Wangma ， east to 血e Nam Him ， in early March ， and a flock of 3 was found in 肱 eamside bamboo ne 紅 Ban Houaytom on 11 July. 百le largest confirmed flock held 8 birds ， but estimates r釦 ged to 15. 15. These records probably reflect the distribution of 出is conspicuous species within the τ'M F accurately: centred in the north-west of the site with outlying records in mature bamboo to the south and east. There was no wet season fieldwork in bamboo are 酪 holding holding the bird in 白e 合y se 部 on. BIRD BIRD AND MAMMAL RECORDS 229

The species has been observed at very few other sites in the world in recent decades ， and and the 百i1 F appears to be the only one where it was shown to be common (see COLLAR ET AL. ， 1994; RANK ， 1996; J. N. DYMOND ， in ROUND ， 1996; F. R. LAMBERT ，verbally ，

1995). 1995). The few other Lao records came from fu 此her north: Lo ーTiau 姐 d Houeisai (DELACOUR & G 阻 ENWAY ， 1940) and Nam Kh eung (DELACOUR & JABOUILLE ， 1940) and a single individual in Xieng Kh ouang province at 1200 m in a mosaic of secondary forest and and bumt scrub ，apparently lacking extensive bamboo ， in May 1996 (W. G. ROBICHAUD ， verbally ， 1996).

Mammals Pangolin Pangolin (common; probably Sunda Pangolin Manis javanica on the basis of range) ， Regionally Regionally At Ri sk. Slow Loris Nycticebus coucang (common) ， Regionally At Risk (Pygmy Loris N. pygmaeus ， Globally Th reatened ，was never claimed). Pi g-tailed Macaque Macaca nemestrina (Regionally at Risk). A troop of at least 30 was seen on 29 June and 2 July ，2-3 km south-east of Ban Napo. The animals were in an an area with many fruiting trees and were easy to see ，by comparison with monkeys in most other p紅白 of Laos. Residents of Ban Napo claimed that they did not hunt higher primates primates habitually: this is probably true ， in view of the monkeys' approachability. Pig- tailed tailed Macaque has been recorded widely in Laos on recent surveys (DUCKWORTH ET AL. ， 1994; 1994; WCS ，1995a -e). Rh esus Macaque Macaca mulatta (Regionally at Ri sk). Troops were seen around Ban So and Ban Wangma on three dates and several km south of Ban Kuai on 5 July (at least least 20 monkeys). Additional macaques not identified to species were seen or heard in each each of these 紅 'eas and northwest of Ban Napo on 11 March. All were in streamside bamboo. In July ， a villager in Ban Napo had an infant Rh esus Macaque taken from the neighbourhood. neighbourhood. Rhesus Macaque has been recorded widely in North and Central Laos on recent recent surveys (WCS ，1995a -e). Langur Semnopithecus sp. (Regionally at Risk). A skin of recently shot animal seen several several km upstream of Ban So was soggy with dew and lacked a head ， preventing assessment assessment of the tail-tip and head pelage characters necessary to separate Phayre's Langur S. S. phayrei from Silvered S. cristata. Phayre's Langur has a patchy distribution in Laos ， while while Silvered is known only from to the southem qu 訂 ter of the country (DUCKWORTH ET AL.， 1994; WCS ，1995a -e) and would be unlikely to occur in the TMF. Gibbon Hylobates (Globally Threatened). At least 6 groups of gibbons were found around around Ban Wangma in Febru 訂 y， with 4 audible from the village itself. Another group was heard north of Ban So ，on Phou Van Yap ，on 8 July. Villagers claimed that they occurred occurred very locally at scattered other sites in the TMF. In many large areas in South and Central Central Laos ，gibbons ， along with Black Giant Squi 町 el ， are absent from heavily logged forest forest and isolated areas of little-disturbed forest (DUCKWORTH ET AL.， 1994 ， 1995; WCS ， 1995a -e). Their presence in the TMF shows that if not hunted they can inhabit heavily logged logged forest: villagers in the TMF were adamant that they did not kill the species because 230 J. W. DUCKWORηf

'O f the risk 'O f heavy fines. The species present was n'O t established ，'O ther 出阻 that it is 'O ne where the male has pale cheek-tufts in the subgenus Nomascus. All species in 出is c'O mplex are under acute gl 'O bal threat with the excepti 'O n 'O f H. gabriellae ，which 'O ccurs in in La 'O s 'O nly well t 'O the s'O uth 'O f Vientiane (EUDEY ， 1987; CORBET & HILL ， 1992; DUCKWOR' 叩 ET AL. ， 1995).

Bears Ursus tw 'O f'O rms ， perhaps Sun Bear U. malayanus and Asiatic Black Bear U. thibetanus; thibetanus; b'O th scarce; Gl 'O bally Thr eatened.

Otters Otters tw 'O f'O rms ， perhaps Sm 'O'O th-c 'O ated Otter Lutrogale perspicillata and Ori ental Small-clawed Small-clawed Otter Aonyx cinerea; b'O th l'O cal ，(Gl 'O bally Threatened).

Dhole (Asi 佃 Wild D 'O g) Cuon alpinus. Sc 紅白， (Gl 'O bally 官官eatened).

Leopard Cat Prionailurus bengalensis (Regi 'O nally at Ri sk). One ne 紅 BanNamiang 'O n 26 June at 03h30; villagers rep 'O rted 白創出is species was c'O mm 'O n，and it has been f'O und in m 佃 y 'O ther p制 s 'O f La 'O s 'O n recent surveys (DUCKWORTH ET A L.， 1994; WCS ， 1995a -e).

