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Assessment of the Telecommunication Services Sector in CARICOM: Convergence Issues at the Regional and International Level

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Assessment of the Telecommunication Services Sector in CARICOM: Convergence Issues at the Regional and International Level Caribbean Regional Negotiating Machinery Assessment of the Telecommunication Services Sector in CARICOM: Convergence Issues at the Regional and International Level Peter A. Stern Report prepared for the CRNM under IDB/MIF (TC No. ATN/MT-8694-RG) June 2006 Revised August 2007 Table of Contents Foreword 1 Acronyms 2 INTRODUCTION 5 I. THE CURRENT STATE OF THE TELECOMMUNICATIONS IN THE CARIBBEAN 8 I.1 Introduction 8 I.2 Status of the telecommunications industry in the CARICOM countries 11 I.2.1 Regulatory frameworks and institutional arrangements 11 I.2.2 Infrastructure 18 I.2.3 Competitiveness 20 I.3 Technological and other changes in the sector 21 I.3.1 Transmission technologies 21 I.3.2 Switching technologies: Voice over Internet Protocol 20 I.4 Role of telecommunications in delivery of other services and creation of new services 25 I.5 Barriers to investment in ICT 28 I.5.1 Introduction 28 I.5.2 Price of telecommunications services in the Caribbean 29 a. Retail prices 29 b. Wholesale prices 38 I.5.3 Weaknesses in the organization and functioning of regulatory institutions 46 a. Regulating in a competitive environment where one operator is dominant 46 b. Scope for political interference in the regulatory process 47 c. Insufficient specialized resources 48 d. Lack of experience in dispute resolution 49 I.5.4 Unpredictable and sometimes unstable regulatory frameworks 50 I.5.5 Absence of harmonised policies and regulations in the region 51 I.5.6 Barriers to cross-border financial services 53 II. THE ROLE AND STATUS OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND ICTs IN CARICOM 55 II.1 Introduction 55 II.2 Current Structure for Telecommunications and ICTs in CARICOM 55 II.2.1 Introduction 55 II.2.2 Conference of Heads of Government of CARICOM 56 II.2.3 Meetings of Ministers with Responsibility for ICTs 57 II.2.4 CARICOM Sub-Group on Telecommunications 58 II.2.5 CARICOM Secretariat 59 II.2.6 Caribbean Regional Negotiating Machinery (CRNM) 61 i Table of Contents II.2.7 Caribbean Telecommunications Union CTU 62 II.3 Other Regional Telecommunications and ICT Organizations 62 II.3.1 Caribbean Association of National Telecommunication Organisations (CANTO) 62 II.3.2 CARICOM Centre for Development Administration (CARICAD) 63 II.3.3 Caribbean Learning and Knowledge Network (CKLN) 63 II.3.4 Eastern Caribbean Telecommunications Authority (ECTEL) 64 II.4 National Initiatives 65 II.4.1 Antigua & Barbuda 65 II.4.2 The Bahamas 65 II.4.3 Barbados 66 II.4.4 Belize 66 II.4.5 ECTEL Treaty States 67 II.4.6 Guyana 67 II.4.7 Jamaica 67 II.4.8 Trinidad & Tobago 68 II.5 Summary Points 68 III. ICTs IN REGIONAL INTEGRATION 70 III.1 Introduction 70 III.2 The European Union’s Framework for Electronic Communications Networks and Services 70 III.3 The Asia-Pacific Telecommunity (APT) 74 IV. CARICOM AND TRADE IN TELECOMMUNICATIONS 77 IV.1 Current trade negotiations involving the CARICOM Member States 77 IV.1.1 Introduction 77 IV.1.2 WTO Commitments and the Doha Development Agenda 77 IV.1.3 Plurilateral Requests to Expedite Services Negotiations and Liberalize Market Access 82 IV.1.4 CARIFORUM-European Union (EU) negotiations for an Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) 84 IV.1.5 Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) 84 IV.2 Conclusions and recommendations 85 V RECOMMENDATIONS ON ACTIONS TO PROMOTE REGIONAL INTEGRATION IN ICT AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS 87 V.1 Introduction 87 V.2 Recommendations 88 Recommendation No. 1 Harmonize Telecommunications and ICT Policies, Laws And Regulations in CARICOM 88 Recommendation No. 2 Establish a Permanent Framework for Regional Collaboration among Telecommunications Regulators, Policy Makers and Academics 89 ii Table of Contents Recommendation No. 3 Empowering the Private Sector to take a More Active Role in Shaping Policy on Free Trade Negotiations and Regional Integration 93 Recommendation No. 4 Create Market Access Legal Platform for Local Commerce and Cross-Border Trade 94 V.3 Conclusions: Raising Awareness in Order to Engage All CARICOM Constituencies in Creating a Competitive Regional Information Society 98 BIBLIOGRAPHY AND INFORMATION SOURCES 99 ANNEXES 103 1 Summary of WTO Telecommunications Commitments on Market Access, National Treatment and Regulatory and Trade Principles and Current (May 2006) Situation in the Sector 104 2 Mobile Operators and Submarine Cable Systems in the Caribbean 126 3 Technology overview 133 4 Terms of reference of project 139 TABLES 1 Population, per capita GDP, fixed and mobile telephone penetration and Internet access in the CARICOM Member States 10 2 The Situation in 1997 and 1998: Market structure and WTO