Fungi of the Bitterfeld Amber Forest

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Fungi of the Bitterfeld Amber Forest 54 EDGG, Heft 249 – Bitterfelder Bernstein –Exkursionsführer Schmidt, A. R., Dörfelt, H., Grabenhorst, H., Tuovila, H. & Rikkinen, J. (2013): Fungi of the Bitterfeld amber forest. – Exkurs.f. und Veröfftl. DGG, 249: S. 54-60, 13 Abb.; Hannover. Fungi of the Bitterfeld amber forest Alexander R. Schmidt1, Heinrich Dörfelt2, Heinrich Grabenhorst3, Hanna Tuovila4, Jouko Rikkinen4 1 Courant Research Centre Geobiology, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Goldschmidtstraße 3, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany, [email protected] 2 Mikrobielle Phytopathologie, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Neugasse 25, D-07743 Jena, Germany, Heinrich. [email protected] 3 Nachtigallenweg 9, D-29342 Wienhausen, Germany, [email protected] 4 Department of Biosciences, P.O. Box 65, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland, [email protected], jrik- [email protected] Summary Fossilien bestehen aus dunklen kettenartigen Fila- menten, die denen von Vertretern der Gattung Meta- Fungi have only rarely been reported from Bitterfeld capnodium ähneln, jedoch aus septierten Einheiten amber, and only four taxa, Chaenothecopsis bitter- aufgebaut sind. Ihr Wachstum erfolgt zudem nicht feldensis, Chaenothecopsis aff. proliferatus, Metacap- apikal sondern durch interkalare konidiogene Zellen. nodium succinum, and Stigmatomyces succini, have Die Beziehung der Fossilien zur rezenten Gattung been published, so far. This situation recently changed Torula Pers. bleibt aufgrund der Merkmalsarmut der due to the discovery of a plethora of new fungal inclu- Fossilien ungeklärt. sions from private amber collections which shows that fungi (including lichen-forming ascomycetes) from Bitterfelder Bernstein beherbergt den einzigen Nach- Bitterfeld amber are much more abundant than pre- weis der Klasse der Laboulbeniomyceten, einer hoch- viously recognized. Here, we provide an overview of spezialisierten Entwicklungslinie, die ektoparasitisch the systematics and ecological diversity of fungi that auf Arthropoden lebt. Drei Thalli von Stigmatomyces have been studied from the Bitterfeld amber deposit succini sind auf dem Thorax einer Stielaugenfliege until now. (Diopsidae) erhalten (Rossi et al. 2005). Baumharze dienen unter anderem der Abwehr von Mi- Kurzfassung kroorganismen und Insekten. Einige hochspezialisier- te Pilze sind jedoch in der Lage, auf Harzausflüssen zu Pilze sind aus Bitterfelder Bernstein bisher nur selten wachsen. Dazu gehören mehrere Vertreter der Gattung bekannt geworden. Lediglich vier Taxa, Chaenothe- Chaenothecopsis, die fossil auch im Bitterfelder Bern- copsis bitterfeldensis, Chaenothecopsis aff. prolife- stein gefunden worden sind (Rikkinen & Poinar 2000, ratus, Metacapnodium succinum und Stigmatomyces Tuovila et al. 2013). Chaenothecopsis bitterfeldensis succini, wurden publiziert. Die gründliche Durchsicht bildete unverzweigte Ascomata, die auf dem Substrat, von privaten Bernsteinsammlungen brachte jedoch einem Harzfluss auf einem im Bernstein konservierten zahlreiche Neufunde (inklusive Flechten) zum Vor- Rindenstück, konserviert sind. Chaenothecopsis aff. schein. Wir geben einen Überblick über die Systema- proliferatus weist proliferierende und oft verzweigte tik und ökologische Diversität der bisher aus Bitter- Ascomata auf. Das Fossil ist morphologisch nicht von felder Bernstein untersuchten Pilze (siehe Abb. 1–9): der rezenten resinicolen Art Chaenothecopsis prolife- Bei Metacapnodium succinum handelt es sich um ratus zu unterscheiden, welche in China auf Harz von einen Vertreter der Rußtaupilze, einer ökologischen Cunninghamia lanceolata (Cupressaceae) gesammelt Gruppe saprophytischer Pilze, welche die Oberflächen wurde (siehe Abb. 10–13). Die Ausbildung übereinan- lebender Pflanzen besiedelt und ihre Nährstoffe von der angeordneter Ascomata wird als eine Anpassung Insektenexkretionen oder von Pflanzensaftausschei- an das Leben auf Harzflüssen interpretiert, da sich die dungen bezieht. Die charakteristischen kettenförmi- relativ hohen Fruchtkörper nach partieller Überflutung gen und oft anastomosierenden Hyphen verschmälern durch frisches Harz wieder regenerieren können. sich distal und weisen apikale Zellteilungsstadien auf. Ein Vertreter der Gattung Aspergillus wurde auf ei- Im Bitterfelder Bernstein konnte erstmals das Capno- nem Insektenrest identifiziert. Diese Gattung ist fossil phialophora-Stadium als Fossil nachgewiesen werden bisher aus Baltischem und Dominikanischem Bern- (Rikkinen et al. 2003, Schmidt et al. 2013). stein belegt. Vertreter der Gattung Torula sensu Caspary (1886) Etwa 40 Bitterfelder Bernsteinstücke enthalten bisher sind ebenfalls im Bitterfelder Bernstein erhalten. Die noch weitgehend unbearbeitete Einschlüsse von Flech- EDGG, Heft 