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Women's Safety Audit in Public Transport in Lahore

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Women's Safety Audit in Public Transport in Lahore Women’s Safety Audit in Public Transport in Lahore Let's Make Public Transport Safer for Women and Girls Women’s Safety Audit in Public Transport in Lahore 1 Women’s Safety Audit in Public Transport in Lahore 2 Women’s Safety Audit in Public Transport in Lahore Women’s Safety Audit in Public Transport in Lahore 3 CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 7 ACRONYMS 8 ADVISORY AND STEERING COMMITTEES 9 MESSAGES MESSAGE FROM THE SECRETARY, WOMEN’S DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT 11 MESSAGE FROM UN WOMEN PAKISTAN 12 MESSAGE FROM AURAT FOUNDATION 13 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 15 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 19 1.1: VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS 19 1.2: INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT 20 1.3: PURPOSE OF THE STudY 20 1.4: PROJECT OVERSIGHT AND ACTIVITIES 20 1.4.1: Coordination and oversight 20 1.4.2 Overview of activities 23 CHAPTER 2: DESK REVIEW 25 2.1: INTERNATIONAL COMMITMENTS 25 2.2: CONSTITUTION AND NATIONAL LAWS 28 2.3: PROVINCIAL LAWS AND POLICIES 29 2.4: PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES 30 2.5: NGOS AND RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS 33 2.6: IDENTIFIED GAPS 35 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 37 3.1: RATIONALE AND METHODS 37 3.2: METHODS AND SAMPLING 37 3.2.1 Perception survey 37 3.2.2 Key informant interviews 40 3.2.3 Focus group discussions 40 3.2.4 Safety walks 41 3.3: DATA COLLECTION 42 3.3.1: Orientation of field enumerators 42 3.3.2: Ethical considerations 42 3.4: DATA ANALYSIS 43 4 Women’s Safety Audit in Public Transport in Lahore CHAPTER 4: RESULTS 45 4.1: PERCEPTION SURVEY OF WOMEN USING PUBLIC TRANSPORT 45 4.1.1: Demographic profile 45 4.1.2: Safety concerns at bus stops 47 4.1.3: Types of sexual harassment at bus stops 48 4.1.4: Factors leading to harassment at bus stops 50 4.1.5: Security at bus stops 52 4.1.6: Safety concerns on LTC and Metro buses 53 4.1.7: Types of sexual harassment on buses 54 4.1.8: Perpetrators of sexual harassment on buses 54 4.1.9: Responses to harassment on buses 55 4.1.10: Police response to harassment complaints 56 4.1.11: Attitude of bus drivers and conductors 57 4.1.12 Awareness of pro-women laws 58 4.1.13: Towards women-friendly public transport 58 4.2: SAFETY WALK EVALUATIONS OF BUS STOPS 59 4.2.1: Lighting 59 4.2.2: Visibility 60 4.2.3: Busy and isolated areas 61 4.2.4: Police presence and visibility from outside 62 4.2.5: Maintenance 63 4.2.6: Signage 64 4.2.7: Accessibility for persons with disabilities 65 4.2.8: Accommodating women’s specific needs at bus stops 66 4.2.9: Escape routes 67 4.3: CRIME DATA ANALYSIS 69 4.3.1: Types of harassment reported 70 4.4: PERCEPTIONS OF BUS STAFF 75 4.4.1: Demographic profile of bus staff 75 4.4.2: Bus staff perceptions of types of sexual harassment at bus stops 76 4.4.3: Bus staff perceptions of factors leading towards sexual harassment at bus stops 77 4.4.4: Bus staff perceptions of types of sexual harassment on buses 78 4.4.5: Bus staff perceptions of perpetrators of sexual harassment 79 4.4.6: Bus staff reaction towards incidents of harassment 79 4.4.7: Bus staff perceptions of the role of the police 80 4.4.8: Bus staff suggestions regarding gender sensitization 81 4.4.9: Gender trainings attended by bus staff 82 4.4.10: Bus staff awareness of pro-women laws 82 4.4.11: Bus staff perceptions of required facilities for women 83 4.5: KEY INFORMANT INTERVIEWS 83 4.5.1: Safety risks on public transport 83 4.5.2: Safety issues at bus stops 84 4.5.3: Determinants restricting female mobility 85 4.5.4: Impact of sexual harassment on public transport 86 4.5.5: Role of public and private institutions in preventing sexual harassment 86 4.5.6: Existing laws, policies and mechanisms for women’s safety on public transportation 87 Women’s Safety Audit in Public Transport in Lahore 5 4.6: FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSIONS 88 4.6.1: Women’s and girls’ fears in public spaces 88 4.6.2: Facilities for women with special needs 88 4.6.3: Perspectives on feeling empowered to travel safely 89 4.6.4: Perpetrators of sexual harassment 90 4.6.5: Gaps and needs in public transport and public spaces 90 4.6.6: Creating a safe environment on public transport 92 CHAPTER 5: SUMMARY OF KEY SAFETY AUDIT FINDINGS 95 CHAPTER 6: RECOMMENDATIONS 101 ANNEXES 105 TABLES Table 3.1: Distribution of respondents in selected