DOCSLIB.ORG

EXHIBIT 3 Coastal Area Plan

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
EXHIBIT 3 Coastal Area Plan EXHIBIT 3 Coastal Area Plan Phase 2C Amendments to the Local Coastal Program See next page for a list of the amended sections County of Ventura Planning Com mission Hearing PLlT-0083 Exhibit 3 - Proposed Coastal Area Plan in Legislative Format EXHIBIT 3 Coastal Area Plan Phase 2C Amendments to the Local Coastal Program See next page for a list of the amended sections. County of Ventura • PLANNING COMMISSION HEARING • PL 17-0083 EXHIBIT 3 COASTAL AREA PLAN • Page 3-i List of amended sections: • Section 1.3 – Relationship to Other County General Plan Documents • Section 4.1.3 – Environmentally Sensitive Habitat Areas: Contains a package of new and revised goals, policies and programs for ESHA. • Section 4.1.5 – Tree Protection: Minor amendments are proposed to existing regulations. • Section 4.1.7 – Visual Resources: Existing policies 7 and 8 for the Santa Monica Mountains were moved to this section. • Section 4.1.8 – Water Efficient Landscaping: A minor amendment is proposed to address irrigation systems in an ESHA buffer zone. Three sections that currently address ESHA will be deleted and replaced by Section 4.1.3 (see above): • Section 4.2.9 – Environmentally Sensitive Habitat Areas (North Coast) • Section 4.3.10 – Environmentally Sensitive Habitat Areas (Central Coast) • Section 4.4.10 – Environmentally Sensitive Habitat Areas (South Coast). [Staff Explanation: This document contains draft revisions to the Coastal Area Plan (CAP) for ESHA. The CAP currently includes resource protection goals, policies and programs. CAP policies are implemented through standards or permitting requirements in the Coastal Zoning Ordinance (CZO). The draft CAP amendments are shown in two groups: • Proposed Goals, Policies and Programs: Updated ESHA goals, policies, and programs are in Chapter 4, Section 4.1 and address resource issues throughout the coastal zone. • Existing Goals, Policies and Programs: Existing, certified text is in three sections of the CAP: North, Central and South Coast Subareas. While this text will be deleted, many existing policies were relocated to the new ESHA section in Chapter 4. Please note that sea level rise and climate change are not addressed in the proposed LCP amendments. Those subjects will be addressed through the County’s General Plan Update (GP2040) and a separate project focused on sea level rise in the coastal zone. Legislative Format: Draft text on the following pages is shown in “legislative format” as follows: • Certified CAP text that will be retained is shown as plain black text (not underlined). • Text that is being proposed is shown as black underlined text. • Existing, certified text that is being deleted is shown as “strikethrough” across the word/sentence. • Text in black italics is a defined term. Defined terms are in Article 2 – Definitions of the Coastal Zoning Ordinance.] Last Certified: 7-01-2017 (DATE TO BE ADDED) ii VENTURA COUNTY GENERAL PLAN COASTAL AREA PLAN Last Amended July 1, 2017 (DATE TO BE ADDED) Ventura County Planning Division (This page intentionally left blank.) Last Certified: 7-01-2017 (DATE TO BE ADDED) ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The following persons are acknowledged for their contribution to the preparation of the Ventura County Coastal Area Plan. Without their dedication and hard work, the preparation of this land use plan – and the implementation program – would not have been possible. Ventura County is grateful for their many hours of service and contribution to this planning effort. Ventura County Board of Supervisors Steve Bennett First District Linda Parks Second District Kelly Long Third District Peter C. Foy Fourth District John C. Zaragoza Fifth District Ventura County Planning Commission Paul White Vacant First District Nora Aidukas Second District W. Stephen Onstot Third District Maggie Kestly Fourth District Richard Rodriguez Fifth District Resource Management Agency Christopher Stephens, Director Planning Division Kim Prillhart, Planning Director Tricia Maier Rosemary Rowan, Planning Manager Jennifer Welch, Senior Planner Aaron Engstrom, Associate Planner A portion of this Plan was prepared with financial assistance from the Office of Coastal Zone Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, under provisions of the Federal Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972. Amendments dated 2013 through 2017 were prepared with financial assistance from the U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement (BOEMRE) Coastal Impact Assistance Program (CIAP). Last Certified: 7-01-2017 (DATE TO BE ADDED) iii For Copies/More Information: To purchase the Ventura County Coastal Area Plan: Call 805/654-2478 or 805/654-2805 or go to the Resource Management Agency receptionist 3rd floor of the Government Center Hall of Administration 800 S. Victoria Avenue, Ventura, CA This Coastal Area Plan is also available on the Planning Division website: http://vcrma.org/planning/programs/local-coastal/index.html Last Certified: 7-01-2017 (DATE TO BE ADDED) iv Table of Contents [Staff Explanation: The Table of Contents is updated automatically. However, because deleted text is shown in legislative format, the Table of Contents won’t be fully updated until a “clean copy” version is prepared for submission to the Coastal Commission.] Abstract .................................................................................................................. xi Preamble ............................................................................................................... xii History of Ventura County’s ......................................................................... xiii Local Coastal Program .................................................................................... xiii Chapter 1 ............................................................................................................. 1-1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 1-1 1.1 Legislative History .................................................................................................................. 1-1 1.2 Federal Lands and Activities ................................................................................................. 1-2 1.3 Relationship to Other County General Plan Documents ................................................. 