Asian Go lden Cat Catopuma temmincki (Gl 'O bally 官官eatened). An adult several km west west 'O f Ban Ta 'O hai 'O n7 March emerged fr 'O m a clump 'O f streamside bamb 'O'O at l1hOO and walked within an inch 'O f the 'O bserver ，wh 'O was sat silently and al 'O ne 'O na r 'O'Ot. After a few sec 'O nds it turned 組 d ran int 'O the f'O res t. Villagers repo 巾 d cats that resembling this species species were well distributed in 曲e TMF.τbis is the 'O nly recent sight 泊g 'O f the species in in La 'O s; h'O wever all cats except Le 'O pard Cat have pr 'O ved excepti 'O nally difficult t 'O see.

百 le Vientiane Z 'O'O l 'O gical Gardens ne 紅 Nam Ngum kept in June 19964 individual Asian G 'O lden Cats ， all rep 'O rtedly 企om n'O rthem La 'O s.

Asian Elephant Elephas maximus (Gl 'O bally Threatened). Elephant signs (faeces ， f'O'O tprints and feeding signs) were f'O und widely 'O ver the n'O rthem tw 'O -thirds 'O f the τ"M F. Durlng Durlng the 合y-seas 'O n survey ， very fresh dung was f'O und between Ban Ta 'O hai and Ban Wangma ，and animals were seen by villagers in hills 2 km west 'O f the H 'O uay Tsapsaet and cr 'O ssing the Nam Sang a few km n'O rth 'O f Ban S 'O. Villagers rep 'O rted in t 'O tal ab 'O ut 50 animals ， in 3 herds ，which made 'O ccasi 'O nal visits even t 'O the m 'O st disturbed parts 'O f the τ"M F. Critical 紅 e出 f'O r Elephants include the c'O mplex 'O f saltlicks ar 'O und Ban Ta 'O hai ，白 e extensive extensive bamb 'O'O -d 'O minated f 'O rest ar 'O und Ban W 阻 gma (b 'O th sides 'O f the Nam S 血 g) and the Nam Sang n'O rth 'O f Ban S'O.百 lis p'O pulati 'O n is 'O f great nati 'O nal imp 'O rtance in view 'O f recent p'O pulati 'O n estimates fr 'O m elsewhere in La 'O s (DUCKWOR 百{ET AL. ， 1994; WCS ，1995a -e).

Wild cattle Bos sp. (Gl'O bally Threatened). Signs 'O fb 'O vids claimed by villagers t 'O be th 'O se 'O f wild cattle were seen at the Ban Ta 'O hai salt licks and in l'O ng-aband 'O ned paddies paddies east 'O f Ban Wangma. 百 lese might represent Gaur B. gaurus ， but identificati 'O n t 'O species 'O f signs and rep 'O rts requires great care. An'O ther named f'O rm ，which sh 'O wed s'O me characteristics 'O f Banteng B. javanicus ，was rep 'O rted. All inf 'O rmants were c'O nfused and inc 'O nsistent in their ideas 'O fh 'O w t 'O separate the tw 'O rep 'O rted f'O rms 'O f wild cattle and their their descripti 'O ns cann 'O t be identified. Free-living water buffal 'O rep 'O rted ar 'O und Ban Wangma were pr 'O bably the descendants 'O fd 'O mestic animals aband 'O ned when the village BIRO BIRO ANO MAMMAL RECORDS 231

was temporarily deserted 20 years ago. If previous claims (F OPPES ， 1995) of 40- 50 Gaur in 出eτ 'M F are true ， the TMF population would be among the most important known in Laos as as Gaur has been reduced in Laos to isolated individuals or small groups in recenthy

surveyed 紅 eas (DUCKWORTH ET AL.， 1994; WCS ，1995a -e). No evidence for such a large number was found 針。 m the density of footprints ，al 由ough villagers stated that in the 訂 eas visited visited the animals were not then presen t.

Black Giant Squirrel Ra 向fa bicolor (now extirpated over much of the TMF and as scarce scarce and local as gibbons) ，Regionally At Ri sk. [Variable [Variable Squirrel Callosciurus finlaysoni (Regionally at Ri sk). Small numbers of fiery fiery red squirrels were found throughout semi-evergre 叩 forest and bamboo 紅 'eas derived

仕om it ， but not daily. In some 紅 eas of Laos up to 20 a day may be detected. Shyness precluded precluded identification to species of many individual Callosciurus squirrels in 血e TMF ， but but the low numbers seen reflect evasive behaviour by the squirrels and a low population density ，recalling the status of C. inornatus at Houei Nhang (DUCKWORTH ET AL. ， 1994). Th e species involved is not certain ， but is probably the same as the red squirrel abundant in in Champassak and Attopu. The latter was called C.戸 rrugineus williamsoni by Osoooo (1932); (1932); CORBET & HILL (1992) included it in C. finlaysoni. A second form of red squirrel appe 紅 s to 0 ∞ ur locally around Vientiane as it turns up in markets ， but it is not clear from where where it originates. It is paler red th 佃 those of the TMF ， with some dark banding on 出e body hairs ，which the bright red form lacks. Specimens are necessary to establish the relationship relationship between these two forms and to investigate if red squi 町 els in the TMF are indeed indeed the s創 ne as those of south-west Laos.] Inornate Inornate Squirrel Callosciurus inornatus (Regionally at Ri sk). In the dry season ，6 Inomate Inomate Squirrels were seen ，all singly: 3 around Ban Wangma ， one near Ban N 創 niang and and singles near the Nam Him and on Phou Houay Baphak (both near Ban Taohai). Four were were in fruit trees ，2 in bamboo; one fruit tree was in extensive mixed deciduous forest ， the the others in semi-evergreen derived regeneration. Additionally ， a villager shot 2 at Ban Wangma. In the wet season ，4 were seen ， again signly: 2 ne 紅 Ban Namiang and singles ne 紅 Ban Kuai and Ban So. One was in a large tree amid regrowth ，2 were in bamboo and and one was in road-edge dense secondary growth. Additionally ， a villager shot one near B 佃 Napo ，a youth reportedly shot nine (and 6 red squirrels) in one day around Ban Wangma and a police team reportedly killed 20 Callosciurus squ 仕rels (species not known) there there on another day. Small Small numbers have been found at several other sites surveyed recently in Laos (DUCKWORTH ET AL. ， 1994; WCS ，1995a -e)， but numbers were nowhere sufficient to merit the the view of early authors of it as the commonest Callosciurus of p釘 ts of Laos (Osoooo ， 1932; 1932; DEUVE ， 1972) and the recommendation of DUCKWOR 百 1 ET Aし (1994) that the species species be listed at ‘Insufficiently Known' in the IUCN Red Li st is still appropriate. Th e co ・occu 町'ence of this species with the red squi 町 el is notable: forests north of the Isthmus of of Kr a usually hold good populations of only one species of Callosciurus (Moo 阻& TATE ， 1965) and 出 is true in many areas in Laos south of Vientiane (DUCKWOR' 百町 AL. ， 1994; WCS ，1995a -e). 232 232 J. W. DUCKWORTH