categories 39 Table 3.2: Number of observers by bus stop 42 Table 4.1: Distribution of sample by age, education, family income and occupation 45 Table 4.2: Types of sexual harassment faced by women at bus stops, by bus service 48 Table 4.3: Types of sexual harassment according to various data sources 49 Table 4.4: Factors leading to sexual harassment at bus stops, by bus service 50 Table 4.5: Sexual harassment experienced by women, by bus service 53 Table 4.6: Perception of women commuters about types of harassment on buses, by bus service 54 Table 4.7: Women’s perceptions of perpetrators 55 Table 4.8: Response of women facing harassment 56 Table 4.9: Response of women facing harassment by age group 56 Table 4.10: Attitude of bus drivers and conductors 57 Table 4.11: Recommendations on making bus drivers and conductors gender sensitive 58 Table 4.12: Awareness of pro-women laws 58 Table 4.13: Commuter suggestions on women-friendly public transport 59 Table 4.14: Safety walk evaluation of bus stop lighting, by time of day 60 Table 4.15: Visibility of women standing at a bus stop, by time of day 61 Table 4.16: Bus stop environment, by time of day 62 Table 4.17: Police presence and visibility from outside, by time of day 63 Table 4.18: Maintenance and cleanliness of bus stops 64 Table 4.19: Signage and graffiti 65 Table 4.20: Accessibility for persons with disability at bus stops 66 Table 4.21: Accommodating women’s specific needs at bus stops 67 Table 4.22: Escape routes at bus stops 67 Table 4.23: Areas where harassment was reported and nearest bus stop 69 Table 4.24: Types of sexual harassment reported in FIRs (percentage) 70 Table 4.25: Perception of women commuters about the types of harassment at bus stops 72 Table 4.26: Marital status and age of bus staff 75 Table 4.27: Bus staff perceptions of types of harassment at bus stops, by bus service 76 Table 4.28: Bus staff perceptions of factors leading towards sexual harassment at bus stops 77 Table 4.29: Bus staff perceptions of types of harassment on buses, by bus service 78 6 Women’s Safety Audit in Public Transport in Lahore Table 4.30: Bus staff perceptions of harassers, on buses and at bus stops 79 Table 4.31: Bus staff reaction towards incidents of harassment 80 Table 4.32: Bus staff perceptions of the role of the police 80 Table 4.33: Bus staff recommendations on enhancing gender sensitization 82 Table 4.34: Bus staff attending gender training 82 Table 4.35: Bus staff awareness of pro-women laws 82 Table 4.36: Bus staff awareness of Pakistan Penal Code Section 509 83 FIGURES Figure 3.1: Distribution of sample 38 Figure 4.1: Purpose of travel 46 Figure 4.2: Use of travel card 47 Figure 4.3: Women’s perception of harassment at bus stops by occupation 48 Figure 4.4: Types of sexual harassment faced by women at bus stop by age group 49 Figure 4.5: Factors leading to sexual harassment at bus stops by educational level 52 Figure 4.6: Perceptions of security at bus stops 52 Figure 4.7: Perceptions of security at bus stops by occupation 53 Figure 4.8: Police response to harassment complaints 57 Figure 4.9: Perception of women commuters about safety risks at bus stops 74 Figure 4.10: Perception of women commuters about sexual harassment at bus stops 74 Figure 4.11: Educational qualifications of bus staff 75 Figure 4.12: Bus staff perceptions of types of sexual harassment at bus stops 76 Figure 4.13: Bus staff perceptions of factors leading to harassment, by bus service 77 Figure 4.14: Bus staff perceptions of types of harassment on buses 78 Figure 4.15: Bus staff perceptions of the role of the police, by bus service 81 Figure 4.16: Bus staff recommendations on enhancing gender sensitization, by bus service 81 Figure 4.17: Bus staff perceptions of required facilities for women 83 Women’s Safety Audit in Public Transport in Lahore 7 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study was designed and commissioned by Women’s Development Department, Punjab, and UN Women Pakistan, and carried out by Aurat Foundation under the technical supervision of Bushra Aman, Secretary Women’s Development Department and Aisha Mukhtar, Programme Lead/ Unit Head, Violence Against Women, Governance and Human Rights, UN Women Pakistan. We would like to acknowledge the efforts of Mumtaz Mughal and her team, without which this study would not have been possible; Dr Ra’ana Malik, Team Lead Researcher, for technical contributions; Sibtay Hassan for the GIS crime data analysis; and officials and administration of the Punjab Transport Department, Lahore Transport Company and Metro Bus Authority for their full cooperation.
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