1-3 Chapter 2 ............................................................................................................. 2-1 SUMMARY OF COASTAL ACT POLICIES ........................................................................................ 2-1 2.1 Locating and Planning New Development ......................................................................... 2-1 2.2 Environmentally Sensitive Habitats .................................................................................... 2-2 2.3 Archaeological and Paleontological Resources ................................................................. 2-4 2.4 Shoreline Access ..................................................................................................................... 2-4 2.5 Recreation ................................................................................................................................ 2-7 2.6 Agriculture ................................................................................................................................ 2-8 2.7 Hazards ................................................................................................................................... 2-10 2.8 Energy ..................................................................................................................................... 2-10 2.9 Oil and Gas Development ................................................................................................... 2-11 2.9 Tanker Facilities .................................................................................................................... 2-14 2.10 Refineries and Petrochemical Facilities ............................................................................ 2-14 2.11 Beach Erosion and Shoreline Structures ......................................................................... 2-14 2.12 Public Works........................................................................................................................... 2-15 Chapter 3 ............................................................................................................. 3-1 LAND USE PLAN ................................................................................................................................. 3-1 3.1 Land Use Designations .............................................................................................................. 3-1 3.2 Zoning Compatibility ................................................................................................................. 3-2 3.3 Land Use Maps ........................................................................................................................... 3-5 3.3.1 North Coast .............................................................................................................................. 3-5 3.3.2 Central Coast ........................................................................................................................... 3-9 3.3.3 South Coast ..........................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Download the PDF Here
    Rancho map of Ventura County, showing (inset) Public Land between Rancho Guadalasca to the west and the Ventura/Los Angeles County line on the east, the subject of this issue of the Journal. Published by TICOR Title Insurance Co. in 1988, Leavitt Dudley, artist. — Cover — Yerba Buena and beyond: looking east from Deer Creek Road to Malibu, 2012. Courtesy John Keefe “The Big Ranch Fight” — Table of Contents — Introduction by Charles N. Johnson page 4 “The Big Ranch Fight” by Jo Hindman page 13 About the Author page 33 Afterword by Linda Valois page 35 Appendix page 38 Acknowledgments page 39 Epilogue page 44 VOLUME 53 NUMBER 2 © 2011 Ventura County Historical Society; Museum of Ventura County. All rights reserved. All images, unless indicated otherwise, are from the Museum Research Library Collections. The Journal of Ventura County History 1 Section, Marblehead Land Company Map, 1924, showing location of Houston property (section 15 upper left). Yerba Buena School House (section 11) and entrance to Yerba Buena Road (section 27). Courtesy Mario Quiros 2 “The Big Ranch Fight” “We too are anxious to see those lands settled and improved. It would be far better for us and for everybody else if these disputes had been settled long ago.” Jerome Madden Head of the Southern Pacific Railroad Land Department Ventura Free Press, January 26, 1900 “My mother who had come from Canada to California to be married, had been raised on a farm in a level country. She always referred to this hill as ‘the Mountain.’ There was no road to it, so she had to go up or come down on horseback….
    [Show full text]
  • Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area Geologic Resources Inventory Report
    National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area Geologic Resources Inventory Report Natural Resource Report NPS/NRSS/GRD/NRR—2016/1297 ON THE COVER: Photograph of Boney Mountain (and the Milky Way). The Santa Monica Mountains are part of the Transverse Ranges. The backbone of the range skirts the northern edges of the Los Angeles Basin and Santa Monica Bay before descending into the Pacific Ocean at Point Mugu. The ridgeline of Boney Mountain is composed on Conejo Volcanics, which erupted as part of a shield volcano about 15 million years ago. National Park Service photograph available at http://www.nps.gov/samo/learn/photosmultimedia/index.htm. THIS PAGE: Photograph of Point Dume. Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area comprises a vast and varied California landscape in and around the greater Los Angeles metropolitan area and includes 64 km (40 mi) of ocean shoreline. The mild climate allows visitors to enjoy the park’s scenic, natural, and cultural resources year-round. National Park Service photograph available at https://www.flickr.com/photos/ santamonicamtns/albums. Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area Geologic Resources Inventory Report Natural Resource Report NPS/NRSS/GRD/NRR—2016/1297 Katie KellerLynn Colorado State University Research Associate National Park Service Geologic Resources Division Geologic Resources Inventory PO Box 25287 Denver, CO 80225 September 2016 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Fort Collins, Colorado The National Park Service, Natural Resource Stewardship and Science office in Fort Collins, Colorado, publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics.