Table Table 1. Birds recorded in Sangthong District ，Vientiane ， 1996.

Species Forest Degraded Paksang Seasonality Not 随 Species

wm 旬r summer winter summer

S 回 Iy-b 陪出陣d Partridge LC LC RESIDENT Arborophila. chloropus Red Junglefowl C F (RESIDE NT) Gallus gallus

Siam 田Fi 即 back P (RESIDENτ ヲ Lo phura diardi

G 問y Peacock-Pheas 副首 LC (RESIDENT) Polyplectron bi ，四 Icarat 即'，

Le sser Whis tIi ng-Duck 。 C n UNCLEAR Dendrocygna ja 四 nica

Spot-billed Spot-billed Duck C n・1 UNCLEAR An 出向'ecilorhync 加，

Wh ite-browed Piculet C C F F RESIDENT Sas;a 町 hracea Rufous Woodpecker P P RESIDENT Celeus brachyur 田

G 田a胞r Yellownape P (RESIDE NT) P. flavinuc. 加

La ced W 。吋 ipecker P P RESIDENT P. V;i 陶 tus Red ・collared W ，。吋戸氾 ker 。 F RESIDENT P. rabieri

曲E G 田y・f. 白:d Woodpecker F (RESIDEN 司 P. can 闘

G 時 ater F1 ameback lP] [P] RESIDENT Chrysocolaptes lucidus BambooW ∞ dpecker LC LC RESIDENT Gecinulus viridis

BI 配 k- 皿 d-buff Woodμck 町 P [P] (RESIDE NT) Meiglyptes jugularis Heart-spotted Heart-spotted Woodpecker P P P (RESIDE NT) Hemicircus canente

Lineated Lineated B 由民 t pmdf pmdf RESIDENT Megala 加 a linea 師

G ，田 n-e国芭 d Barbet A A C C RESIDENT M 冒 faiostricla

Mous 阻ched B 町bet LC LC RESIDENT M.i 町，ognita

Blue -e ared Bar もet A A C C RESIDENT M. austra /i s

Coppersmi 曲 Bar もet F F C C RESIDENT M. 加.，聞 cephala

Ori en 阻1 Pi ed-Hombill 。。 RESIDENT Anthracoceros a砂irostris

白剖ge-b ，田昌国 Trogon C C 。 。 RESIDENT Harpactes oreskios

Red-headed Red-headed Trogon LC P 。 RESIDENT H. eη'throcephal 回，

In di 岨 Roller Lcmd f Lcmd f C C C f訓. ....1 RESIDENT Cora CIi 田 bengalensis

Doll 町也i吋 R LF SUMMER 13 Mar Eu η'slom 山 orientalis

Common Ki ngfisher LC LC pf W 別官R w Alce. 由 aUhis

Blue -e由。 d Ki nglisher LC LC LF LF RESIDENT w A. meninting

Black-blacked Black-blacked Kingfisher F SUMMER Ceyx erit 加， cus

B 田ded Ki ng 自sher C C 。。 RESIDENT Lo cedo pulchella

Stork-billed Stork-billed Ki nglisher LC LC LC LC RESIDENT w Pelargopsis c叩 ensis

Wh ite- 曲roa 陪d Ki ngfisher F 。 R 1 RESIDENT w Halcyon smyme. 即日

BI 配 k-c apped Ki ngfisher R (W 附 τ芭R) W ，16F. 曲 H. pileata

Blue-be 町叫 ed Bee -e ater LC P (RESIDE NT) Nyctyomis athertoni

Little Little Gn 坦n Bee-ea 悼『 LA UNCLEAR v Merops orientalis

Blue- 回目 edB 田・ eater pm. n UNCLEAR 13 Mar M. philippinus Chestnut-winged Chestnut-winged Cuckoo P (SUMMER) 13 Mar Clamator coromandus

Large Large Hawk -C uck ，田 P F WINτ 'E R Cucu/us sparverioides

[Banded [Banded Bay Cuck ∞I [F] [0] [0) UNCLEAR .1 Ca 四 n回 ntis sonneratii Plaintive Plaintive Cuckoo F F C c 1""， C n. 1 RESIDENT C. merulinus

[Violet [Violet Cuckoo] [P] UNCLEAR Ch 叩'sococcyx xanthorhynchus Drongo Cuckoo C C C C RESIDENT Surniculus lugubris BIRD AND MAMMAL RECORDS 233

Table Table 1. Birds recorded in Sangthong District ，Vientiane ， 1996 (cont'd).

