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At Risk, Yet Dismissed the Criminal Victimisation of People with Mental Health Problems

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At Risk, Yet Dismissed the Criminal Victimisation of People with Mental Health Problems At risk, yet dismissed The criminal victimisation of people with mental health problems Bridget Pettitt | Sian Greenhead | Hind Khalifeh | Vari Drennan | Tina Hart | Jo Hogg | Rohan Borschmann | Emma Mamo | Paul Moran At risk, yet dismissed | page 2 Acknowledgements First and foremost we would like to thank the The research was coordinated by Victim Support, participants in the research who gave up their time to Bridget Pettitt, Laurie Bell and Sian Greenhead who answer our questions and to share their experiences. We also conducted the qualitative research, advised and would like to thank the staff in various organisations who supported by Professor Vari Drennan, St Georges, participated in the research themselves, helped to recruit London and Kingston University. Emma Mamo from participants to the study and provided meeting spaces: Mind supported the recruitment of research participants Community Mental Health Teams, South London and and provided advice throughout the project. The Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, and Camden and research study team at the Institute of Psychiatry at Islington NHS Foundation Trust, local Minds – especially King's College London, led by Dr Paul Moran was made Hillingdon Mind and Telford Mind – Victim Support up of Dr Kimberley Dean, Tina Hart, Rohan Borschmann teams, Rethink Mental Illness, Bournemouth People and Jo Hogg. The research team from University College First, Redbridge Concern for Mental Health, Emergence, London was led by Dr Hind Khalifeh, with assistance AVA (Against Violence and Abuse) and Leicestershire from Kirsty Collins and Megan Lawrence, and academic Police. supervision from Dr David Osborn, Professor Sonia Johnson and Professor Louise Howard. Thanks are Thanks are also due to our Advisory Group who offered also due to Liz Kwast, Stephen Gerard Scullion, Hannah support, comment and helpful advice throughout the Green and Lucie Cooper. project: Chief Constable Simon Cole and Siobhan Barber, ACPO; Kevin Huish, Police Federation; Jackie Kerr The project was funded by the Big Lottery Fund, with and Rose Thompson, Crown Prosecution Service; Janet additional funding from the Medical Research Council. Davies and Matthew Lees, Department of Health; Julie Clouder, Victims’ Commissioner’s Office and Ministry of We would like to acknowledge the Home Office Justice Victim and Witness Unit; Jackie Driver, Equality Research, Development and Statistics Directorate, the and Human Rights Commission; Dr Louise Ellison, Leeds Office for National Statistics, BMRB Social Research, UK University; Matilda MacAttram, Black Mental Health; Data Archive and Crown Copyright for providing access Rachel Spearing, Disability Committee, General Council to data. The above parties bear no responsibility for the of the Bar; Dr Tony Zigmond and Brendan O’Mahony, analysis or interpretation of British Crime Survey data Registered Intermediary. presented in this study. We would also like to thank the members of the Mental Health and Justice Researchers Group who have supported, advised and inspired us throughout the project: Mirella Issaias, Anne Kane, Jenna, Sam Mukhopadhyay, Charmaine Pompey, and Susan Young. Contents | page 3 Contents 04 Foreword 06 Executive summary 12 1 | Introduction 12 1.1 Background 14 1.2 About the study 15 1.3 Methods 16 2 | Findings from the quantitative survey 16 2.1 About our sample 18 2.2 Victimisation in the last year 19 2.3 Domestic and sexual violence 20 2.4 Impact of victimisation 20 2.5 Disclosure of victimisation 21 2.6 Help received and wanted: unmet needs 22 2.7 Risk factors for victimisation among people with SMI 22 2.8 Fear of crime and feelings of safety 22 2.9 Attitudes towards the police 24 3 | Findings from the qualitative research 24 3.1 About the sample 25 3.2 Types of crime 25 3.3 Perpetrators 26 3.4 Impact of crime 28 3.5 Participants’ perceptions of why they were victimised 30 3.6 Victims’ experiences of the police 31 3.6.1 Factors that helped the person to report the crime 32 3.6.2 Barriers to reporting to the police 33 3.6.3 Positive experiences of the police 36 3.6.4 Negative experiences of the police 40 3.6.5 Future reporting to police 41 3.7 Experience of court 41 3.7.1 Enablers – good experiences of court 42 3.7.2 Barriers – poor experiences of court 43 3.8 How victims sought help from non-criminal justice agencies 43 3.8.1 Help seeking enablers 46 3.8.2 Barriers to seeking help 50 3.8.3 Positive experiences of seeking help 53 3.8.4 Negative experiences of seeking help 57 3.9 Professionals’ perspectives 57 3.9.1 Understanding of victimisation 57 3.9.2 Challenges faced by victims 