Commitments of CARICOM Members and the Dominican Republic 15 3 The current (2005) situation with respect to market access in CARICOM Members and the Dominican Republic 17 4 Comparison of international telephone calling charges from various countries in the Caribbean to some selected destinations (in US$/min.) 31 5 Comparison of monthly charges for entry level broadband Internet access (installation and activation not included) 35 6 Comparison of monthly charges for middle range broadband Internet access (installation and activation not included) 36 7 Comparison of monthly charges for upper range broadband Internet access (installation and activation not included) 38 8 Comparison of prices for international private leased circuits (IPLC) on fibre optic cables (US $) 41 9 Prices for domestic leases (in US$) 42 10 Wholesale prices for internet transit services from various points in the Caribbean (in US $) 43 FIGURES 1 Growth of Fixed and Mobile Telephones in North America (Canada and USA) and in the CARICOM Member States 18 2 Main line telephone penetration in the CARICOM Member States (1995, 2000 and 2005) 19 iii Table of Contents 3 Mobile penetration in the CARICOM Member States (1995, 2000 and 2005) 20 4 BWA with satellite backhaul 22 5 Jamaica: Evolution of C&W’s international calling charges (in US$/min) 33 6 Jamaica: Evolution of C&W’s line rental charges (in US$/month) 33 7 Comparison of per minute fixed termination charges for local peak time call charges (in US $) 45 8 Comparison of per minute fixed termination charges for regional peak time call charges (in US $) 45 9 European Union: Weighted average of local and national long distance charges for a 3 minute call in the 25 member countries 47 BOXES 1 C&W’s Licence Conditions in the Caribbean before Liberalization 11 2 General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) 13 3 Digital Products Supplied/Delivered Online (CAFTA –DR) 26 4 Complementary services that may be negotiated on a sectoral basis 27 5 The 10 principles for a modern national regulatory framework for the ICT sector 60 6 The European Union’s Harmonized Framework for Electronic Communications Networks and Services (2002) 72 7 The 1984 Action Plan of the European Council of Telecommunications Ministers 73 8 Additional Priority Programs of the Asia-Pacific Telecommunity 76 9 Telecommunications Services Collective Request 83 10 Respective Roles of Some UWI Departments in Leverage Synergies in ICTs, Telecommunications, Trade in Services, and Entrepreneurship 92 iv FOREWORD This research report results from an initiative of the Caribbean Regional Negotiating Machinery (CRNM) with the support of the Inter-American Development Bank Multilateral Investment Fund (IDB-MIF) to address the problem of the weak involvement of the private sector in the regional effort to negotiate bilateral and multilateral free trade agreements and to advance the process of regional integration through the CARICOM Single Market and Economy (CSME). The private sector in the Caribbean has inadequate knowledge of trade policy issues and about their far- reaching implications in determining the ability of Caribbean firms to compete in local and international markets. In addition, most firms with the exception of a handful of multinationals, are not organized to make any effective contribution to the process. This is a problem because firstly, without informed private sector contributions, the CRNM and governments often lack the detailed sector, production and trade data that is necessary for analyzing, and choosing among different negotiating options in the various subject areas of the negotiations; secondly, without an effective voice, the private sector cannot properly influence the negotiations and cannot, therefore, articulate and promote its own interests in a process whose outcome can have far- reaching consequences for Caribbean economies in general and for business performance in particular. Hence, the importance of the private sector’s active involvement in defining regional positions regarding telecommunications and information and communication technologies in the region. The general objective of the CRNM/IDB-MIF programme (No. ATN/MT-8694-RG) is to maximize the benefits of bilateral, multilateral, and regional trade and economic agreements by integrating and mobilizing the private sector and combining its valuable human and financial resources more fully into the region’s external trade and negotiation and internal integration processes. The initiative consists of strengthening: (i) the technical capabilities of the CRNM through a program of policy studies; and (ii) the negotiating capabilities of the Caribbean member states through a program of training. The specific objective of this study report and the Green Paper which accompanies it is to support the CRNM/IDB-MIF initiative for the telecommunications and ICT sectors, considered by many as vital to the diversification of the economies in the Caribbean away
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