Species Forest Degraded Paksang Seasonality Notes Species

wmter sumrner wmter su 町lmer Green.b iJI ed Malkoha C C F F RESIDENT Phaeniccophaeus tristis

Coral.b iJI ed Ground.Cuckoo IP (RESIDENT) Carpococcyx renauldi Greater Greater Coucal 。。 C C cm ，n.1 RESIDENT Centropus sinensis Le sser Coucal LC 。 (RESIDENT) C. bengalensis Vemal H 四 ging.Parrot C 。 F UNCLEAR Lo ricu/us vemalis

Red.b 陪描ted Parakeet LF ndf (RESIDENT) '2 Psittacula alexandri

Swiftlet Swiftlet sp LA LF LA p'" SUMMER. 陪 s? Collocal 阻 Silver.backed Silver.backed Needletail LF [Pl' UNCLEAR '3 Hirundapus cochinchinens;s Brown.backed Brown.backed Needletail A 。 A 。 [p]f. c" .1 WINTER. res H.giganteus pf.m ，n.1 Asian Asian Palm~Swift F F A A RESIDENT Cypsiurus balasiensis Fork-tailed Fork-tailed Swift P LC 。 WINTER. res? Apus pacificus

House Swift 。 UNCLEAR A. nipalensis

Crested Crested Treeswift LC C RESIDENT Hemiprocne corona 阻

Mountain Mountain Scops~Owl C C C C RESIDENT Otus spilocepli 回 lus Oriental Oriental Scops-Owl P WINTER 24 Feb O. sunia

Indi 回 Scops-Owl R R RESIDENT O. bak 如 moena Collared Collared Owlet F F P RESIDENT Glaucidium brodiei

Asian Asian B 町田d Owlet C C C C RESIDENT G. cucu/oides Brown Hawk-Owl P P LC LC RESIDENT Ninox scutulata

[Blyth ・s Frogmouth] [P] [P] [P] [P] RESIDENT 市4 Batrachostomus qがms

G 問 at Ear ed-Nightj 町 P UNCLEAR 本5 Euroslopodus macrotis Nightjar Nightjar sp. P' UNCLEAR Caprimu/gus sp Spotted Spotted Dove 。 C C RESIDENT Streptopelia chinensis

Emerald Emerald Dove C C F F RESIDENT Cha Jc ophaps indica

Pompadour Green~Pigeon 。 [P] 。 R" (RESIDE NT) Treron pompadora

百， ick-billed Green-Pigeon C [P] F (RESIDENT) '6 T. curvirostra

White~breasted Waterhen LC (RESIDENT) W Amauromis phoenicurus Common Moorhen LF (RESIDENT) W Gallinula chloropus

Green Green Sandpiper R pf.m W 別 TER w Tringa ochropus Common Sandpiper pf.m WINTER w T. hypoleucos

ttle Li ttle Ringed Plover cf.ro ，n LOWFLOW W Charadrius dubius River River Lapwing 戸n，n，l UNCLEAR W Vα nellus duvaucellii Small Small Pratincole pa.' UNCLEAR Glareola /actea Black Black Baza R (WINTER) 18 Feb A viceda /euphotes

Oriental IOriental Honey~buzzard 。。 WINTER Pemis pti/orhyncus

Black~winged Ki te R UNCLEAR Elanus caeru/eus

Crested Crested Serpent-Eagle C C F F RESIDENT 噂7 Spilomis cheela

Shikra Shikra LC 耐 f LC mdf C C pa RESIDENT '8 Accipiler badius

Collared Collared Fa Jc onet 。 (RESIDENT) Microhierax caerulescens

Fa Jc on sp R (WINTER) 噂9 Falco sp Pond-heron Pond-heron sp LC p'" 、IIINTER W 円。 Ardeola Striated Striated Heron R (WINTER) 、11 ， 17 Feb Butorides slrIalus 234 J. W. DUCKWORTH

Table Table 1. Birds recorded in Sangthong District ，Vientiane ， 1996 (cont'd).

Species Forest Degraded Paksang Seasonality Notes Species

wmter su 町lmer winter summer

Cinn 町non Bittem R P Cn ，1 SUMMER W ，12M .， Ixobrychus cinnamomeus Bar.bellied Bar.bellied Pitta P (RESIDEN T) Pitta elliotii Blue-winged Blue-winged Pi tta P (SUMMER) P. mo/uccensis

Banded Broadbill R (RESIDEN 勺 Eu η'Ia;mus javanicus

Silver.b 問酷ted B 回 'adbill F 。。 RESIDENT Serilophus lunal 悶

Lo ng-tailed Broadbill 。 。 RES lD ENT Psarisomus 血 Ihousiae

Asi 四 Fairy-bluebird LA LC LF P RES lD ENT Irena puella Blue-wing 叫Le afbird LF LF 。 RES lD ENT Chlorops;s cochinchinensis Brown Shrike C p'" WI N1芭 R lA n;us cristatus

Burme 田 Shrike R R RESIDENT L collurioid. 白

G 問 y-backed Shrike R (W INTER) L. tephrono lUS

Green Magp 阻 P (1 也iSIDE N1ヲ Cissa chinensis

Ra cket. 凶 led TI 問叩ie LC (RE 沼IDEN ち V Crypsiri 即 temia La rge-billed Crow F P (RESIDENT) Corvus macTorhynchos

Black-naped Black-naped Oriole 。 。 W 別 τ'E R .11 Orioll 山 chinens;s

Maroon Oriole 。 R WINτ 'E R O.lraillii Black-winged Black-winged Cuckoo.shrike IC F WINτ 芭R .12 C. melaschistos

Brown~rumped Minivet pmdf (W 削 τ'E R) Pericrocolus cantonens;s Scarlet Scarlet Minivet R (RESIDENT) P.flammeus

Bar ・wmg 国l Flycatcher-shrike IA A 。 。 RESIDENT Hemip 回 p，catus

Black Black Drongo P UNCLEAR Dicrurus n回 'croce 町田 Ashy Drongo A P A WINTER ，"国 D. leucophaeus Bronzed Bronzed Drongo C C F P RESIDENT D. aeneus