59 3.9.3 Challenges faced by professionals 59 3.9.4 Good practice examples 62 4 | Conclusion 64 5 | Key findings and recommendations 72 Appendix 1 | Methodology 74 Appendix 2 | Glossary 76 Appendix 3 | Tables and data 82 References At risk, yet dismissed | page 4 Foreword Javed Khan Paul Farmer Chief Executive, Victim Support Chief Executive, Mind This report is as timely as it is disturbing. That At Mind, we believe people with mental health some of the most vulnerable people become so problems have the same rights to justice often victims of crime and yet feel so frequently and equality as anyone. Our Another Assault let down is nothing short of a national scandal. campaign in 2007 aimed to tackle the barriers There is an emerging consensus that urgent people with mental health problems face when change is needed to protect those with mental accessing justice, and achieved key policy health problems who find themselves in custody changes within the Criminal Justice System or crisis. This research shows how critical it is that including new training and guidance within the the same energy and focus is brought to bear police and Crown Prosecution Service. on the plight of victims who have mental health problems. These are people whose stories are Five years on, this research still paints a stark ignored or disbelieved, their needs left unmet, reality of the situation for people with mental their psychological scars left unhealed. health problems. It gives concrete evidence that people with mental health problems are at risk of Once again, the criminal justice system has all types of crime, are being repeatedly attacked been shown to be ill equipped to respond to and are far more likely to be victims of a crime a vulnerable group. Once again, the solution is than those without a mental health problem. Far bigger than one agency or organisation. too many people are not being believed, and are receiving a poor service when they try to get We need a national debate involving all of us to the support they need. As one described in the consider how best to respond to these findings report, they feel like "they are being thrown out and when we do so, we must humbly learn to the wolves". from the lessons of the past. To make a real and sustained difference, changes to policy and This research is a call to action for all services working practices must have a clear goal in sight, to improve the way we respond to people with must be strategic and must be focused on those mental health problems who have been victims in greatest need of help. Change must be urgent of crime. As one in four of us will experience a yet coordinated, across agencies and across mental health problem in any given year, this is sectors to ensure progress in one area is not an issue that can’t be ignored or dismissed. wasted or undermined by inaction in another. At Victim Support we look forward to working with others to ensure this report does not just mark the end of a piece of research, but the beginning of a process of lasting reform. Foreword | page 5 Mental Health and Justice Researchers group The researchers group is made up of six Whilst it is promising to read about some people who have personal experiences of victims having good experiences it is victimisation and mental health problems. We noticeable how much of a lottery it is for are a passionate group of people from various people with mental health problems when backgrounds and walks of life and getting they report or seek help in terms of the involved has meant taking time away from responses they receive. The challenge now is our lives to contribute to this very worthwhile to try and implement positive changes so that piece of research. We joined at the start of people consistently receive good support from the study and have met regularly to provide the services and individuals they go to for help. guidance and to ensure that experiences of people with mental health problems is at the The research has shown that this is not just heart of this work. about one service upping their game, but that improvements are needed across the board, People with mental health problems are too from criminal justice agencies, to mental often silenced or ignored. This role has helped health services, to voluntary and community us try and redress some of the injustices we sector services to housing services. encountered when we were victims of crime and to try to build something positive out of The effects of crime are long lasting and very difficult times in our lives. Drawing on far reaching. They cut across all areas of a our own experience, we have raised concerns, person’s life and therefore the responsibility shared positive practice and talked directly to for supporting victims with mental health key professionals. We hope we have helped to problems is everyone’s business.
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