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Download Download ACTA UNIVERSITATIS CAROLINAE STUDIA TERRITORIALIA X 2 0 1 0 Č í s l o 1 ACTA UNIVERSITATIS CAROLINAE STUDIA TERRITORIALIA X 2010 1 UNIVERZITA KARLOVA V PRAZE NAKLADATELSTVÍ KAROLINUM 2011 Redakční rada Předseda: doc. PhDr. Jiří Vykoukal, CSc. Výkonný redaktor: PhDr. Jan Šír, Ph.D Interní členové/redakční kruh: Mgr. Jan Bečka, doc. PhDr. Miloš Calda, doc. PhDr. Michal Kubát, Ph.D., PhDr. Ondřej Matějka, PhDr. Tomáš Nigrin, Ph.D, prof. PhDr. Jiří Pešek, CSc., prof. PhDr. Lenka Rovná, CSc., doc. PhDr. Luboš Švec, CSc. Externí členové: Prof. Marek Bankowicz (Uniwersytet Jagielloński), Prof. Dr. Christoph Boyer (Universität Salzburg), Prof. Crister Garrett (Universität Leipzig), doc. PhDr. Jiří Kocian, CSc. (Ústav pro soudobé dějiny AV ČR), prof. PhDr. Jan Křen, DrSc. (emeritní profesor moderních dějin), doc. PhDr. Ilja Lemeškin, Ph.D. (FF UK), Prof. Iain McLean (Nuffield College, Oxford University), Prof. Dr. Marek Nekula (Universität Regensburg), Prof. Dietmar Neutatz (Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg), Prof. Alan Butt Phillip (Bath University), Prof. James F. Pontuso (Hampden-Sydney College), Prof. Jacques Rupnik (Science Po, Paris), doc. PhDr. Petr Svobodný, Ph.D. (Ústav dějin Univerzity Karlovy a Archiv Univerzity Karlovy), PhDr. Oldřich Tůma, Ph.D. (Ústav pro soudobé dějiny AV ČR), Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Wessels (Universität zu Köln) Časopis vychází s finanční podporou Výzkumného záměru UK FSV č. MSM0021620841 Rozvoj české společnosti v EU: rizika a výzvy. Elektronická verze: http://stuter.fsv.cuni.cz/ © Univerzita Karlova v Praze, Nakladatelství Karolinum, 2011 ISSN 1213-4449 OBSAH Studie ...................................................................................... 7 Francouzské „zákony paměti“ David Emler .......................................................................... 9 Tony Blair a devoluce: Vývoj skotských autonomních institucí za vlády New Labour 1997–2007 Zuzana Kasáková .................................................................. 29 Veřejné mínění a revoluce v roce 1830–1831 Karel Svoboda ..................................................................... 55 Politika a loajalita: Případ revolty britských konzervativních backbencherů v 90. letech Jan Váška .............................................................................. 81 Recenze ..................................................................................... 107 Zprávy....................................................................................... 165 O autorech .................................................................................. 177 Pokyny pro autory .......................................................................... 179 STUDIE 2010 ACTA UNIVERSITATIS CAROLINAE PAG. 9–28 STUDIA TERRITORIALIA 1 FRAncOUzSké „zákOny pAměTI“1 David Emler Abstract French “memory Laws” This article summarizes the historiographic debates over the so-called “memory laws” which were adopted in France between 1990 and 2005. These new laws punish the denial of the Shoah (Gayssot act, 1990), provide official recognition of the 1915 Armenian genocide (2001) as well as slave trade and slavery as crimes against humanity (Taubira act, 2001). Last but not least, new laws also deal with the French colonial past, demanding a positive assessment of French colonialism in school curricula (Mekachera act, 2005). The article covers controversies created by the laws, including the trial against French historian Olivier Pétré-Grenouilleau and the Liberté pour l’histoire petition against the “memory laws.” Keywords: France, law, history, historiography, memory Úvod Otázky týkající se dějin a paměti jsou v sociálních vědách v poslední době nanejvýš aktuálním tématem. Z rozličných důvodů se právě debata nad minulostí stala koncem dvacátého století jednou z předních veřejně diskutovaných otázek, rovněž však politickým zájmem. Argumentace minulými křivdami se totiž ukázala být účinnou zbraní na politickém kolbišti, a to jak ze strany obětí, respektive jejich (někdy velice vzdálených) potomků, tak ze strany politiků, kteří se velice rychle učí, jak v této oblasti získávat body ve svůj prospěch. Francouzské intelektuální prostředí bylo jedním z prvních, které začalo pro- blematiku paměti reflektovat. Po pracích sociologa Maurice Halbwachse z první poloviny dvacátého století, které však byly znovuobjeveny až v současném kon- 1 Tento článek byl realizován za podpory Grantové agentury Univerzity Karlovy v Praze (GAUK, projekt č. 31808). 