Le sser Racket-tailed Drongo IR UNCLEAR D. TI 田nifer

Hair.crested Hair.crested Drongo C 。 C 。 WINτ 'E R. 田 S D. hottentottus

G 問 ater Ra cket-tailed Dro ngo IC C C C RESIDENT D. paradiseus

Black.naped Black.naped Monarch A A C C RESIDENT 的'pathymis 町 urea

Asian Asian Para dise ・.Fl ycatch 町 R UNCLEAR Terpsiphone paradisi Common ]ora 。。 R RESIDENT Aegithina tiphia

G 田 at lora C C 。 RESIDENT A.I ψ，'esnayei

La 喝e Woodshrike R (RES lD ENη Tephrodomis gularis Blue Blue R，皿 k-' 百lrush p'" (WINTER) 13 Mar. ・13 Monticola solitarius Blue Blue Whistling. Th rush LF WI N1芭 R w Myiophonus caeruleus

Scaly Scaly Th rush 。 (WI N1宮町 w Zo othera 由附叩

R 田品-b reasted Fi ycatcher 。 A pf WINTER Ficedula parva

Li ttle Pi ed Fl ycatcher R UNCLEAR F. western 盟問i

Verditer Verditer Flycatcher 。。 WI N1官 R Eumyias t加 I由 'si ，聞

Hainan Hainan Blue-Flycatcher 。 UNCLEAR Cyornis hail 幅削S

HilllfickeU's HilllfickeU's Blue- Fl ycatcher IA A F F RES lD ENT .14 C 如 'nyumaslC. lickelliae

G 問'y -h阻 d吋 Canary. F1 ycalch 町 A C WINTER Culicicapa ceylonensis

Rufous-tailed Rufous-tailed Robin 。 W 削 1芭R Lus c， 加 ia sibilans

Sibenan Sibenan Rubythroat P (WINTER) L 伺 lliope 」ー」 BIRD AND MAMMAL RECORDS 235

Table Table 1. Birds recorded in Sangthong District ，Vientiane ， 1996 (cont'd).

Species FOI 国 t Degraded Paksang Se 酷 onality Notes S 戸cies

winter su 町lmer wmter su 町lmer Siberian Siberian Blue Robin C F WINTER L cyane Oriental Oriental Magpie-Robin 。。 C F A s.1 RESIDENT Copsychus saularis White-rumped White-rumped Shama A A F F RESIDENT C. malabaricus Common Stonechat F WINTER torquata Saxicola Pied Pied Bushchat F"'， ot UNCLEAR S. caprata Jerdon' Jerdon' s Bushchat Arn.s.0 1 LOWFLOW S. jerdoni

Grey Bushchat LF WINτ 'E R 正ferrea

iII H iII Myna LA P LA P RESIDENT Gracula relig 白日

Velvet-fronted Velvet-fronted Nuthatch F F F RESIDENT 事 15 Sitta frontalis Plain Plain Martin Cf ，m ぺA 1 UNCLEAR w Riparia paludicola

B 町n Swallow 。。 戸， A m， R" ，c l WINTER ， res? W ，吋 6 Hirundo rust;ca Wire-tailed Wire-tailed Swallow c r.m.n，A 1 UNCLEAR w H. smithi; Red-rumped Swallow 。 F'" WI N1宮 R W ，*17 H. daurica

Asian Asian House-M 町 tin LC WINTER v D ，d 出'Y pus Black-headed Black-headed Bulbul C A F F RESIDENT Pyc:nonotus atriceps Black-crested Black-crested Bulbul A A C C RESIDENT P. melanicterus Red-whiskered Red-whiskered Bulbul LA F RESIDENT V P. jocosus Stripe-throated Stripe-throated Bulbul 。。 C C RESIDENT P. finlaysoni

駄目ak-ean 姐 Bulbul R c m.n.1 RESIDENT P. blanfordi

pu 伴'throa 胞d Bulbul C C 。。 RESIDENT Alophoixus pallidus

G 田'y-eyed Bulbul A A F F RESIDENT /ole propinq 附

Black Black Bulbul R R F'" (WINTER) *18 Hypsipetes leucocep 加 lus

Golden-h 回 ded Cisticola P p" .1 (RESIDENT) Cisticola exilis

Rufescent 肝inia LC LC RESIDENT P.rt 俳'sce 悶

G 回 y-b 問国白d Pri nia LC LA 0 1 RESIDENT P. hodgsonii Am.n.1 Am.n.1 Yellow-bellied Yellow-bellied Pri nia LC RESIDENT P. fla 凹 ventrls

Plain Plain Pri nia A s.1 UNCLEAR P. inorna 佃

White-eye White-eye sp. A A p 四 WINl 百R 。19 Zo sterops

Asian Asian Stub 祖iI LA F W1N1芭 R Urosphe. 即時制meiceps

[Manch 叩叩 Bush-Warbler] [P] (WINl 主R) Cettia Bradypterus Bradypterus sp. P (WINTER) Bradypterus

Lan ceolated Warbler P (W 除灯'E R) Lo cuslella /a nceola 佃

ick-billed Th ick-billed Warbler C WINτ 'E R Acrocephalus aedon

Common Tailo 由ird C C A m .n.1 RESIDENT Orthotomus sulorius

Dark-necked Dark-necked Tailo 由1吋 C C F F RESIDENT O. alrogularis

Dusky Warbler A A F'" WINTER w Phylloscopus fus 印刷， S Radde's Radde's Warbler F C F'" WINTER P. schwa rz. i Inomate Inomate Warbler C C pf.m WINTER P. ;nornalus

G 問 enish Warbler C C WINTER P. Irochiloides

Pale-Iegged Pale-Iegged Leaf- W 町もler C F WINTER W P. lenellipes

Blyth' ，句Lea f-Warbl 町 F P WINTER P. reguloides 236 236 J. W. DUCKWORTH

Table Table 1. Birds recorded in Sangthong District ，Vientiane ， 1996 (cont'd).