249 – Bitterfelder Bernstein –Exkursionsführer 55 ten. Aufgrund der hohen Anzahl dieser neu entdeckten the Stigmatomyces inclusion since this specimen Einschlüsse und ihrer Diversität kann derzeit noch was already sufficiently prepared and embedded in keine Übersicht über die Flechtenflora des Bitterfelder epoxy resin for conservation. Prepared specimens Bernsteins gegeben werden. Es zeichnet sich jedoch were placed on a glass microscope slide with a drop bereits ab, dass sich diese von der heutigen europä- of water applied to the upper surface of the amber, and ischen deutlich unterscheidet. So sind zum Beispiel covered with a glass coverslip. The inclusions were Vertreter der rezenten Gattung Anzia, die bisher fossil studied using a Carl Zeiss AxioScope A1 compound nur aus dem Baltischen Bernstein bekannt war, im microscope. In most instances, incident and transmit- Bitterfelder Bernsteinwald sehr häufig gewesen. Heute ted light were used simultaneously (see Schmidt et kommt diese Gattung in Europa nicht mehr vor. al. 2012, for protocols). All images except of Fig. 8 are digitally-stacked photomicrographic composites 1. Introduction obtained from several focal planes using the software package HeliconFocus 5.0 for a better illustration of Fungal inclusions are quite common in amber from the three-dimensional objects. almost any deposit. Despite their abundance, however, the vast majority of these fossils cannot be determined 3. Results and discussion due to the absence of diagnostic features in sterile mycelia. Exceptions are some anamorphic and teleo- 3.1. Metacapnodium succinum morphic stages of the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Phylum Ascomycota Cavalier-Smith 1998 Fungi are known from Baltic amber since the mid-19th Class Dothideomycetes O. E. Erikss. et Winka 1997 century (e.g., Berkeley 1848, Menge 1858, Caspary & Order Capnodiales Woron. 1925 Klebs 1907, Grüss 1931, Domke 1952). Compared to Family Metacapnodiaceae Hughes et Corlett 1972 Baltic amber, however, Bitterfeld amber was discov- Genus Metacapnodium Speg. 1918 ered and mined much later (see Eißmann et al. 2008). Metacapnodium succinum (Dörfelt, A. R. Schmidt Not until about 20 years after the first description of et Wunderlich) Rikkinen, Dörfelt, A. R. Schmidt Bitterfeld amber inclusions by Barther & Hetzer (1982) et Wunderlich 2003 were three fungi described (Rikkinen & Poinar 2000, Rikkinen et al. 2003, Rossi et al. 2005). These fungi Holotype: from Baltic amber, Senckenberg collection were discovered in the private collections of George SMF Be 526a (formerly collection Jörg Wunderlich O. Poinar Jr. (Corvallis), Volker Arnold (Heide), and F70/BB/PL/CYA/CJW). Manfred Kutscher (Sassnitz), respectively. Bitterfeld amber inclusions investigated: Geosci- Likewise all subsequent specimens of fungi from entific Collections of the Georg August University Bitterfeld amber became known thanks to careful Göttingen GZG.BST.27291-27292 (formerly collection screening of private collections by their owners for Volker Arnold 1900 and 1908), and GZG.BST. 27293- any minute inclusions. Some of these newly discovered 27294 (formerly collection Heinrich Grabenhorst Li-3 fungi have recently been described (Tuovila et al. 2013, and 122). Schmidt et al. 2013), but a plethora of inclusions still Description and discussion: Representatives of the awaits study. These new undescribed findings include genus Metacapnodium belong to the so-called sooty about 40 amber pieces with lichens and lichenicolous moulds, an ecological group of saprophytic ascomyc- fungi. Because of the high number of specimens and etes with brown hyphae. They often form extensive their diversity, the completion of their scientific de- subicula on living plant surfaces. These fungi grow on scriptions will still take several years. This means that plant exudates and honeydew secreted by sap-sucking it is currently impossible to provide a complete over- insects and are ubiquitous in many humid terrestrial view of all fungal inclusions from Bitterfeld amber ecosystems (Hughes 1976, Seifert et al. 2011). Fossils and that we have to restrict this present overview to of the genus Metacapnodium have been discovered the non-lichenized ascomycetes. in several pieces of Bitterfeld amber (Rikkinen et al. 2003, Schmidt et al. 2013). The moniliform hyphae 2. Methods of the fossils possess globose to subglobose cells of 10–13 x 7–10 µm size. One Bitterfeld amber piece The amber pieces were ground and polished manually (GZG.BST.27291) contains a Capnophialophora co- with a series of wet silicon carbide abrasive papers nidial state (Fig. 1) which has not been recorded from [FEPA P 600–4000 (25.8 μm to 5 μm particle size), any other amber, so far. The Capnophialophora co- Struers company, Germany] to remove the weath- nidiogenous cells are developed singly
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