9 textu,2 to byla zejména „Místa paměti“ (Lieux de mémoire), kolektivní dílo pod vedením historika Pierra Nory, která prakticky otevřela novou oblast zájmu spo- lečenských věd.3 Třetím paradigmatem paměti je ve francouzském prostředí dílo filosofa Paula Ricœura, které postuluje společnost nemocnou svojí minulostí.4 Tato společnost musí vykonat osvobozující „práci paměti“ (travail de mémoire), aby se dobrala tzv. „spravedlivé paměti“ (juste mémoire), která stojí v rovnováze mezi posedlostí vlastní minulostí a zapomněním. Problematika historie a paměti se ve Francii dotýká kromě akademické a po- litické také legislativní roviny. V letech 1990 až 2005 byly přijaty čtyři rozporuplné zákony, které se různým způsobem vyjadřovaly nejen k francouzské minulosti. Tyto normy byly posléze souhrnně označeny jako „zákony paměti“ (les lois mé- morielles). Staly se předmětem jak odborných (historiografických, právních), tak i celospolečenských debat. Obecně vzato mají tyto zákony jen velice málo společného – je to zejména kontroverze, kterou vyvolávaly ve francouzském a částečně i mezinárodním pro- středí. První z nich – zákon z 13. července 1990, řečený Gayssot – má za úkol bojo- vat proti antisemitismu a negacionismu rozšířením tiskového zákona z roku 1881. Druhý ze zákonů byl přijat 29. ledna 2001, o více než deset let později. Francie jím veřejně uznává arménskou genocidu z roku 1915. Společenskou debatu však rozvířily zejména zákony týkající se otázek koloniální minulosti Francie – uznání obchodu s otroky a otroctví jako zločinu proti lidskosti (zákon z 21. května 2001, řečený Taubira) a především pak zákon hovořící o „pozitivní roli francouzské pří- tomnosti v zámoří“ (zákon z 23. února 2005, řečený Mekachera). Ačkoliv jsou hlavním předmětem zájmu této stati zákony, nejedná se o pohled právní či politologický, ale zejména historiografický. Přestože byla problematika „zákonů paměti“ jako celku definována až retrospektivně v debatách roku 2005, postupuji ve svém článku v zájmu jasného pochopení vývoje chronologicky. Zabý- vám se pouze vnitrofrancouzskou akademickou debatou nad uvedenými zákony. Především zákony o uznání arménské genocidy a o pozitivním vlivu francouzské kolonizace vyvolaly též zahraničněpolitické reakce, ty však nejsou předmětem zá- jmu této stati. Kromě samotných „zákonů paměti“ se věnuji rovněž aféře historika Oliviera Pétré-Grenouilleau a výzvě Liberté pour l’histoire („Svoboda pro historii“), 2 Maurice Halbwachs, Les cadres sociaux de la mémoire (Paris: Alcan, 1925). Maurice Halbwachs, La mémoire collective (Paris: PUF, 1950), česky kolektivní paměť (Praha: SLON, 2009). 3 Pierre Nora, ed., Les lieux de mémoire. La République (Paris: Gallimard, 1984). Pierre Nora, ed., Les lieux de mémoire. La Nation (Paris: Gallimard, 1987). Pierre Nora, ed., Les lieux de mémoire. Les France (Paris: Gallimard, 1992). 4 Paul Ricœur, La mémoire, l’histoire, l’oubli (Paris: Seuil, 2000). 10 požadující zrušení všech „zákonů paměti“, protože s problematikou velmi úzce souvisejí. zákon z 13. července 1990, řečený Gayssot Zákon č. 90-615 z 13. července 19905 „usilující o potlačení každého rasistic- kého, antisemitského či xenofobního činu“, pojmenovaný po svém navrhovateli, komunistickém poslanci Jeanu-Claudovi Gayssotovi, je první ze série. Přijímání tohoto zákona nebylo příliš hladké, Senát jej třikrát odmítl, než byl přehlasován Národním shromážděním. Zákon Gayssot zejména vkládá do zákona o svobodě tisku z 29. července 1881 článek 24bis následujícího znění: „Budou potrestáni (…) ti, kteří by zpochybňovali (…) existenci jednoho nebo více zločinů proti lidskosti, které jsou definovány článkem 6 statutu mezinárod- ního vojenského tribunálu, připojeným k Londýnské dohodě z 8. srpna 1945…“ Již v okamžiku svého vzniku se zákon Gayssot setkal s nezanedbatelnou kriti- kou, a to nejen ze strany revizionistů, proti kterým byl namířen. Vyslovili se pro- ti němu např. historici Jean-Pierre Azéma, Pierre Vidal-Naquet, spisovatel Alain Robbe-Grillet či filosof Paul Ricœur. Nejlépe však shrnula soudobé výhrady k zá- konu z 13. července 1990 v mnohokrát citovaném článku „Genocida, soudce a his- torik“ Madeleine Rébériouxová.6 Hlavním argumentem akademických odpůrců zákona Gayssot je fakt, že re- vizionisté byli bez jakýchkoliv problémů souzeni již dávno před přijetím tohoto předpisu s pomocí obecných zákonů. Např. v roce 1981 byl Robert Faurisson, je- den z nejznámějších francouzských popíračů šoa,7 odsouzen za „veřejnou urážku na cti“ za tvrzení, že „domnělé plynování a domnělá židovská genocida nejsou ni- čím jiným než historickou lží, která umožnila obrovský politicko-finanční podvod, jehož hlavními příjemci jsou stát Izrael a mezinárodní sionismus“.8 Co je však pod- statné – soud se nezabýval „historickou pravdou“, tj. existencí plynových komor, ale urážkou paměti společenství. A k tomu dodal: „Tribunál považuje za nutné upřesnit, že mu nepřísluší potvrzovat historii.“9 „Zákon vynucuje zákazy, vydává 5 Oficiální znění zákona na internetových stránkách francouzské státní správy http://www.legifrance .gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000532990&dateTexte=
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