Sμci 田 Forest Degraded Paksang Seasonality Notes Species

winter winter summer winter summer Sulphur.breasted Sulphur.breasted Warbler 。 (w別 τ"E R) P. r;ckett;

Golden.spectacled Golden.spectacled Warbler C C WINTER Seice 町 'US burkii

Yellow-bellied Yellow-bellied W 町 bler A A C C RESIDENT Abroscopus superciliam

S回ated G 回路bird P (RESID ENT) Megalurus palustris

Whi te ooC rest 叫 Laughing 血rush R (RESIDENT) Garrulax leucolophus

Abbou's Abbou's Babbler LC LC LC LC RESIDENT Malacocin c/ a abbolti

Bu 町Cb 回 asted Babbler LA LA LF LF RESIDENT Pellorneum rickelli ff-throated Pu ff-throated Babbler C C F F RESIDENT P. ruficeps Large Large Scimitar-Babbler P P RESIDENT Pomatorhinus hypoleucos

Wh ite-browl 叫 Scimi 阻r-Babbler C C LA C RESIDENT .20 P. schist;ceps

[Buff -c hested Babbl 町] [A) [A) RESIDENT 事21 S佃 chy 巾 ambig 回

G 田:y-throated Babble P P RESIDENT S. nigriceps Spot-necked Spot-necked Babbler P P RESIDENT S. striolata

S凶戸 d Tit-Babbler A A A A RESIDENT Macronous gula 巾

Wh ite-hooded Babbler C F F 。 RESIDENT Ga 叩 'sorhynchus rufulus

Rufous 司 throated Fulvetta A A F F RESIDENT Alcippe "ifogu /a ris

Brown-ch 田 ked Fulvetta 。 LC R P RESIDENT A. Poioicep 加 la White-bellied White-bellied Yuhina C C 。。 RESIDENT Yuhina zantho/euca Short-tailed Short-tailed Parrotb iU LC R UNCLEAR Paradoxornis davidianus ick-billed Th ick-billed Fl owerpecker LA 。 LA 。 UNCLEAR Dicaeum agile

Yellow-vented Yellow-vented Fl ow 町pecker IP P F (RESIDENτ ヲ D. chrysorrheum Plain Plain Fl owerpecker LA P LA UNCLEAR D. concolor

Scarlet-backed Scarlet-backed Flowerpecker P P (RESIDE NT) D. cruen 佃拙m Ruby-ch 田 ked Sunbird LC C F F 。 RESIDENT Anthreptes singa/ensis pu 甲le-na 戸 d Sunbird F C RESIDENT HYI 回.gramn 咽 hypogrammic 岬， n Olive-backed Olive-backed Sunbird C C [P) (RESIDENη Nectarin;a jugularis

Black- 世lfO ated Sunbird P UNCLEAR Aerhopyga sa 加m 師 Crimson Crimson Sunbird P P P P RESIDENT A. s加問;a

Li 凶 e Spiderhunter A A C C RESIDENT Arachnothera longirostra

Eu 国自国1 Tree Sp 世間W LA LA RESIDENT Passer monll 削附

Wh ite Wag 凶 l LC Cf .m， R 1 WINτ 芭R w Moracilla alba Grey Grey Wagtail 。。 p'" WINTER w M. Cinerea

Paddyfield Paddyfield Pi pit (0) p'" UNCLEAR Anthus 四ifulus

Olive-backed Olive-backed Pipit 。 A WI N1芭 R A. hodgsoni

Pi n- 回 led Parro tfinch P LC UNCLEAR Eη Ithrura prasi 1. 回

Wh ite ・rum 凶 Munia A A C I RESIDENT Lo nchura st 巾 ra

Scaly-b. 曲山:d Munia C.. I UNCLEAR L punctula 畑

Chestnut Bun 一ling LC WINTER Em beri z.a rutila 一 L_ BIRD AND MAMMAL RECORDS 237

A ，abundant; C ，common; F ，frequent; 0 ，occasional; R ，rare; P ，present but abundance not assessed; L (ヤ refix) ， local local Season: Season: a single code in capitals indicates 白紙 the species was only recorded at that season; ‘res' indates 白atthe

species species was 問沼orded in much lower numbers during 出巴 0 白巴 r survey period. Codes not in parentheses are

derived derived from 血e survey data themselves; codes in paran 血eses are derived from previous Ii teratu 陀， but the survey survey da 個目t such a pattem. W 町 τ'E R ， winter (Feb lM arch survey); SUMMER ，summer (June/July S町 vey); RESIDENT ，resident (bo 由 surveys); LOWFLOW ， low-flow season in the Mekong UNCLEAR ， da 句 do not suggest any seasonality ， or contradict we 紘Iy previous Ii terature. is It not possible ， from the S町 vey data ， to distinguish birds present a1 1 winter from passage rnigrants. Superscript Superscript for fores t: mdf ，prim 釘i1 y or only in rnixed deciduous forest. Superscripts Superscripts for Paksang: f， on 14 February;m ， on 13 March;n ， on 22 June;' ， on 16 July.

[Pro visional identification ， to be checked ag 剖 nst skins in 出 e British Museum (Natural History)]

Notes: Notes: W ，strongly Associated wi 血 water. V ， recorded only at Ban Wangma.

Dates 紅 e given only for rnigrant species which were 回 corded only once ， or for first dates for summer visitors. *1 No birds were seen; In dian Cuckoo Cuculus micropterus was not ruled out from the calls heard.

*2 *2 A few unidentified parakeets were seen and he 紅 d. *3 *3 May have been commoner; many needletails were not identified to species ，especially i目白e wet season. *4 *4 See text for discussion of these calls. *5 *5 Not calling during survey period ， so status assessment not possible.

