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$F: 3 5Ix W Z 3 \$ zO F: 3 5ix W z 3 \ v) Q) ' .CI c .-c O a c % .-O 3 Cr cd v) c, U Q) .3 3 cd a O I....................... ..._.____ ........ -. ......... -. .-..- CONTENTS . PREFACE............... .... 3 RELIGIONSOF ANCIENTEGYPT. ..... .... 5 RELIGIONSOF INDIA-vedism. ......... 20 Brahmanism. ............... 22 Sectarian Brahmanism. ........... 26 Buddhism. ................ 43 Jainism. ............. .... 49 RELIGIONSOF CHINA........... ... 52 COMMITTEE The State Religion. ............ 53 . Confucianism. .............. 56 Worship of Ancestors. ........... 59 THOMASHOCKLEY Taoism. ............. .... 67 Buddhism. ............ .... 93 MRS. JOHN HARRISON Thibetan Buddhism. ......., . ....101 STEWARTCULIN RELIGIOUSCEREMONIES OF THE CHINESEIIì THE UNITEDSTATES. ........ ....102 RELIGIONSOF JAPAN-Shintoism. .... ....116 Buddhism. ............ ....119 Mohammedanism. ............. 137 NATIVEAMERICAN RELIGIONS....... ....152 Northwest Coast. ............ 153 United States. ............. 155 Mexico. ............. ....156 Yucatan. ............. ....158 ....... San Domingo. W . I., .......... ‘59 Peru. .............. ....159 RELIGIONSOF POLYNESIA........ ....160 RELIGIONOF THE BANTUTRIBES (AFRICA). : . 164 CHARMSAND AMULETS. ............ 169 ADDENDA............... ....173 1 i. i l PREFACE. HE basis of this exhibition is a collection of idols and T other objects lentto the Museum by the Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church in the United States. These are indicated in the catalogue by the initials, B. F. M. P. C. The other specimens are the property of the Museum, or are lent by individuals whose names are given. The Egyptian portion of this catalogue was contributed by Mrs. Cornelius Stevenson, Curator of theEgyptian Section of the Museum; that on Mohammedismby Dr. Morris Jastrow, Jr., Professor of Arabic in the University of Pennsylvania ; that on native American religions by Dr. Daniel G. Brinton,LL. D., Professorof American Linguistics in the same institution, and the notes on the religion of the Bantu tribes of Africa by the Rev. Robert Hamill Nassau, LL. D., for many years a missionary among the Fans. The part relating to the religions of India and the Far East was compiled by the writer of this preface, in part from the catalogue of the Musée Guimet of Paris, the arrangement of which has been substantially followed. The invaluable work of Dr. J. J. M. De Groot, repub- lished in a French translation by the MusCe Guimet (An- nales, Tomes I 1-1 z), under the title Les Fêtes AnnueZZe- 3 4 PREFACE. ment ctlebrés ci Emoui (Amoy), astudy concerning the popular religion of the Chinese, has also been freely drawn upon, as well as The Chirtese Reader's ManunZ, by Mr. I William Frederick Mayers. RELIGION OF ANCIENT EGYPT. The,Committee on the Exhibition desire to express their thanks to all who have aided in their work, especially HE gods of Egypt, like those of other branches of the tothe Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian T human family, owed their origin to anaïve observation Church, and to the Musee Guimet of Paris, whose publi- of natural phenomena. The Egyptians believed that every cations have been the incentive of and a most important part of nature was ruled by a governing life manifested in its activities. Not only heaven and earth, the sun, the aid in the formation of the collection. STEWARTCULIN. planets, and the Nile, but every locality and everything subject to the laws of birth, growth, and decay, down to Universi0 of PennsyZvania. manufactured objects were considered by them as endowed February 22d, 1892. with a life which was deified and worshiped. Even the mummy bandages had apresiding divinity, Taït,and amulets were supposed to emanate from a god-hIata. Atthe opening of thehistorical period the abstract functions of nature, such as the Creative Power, Truth, Intelligence, etc., had already been deified,, and there is every reason tu believe that the oneness of the divine life- giving power had been recognized by the thinking Egyp- tians. But thatrecognition never reached the form of a national religion, and whilst the monotheistic worshipers at Memphis prayed to the only God, Creator of Heaven and Earth, under the name of Ptah, the monotheistic worshipers at Thebes implored him under that of Amon, and at Heliopolis he was worshiped under that of Ra. More: over this tendency to monotheism in no way excluded the worship of other gods. In thetendency to an amalgamation of the principal local divinitiesinto, a national pantheon, which is ob- servable with the consolidation of the Empire of Egypt by Mena, cosmic cycles of gods, known as Enneads, in- cluding the great gods of Heliopolis and Abydbs,came into existence. These are found in all the great religious 5 RELIGION OF ANCIENTEGYPT. 6 RELIGION OF ANCIENT EGYPT. 