*6 *6 Many unidentified green-Pigeons were seen and he 紅 d; some were probably neither 白is species nor 白E former. former. Only one green-pigeon was identified to species in 白e wet season ， but overal numbers did not differ differ greatly between th 巴 two surveys.

ηOnly one unidentified large raptor w 鎚 seen; it was probably not 白is species.

*8 *8 Many unidentified small accipiters we 問 seen ， but there was no positive re ぉ on to believe any 0白er species was present. *9 *9 Either a hobby F. subbuteo or F. severus or a small Peregrine F. peregrinus. *10 Li kely to be Chinese Pond-Heron Ardeola bacchus. * 11 Slender-billed Oriole O. tenuirostris not ruled out on all birds ， but some confirmed ぉ Black-naped. * 12 Indochin 巴se Cuckooshrike C. polioptera not ruled out on a1 1 birds ， but some confirmedωBlack-winged. * 13 A blue-bellied male.

*14 百lese two species c組 not be separated in Laos on known field characters; bo 血 were probably presen t.

*15 *15 Birds in degraded are ぉ were all investigating nest sites in dead tr 官es among recently clear 官:d ha i. *16 *16 AI 由ough a few birds were s巴en in June ，it is unlikely 白紙 these breed in or near th 巴 site. * 17 Birds were of 血 e typical Red-rumped Swallow form rather 白an Striated Swallow H. striolata.

事 18 Most or all birds were of the white-headed forms H. m. leucothorax or H. m. stresemanni; at least some were were the latter.

事 19 Probably mostly or all Japanese White-eye Z. japonicus; this species and Oriental Wh ite-eye Z. palpebrosus are are not clearly separable in 白 e field. *20 Birds were typical of 出.e species and lacked streaks on the underp 紅白 in contrast to the situation to 血ee ぉt

in in Laωos ，wh 恥E隠巴 r民e birds ぱ0f~旬回巴町n show sω 。me 柑位回官s eak 悩in 略g on the underparts and 釘芭 dωou 山bぜu叫 11 砂y distinguishable from St 位reak. ゐrea 鎚st 飽.ed Scirnit 旬ar-Babble 巴r P. ruficollis.

*21 *21 Rufous-capped Babbler S. ruficeps not ruled out as field characters in Laos 紅巳 not well known. 238 J. W. DUCKWORTH

Table 2. Mammals recorded in Sangthong District ，Vientiane ，Laos ， 1996.

Species Identification Forest Degraded Notes

Northem Northem Treeshrew A F 。 事 1 Tupaia belangeri Pig-tailed Pig-tailed Macaque A P Macaca nemeslrina Rhesus Rhesus Macaque A 。 *2 Macaca mulatta

[Ph 町 ye ・s Langur] R (skin) [P] Semnopithecus phayrei

Gibbon Gibbon sp A (he 町 d) LC Hylobates (Nomllscus) sp. Common Palm Civet A P Paradoxurus hennaphroditus Le opard Cat A P Prionailurus bengalensis Asian Asian Golden Cat A P Catopuma temminckii Asian Asian Elephant s LC P Elephas maximus Eurasian Eurasian Wild Pig s LC Sus scrofa

Les 担 r Mousedeer A P 本 l Tragu/us javanicus

Samb 町 S，R P 本3 Cervus unic%r

Indian Indian Mun りac S，R ，A (he 町 d) LC *4 Muntiacus muntjak

[Wild [Wild cattle] s [P] 字5 Bos sp(p)

[Variable [Variable Squirrel] A [L C] Callosciurus finlaysoni

Inornate Inornate Sq 山町el A LF F Callosciurus inomalus

[Chinese [Chinese Striped Squirrel] A [F] 本6 Tamiops maritimus Red -c heeked Ground Squirrel IA F F Dremomys rufigenis Large Large Bamhoo-rat A (captive) P Rhizomys sumatrensis Bay Bay Bamboo-rat A (Captive) P Cannomys badius

Hodgson's Hodgson's C 陪 sted Porcupine R (quill) P Hystrix brachyura

Siamese Siamese Ha 問 s P キ7 Le pus peguensis

Species known only from villagers' reports and thus not confirmed to occur in the TMF :

Pangolin Pangolin sp(p). Manis sp(p) Slow Slow Lo ris Nycticebus coucang

Dhole Dhole Cuon alp 加us

Be 町 S Ursus sp(p).

Oner Oner sp(p). Lu trinae

Bintu 即時 Arctictis bimurong

Mong ，凹岨 sp(p) Herpestes sp(p)

Black Black Giant Squi 町el Ratufa bic%r

Codes: A ，animal observed in the field; R ，remains of animal seen; S， signs found. C ，common; F， frequent; 0 ， occasional; P ，present but abundance not assessed; L ，loca l. [Provision a1 identification] BIRD AND MAMMAL RECORDS 239

Table Table 2 (continued). Notes: Notes: * 1 Identified solely 0 目白 e basis of range. *2 *2 Some macaques were not identified to species.

本 3 Identified as 出 is species on the basis of a shed antler seen in B叩 Wangma ，footprint size and vigorous denials denials by villagers 出at Brow-antlered Deer C. eldi occurs in the area. *4 Trophies in villages were all of this species ，although animals heard could not be identified to species. *5 *5 Probably Gaur Bos gaurus ，but villagers' descriptions and observed signs allowed no firm identification. *6 *6 Similar in pelage and call to animals provisionally identified as 白 is species at Houei Nh ang. *7 *7 Also on islands in the Mekong at Paksang.