7 centres of the land, and meant, as they probablyorigi- sacred to Uati, the tutelary goddess of the North, was the symbol of NorthernEgypt. Thecat or lioness-headed nally were, to include the plurality of the divine powers \’ in a mystic number, in each locality the Ennead is headed goddesses, such as Bast, goddess of Bubastis, Sekhet, by the chief deity of the place. who with Ptah and Imhotep or Nofertum was worshiped With the prevalence of solar worship nearly all the great at Memphis, Tefnut,the daughter of Rä, one of the Egyptian gods assumed a rôle in the solar myth which in divine cycle of Heliopolis, represented heat and light. time more or less confused and overshadowed their original The following objects are selected from theEgyptian character. Thus Osiris, the Lord of the Under-world, be- Section of the Museum of the University : came thedead sun. Horus, Lord of the Upper Space, i OSIRIS,seated. Bronze. , Height, 7.625 inches. whose eye was the sun,”became’the sun itself. Amon, I. the Lord of the Harvest, became Amon Rä. Sebek, the TheHades of theEgyptians. Originally 1,ord ofAbydos was Lord of the Swamp, became Sebek Rä, etc., etc. More- almost universally worshiped throughout the land, as typifying Life in Death.With the development of solarworship, the dead Sun be- over, with the development of symbolism, compound dei- came Osiris whothen assumed a solar character. He is the type of ties were gradually formed, in which several divine attri- divineand human goodness. In mythology he strugglesagainst the butes or functihns became blended into one by a religious destructivepowers of theearth personified by Set,who for a time metaphor, No. 16 of this catalogue is an interesting overpowers him. But his sister-wife Isis, the Nature Goddess, gathers example of the process, as it represents Ptah-Sokar-Osiris; his remains and of his essence after death produces Horus the Child. Horus the Avenger continues the struggle, and in turn overpowers the Kheper-Knum, and typifies in a most complex symbol the adversary of his father. The myth is also a solar myth, and the eternal creative power which preserves the germ of life in death struggle of life and death, of light and darkness is dealt with in many and brings it forth renewed through eternal transformation. varying forms. Indeed, the gieat historical gods of Egypt &re not merely Man atdeath appeared before the tribunal of Osiris and,in later attributes of the divine life-giving power, they each are times, was judged according to his merits after vindicating himself of forty-two mortal sins. Thenhaving been declared just, he became that power itself in one of its manifestations and under Osiris himself and was free to hegin his transformations at will, and one of its names. reached apotheosis. The goddesses generally represent the activity of the god with whom they are connected, and intheir relation to him 2. OSIRIS,standing on pedestal. Bronze. Height, 6.5 play a double rôle as mother and as daughter. They are inches. the space in which the divine life engenders itself and the 3. OSIRIS,standing. Bronze. Height, 5.625 inches. cow is their symbol. They are also the light and the heat 4. OSIRIS,standing. Bronze. Height, 3 inches. by which the life and light-giving god manifests himself. 5. ISIS, seated, holdingHorus on her lap. Bronze. As such they are called the ‘6 Eye of Ra.” Some of them are endowed with wings with which they are said to pro- Height, 6.5 inches. duce light. The vulture, the symbol of Nekheb, thetu- See No. I, Osiris. telary deity of El Kab, on thesouthern limit of Upper Egypt, was the symbol of motherhood, and as such was the 6. ISIS,seated, holding Horus as above. Limestone. head-dress worn by many of the goddesses, whilst the asp, Height, 8.25 inches. 8 RELIGION OF ANCIENTEGYPT. RELIGION OF ANCIENT EGYPT. 9 7. ISIS, as above. Bronze. Height, 6 inches. Thè good example of the t‘endency to amalgamation which is par- ticularly evident in the Egyptian pantheon in later times. The combi- 8. ISIS,as above. Bronze. Height, 3.125 inches. nation of Ptah-Sokar-Osiris dates, however, from very early times, and is foundin the early Necropolis. Ptah,the great god of Memphis, g. ISIS,as above. Bronze. Height, 4 inches. was‘ originally like Osiris and Sokar, ‘6 God of the Dead.” He was IO. ISIS,standing erect with her arms extended down- represented under this deformed shape probably with the notion that it ward. Wood. Height, 13.625 inches. approached that of the embryo. In this form he typified life in death, the germwhich is transformed, anggradually symbols accumulate II. HARPEKHRUTI.Horus the Child, seated, with around him. He often,as in thiscase, wears the scarab Kheper on finger at mouth. Bronze. Height, 5.25 inches. his head as a symbol of transformation, of the ‘‘ becoming,” which iden- tifies him in solar worship with the ‘‘ new-born sun.” He is also asso- The Harpocrate5 of theGreeks, who misunderstood the Egyptian ciatedwith the ram-headed god Knum, the demi-urgos, who creates conventional rendering of the idea of infancy-i. e., the carrying of the men on the potter’s wheel.

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