CONSERVATION 1加WORTANCE OF THE AREA

百leτ 'M F supports 3 Globally Threatened birds and 4 Globally Th reatened mammals (7 (7 if vi1l ager' reports are included). One Globally Threatened bird (Short-tailed Parrotb i1l) is is known 仕om very few other sites in the world (only one is in Laos). A population of Globally Globally 百lreatened wild cattle important for Laos may occ 町. Populations of Pompadour Pigeon ， Rufous-throated Fulvetta ， Inornate Squirrel and Asian Elephant 紅 e also of mid or high high national import 加 .ce.τbe Mekong channel supports the only breeding populations of lerdon's lerdon's Bushchat and Plain Martin known today in Laos. Although not a Key Species ， the the population of Bamboo W oodpecker is of regional importance as it is the only one known east of the Mekong. 百le species richness and high populations of some Key Species mean that the area may approach the conservation importance of some of the NBCAS recently declared in Laos (BERKMULLER ET AL. ，1995) ，especially if a larger area (including the Dong Phaken forest west west of the TMF were considered. The τ'M F is ，however ， the most northerly si 句 in Laos with with an adequate recent wildlife survey; further work to the north may reveal 白紙 some of of the most special species of the TMF 紅 e more widespread than can cu 町 ently be assumed. Wildlife Wildlife conservation merits high priority among the various uses of the TMF. Conflicting Conflicting uses corning from the training functions (which should themselves comprise conservation conservation education) of the Vientiane Forestry College and the traditional rights of the vi1l agers. 百le need for integration of conservation issues in management plan 凶ng of the 訂 'ea (discussed in depth in DUCKWORTH ， 1996) is enhanced by the paucity of forest in northern northern Laos ， the proximity of 曲e TMF to Vientiane (meaning that potential threats are high high and 由at management is logistically easy) and the existence of some communities heeding heeding wildlife law. Thi s latter attiωde is very rare in Laos and is the main factor responsible responsible for the persistence of gibbons ，elephants and wild cattle in the TMF; populations of of all these animals have declined greatly from hunting elsewhere in Laos. Th e important habitats 紅 'e: 1. 1. Tall semi-evergreen fores t. Several small (under 50 ha) patches were found ， each retaining 佃 appreciable concentration of large trees. Th ese were mostly on hillocks and ridges ridges several km east of the Nam Sang ，from Ban Kuai north to at least Ban Wangma ， with with one outlying 紅 ea south-east of Ban Napo. Such habitat is likely to be crucial for pheasants ，Pig-tailed Macaque ，gibbon ，Black Giant Squirrel ，Asian Elephant and wild 240 240 J. W. DUCKWORTH cattle. cattle. Further Key Species ，e.g. carnivores ， are likely to be confirmed with additional work. work. 2. 2. Tall mixed deciduous fores t. By contrast with semi-evergreen forest ，tall mixed deciduous deciduous forest remains extensive on flat land west of the Nam Thon and in the south of the the area ， close to the Mekong. is It dominated by La gerstroemia species which have many holes holes in the bole and boughs ， thus reducing greatly the commercial value of the timber (W. EHRHARDT ，verbally ， 1996). Brown-rumped Mi nivet was recorded in the 加 F only in 由is habitat habitat and further investigation might reveal further Key Species res 凶cted to such fores t. 3. 3. Bamboo. Al 白ough the extensive 紅 'eas of giant bamboo are probably s田 on 伽 ry in in origin ，出 ey are vital ，p 紅白ul 釘 ly ぽ ound Ban Wangma and Ban Kuai ， for several Key Species ，including Asian Elephant ，Pin-tailed Parrotfmch and the only healthy Short-tailed Parrotbill Parrotbill population known in the world. 百leir importance for Red-collared W oodpecker is is probably as a substitute for 凶 1 forest ，rather th 組制 a preferred habita t. 4. 4. S釘'eamsides. 百le Nam Sang 姐 d its several 凶 butaries are likely to be 血 e richest areas areas of 出eτ 'M F and are particularly impo 目印t for otters ，Rh esus Macaque ，large herbivores and probably also the remai 凶ng carnivore commu 凶ty. 5. 5. Saltlicks. Saltlicks are important for ungulates: signs were found of use by Elephants ， wild cattle ，Wild Pigs ，Samb 紅飢d muntjacs. Th e concen 岡山n around Ban Taohai Taohai is most important. Others were found or reported around Ban Wangma and Ban Koua. Koua. It is highly likely that there are others. 6. 6. Don Nou and Don Sadok ，two isl 佃 ds 泊 Mekong channel in 白e Paksang-Ban Nasar Nasar area. Th e habitats exposed during the dry season support five Key Species not found found elsewhere in 血e TMF ， most notably the only population of lerdon's Bushchat currently known in Laos.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

τ'h e district govemor ，Mr Kenta Kongbounma ，and his staff ，especially Mr Boualay Sophapbandith Sophapbandith and Mr Bouaphanlt Phimmavong ，出 e Di strict Agriculture and Fore 凶 y Office ，especially Mr Bouneng Chittakone 組 d the headman and other elders in each village village visited were ex 佐'emely helpfu l.百 le director of the Vientiane Fores 住y College ，Mr Soukkongseng Saignaleu 白， and 血e Lao-German Fores 町 Team leader ，Dr H.-M. Brechtel ， bo 血 encouraged 白e survey. Mr Walter Ehrhardt was helpful 組 d suppo 託ive before ， during during and after the fieldwork. Th e provincial govemer Mr百lO ngmi Phomvixay provided useful useful information and ideas. 百le helpful administrative staff of the project at Dong Dok and Phialat allowed the p吋 ect to run relatively smoothly and 1 am particularly grateful for their their efforts at a very busy period. Advice and assistance were received from Kl aus Berkmuller ，Boonhom Sounthala ，Stuart Chape ，Namvong Hinnorathep ， Bill Robichaud and Rob Timmins. Finally ，my counterpart Mr Chanthaphone Phon-asa worked extremely h紅 d and capably during the s町 vey. 1 thank them all for their time and interest. BIRD AND MAMMAL RECORDS 241

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