    [Show full text]
  • Watershed Summaries
    Appendix A: Watershed Summaries Preface California’s watersheds supply water for drinking, recreation, industry, and farming and at the same time provide critical habitat for a wide variety of animal species. Conceptually, a watershed is any sloping surface that sheds water, such as a creek, lake, slough or estuary. In southern California, rapid population growth in watersheds has led to increased conflict between human users of natural resources, dramatic loss of native diversity, and a general decline in the health of ecosystems. California ranks second in the country in the number of listed endangered and threatened aquatic species. This Appendix is a “working” database that can be supplemented in the future. It provides a brief overview of information on the major hydrological units of the South Coast, and draws from the following primary sources: • The California Rivers Assessment (CARA) database (http://www.ice.ucdavis.edu/newcara) provides information on large-scale watershed and river basin statistics; • Information on the creeks and watersheds for the ESU of the endangered southern steelhead trout from the National Marine Fisheries Service (http://swr.ucsd.edu/hcd/SoCalDistrib.htm); • Watershed Plans from the Regional Water Quality Control Boards (RWQCB) that provide summaries of existing hydrological units for each subregion of the south coast (http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcbs/index.html); • General information on the ecology of the rivers and watersheds of the south coast described in California’s Rivers and Streams: Working
    [Show full text]
  • United States Department of the Interior
    United States Department of the Interior NATIONAL PARK SERVICE Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation 401 West Hillcrest Thousand Oaks, California Dear Teacher, You are receiving this letter because your students will be asked to fill out a survey about their upcoming field trip to participate in the Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area Students Helping Restore Unique Biomes (SHRUB) program. Your students may respond to the survey either online at https://www.surveymonkey.com/s/QN2QL37 or on paper. If you prefer paper versions of the survey, please contact Lisa Okazaki, SHRUB program manager at (805)418- 3171 or: [email protected] (e-mail); and we will mail them to you with a pre-addressed return envelope. It should take about 20 minutes for the students to complete the survey and they are not required to participate in the survey process as a pre-requisite to participate in the education program. However, we hope that you will strongly encourage your students to participate and respond fully. We will use these responses to improve our educational programs. All information collected will be securely stored. Only researchers working with the study will review the data. This research is conducted under stringent university and U.S. government regulations governing the collection of information. If you have any questions regarding the administration or content of the surveys, please contact: Lisa Okazaki, (805)418-3171 (phone) or [email protected] (e-mail). Sincerely, Lisa Okazaki OMB Control Number 1024-XXXX Current Expiration Date: XX/XX/XXXX United States Department of the Interior NATIONAL PARK SERVICE Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation 401 West Hillcrest Thousand Oaks, California Dear Teacher, You are receiving this letter because your students will be asked to fill out a survey about their recent field trip and participation in the Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area Students Helping Restore Unique Biomes (SHRUB) program.
    [Show full text]
  • APPENDIX 6.5 Cultural Resource Documentation Historic Resources Report DRAFT
    APPENDIX 6.5 Cultural Resource Documentation Historic Resources Report DRAFT HISTORIC RESOURCES REPORT for ST. JOHN’S SPECIFIC PLAN Camarillo, California Prepared for: Impact Sciences 803 Camarillo Road, Suite A Camarillo, California, 93012 Attn: Mr. Joe Gibson By POST/HAZELTINE ASSOCIATES 2607 Orella Street Santa Barbara, CA 93105 (805) 682-5751 (email: [email protected]) May 20, 2008 TABLE OF CONTENTS Section_____________________________________________________________Page 1.0 INTRODUCTION AND REGULATORY SETTING .............................................1 2.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .........................................................................................1 3.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ........................................................................................3 4.0 HISTORICAL CONTEXT .........................................................................................3 4.1 Pre-Contact through 1875 ...........................................................................................3 4.2 The Camarillo Ranch (1875-1927) .............................................................................4 4.3 City of Camarillo (1898-1940) ...................................................................................5 4.4 St. John’s Major Seminary (the Theologate) (1927-1940) .........................................6 4.4.1 Edward Doheny and Carrie Estelle Doheny............................................................7 4.4.2 St. John’s Major Seminary (1940-1961)..................................................................8
    [Show full text]
  • Calleguas Creek Watershed OC Pesticides and Pcbs TMDL Technical Report
    April 25, 2005 Calleguas Creek Watershed OC Pesticides and PCBs TMDL Technical Report Submitted to Los Angeles Regional Quality Control Board Prepared by Larry Walker Associates on behalf of the Calleguas Creek Watershed Management Plan Table of Contents 1 Introduction ...........................................................................................................................................1 1.1 Regulatory Background................................................................................................................3 1.2 Calleguas Creek TMDL Stakeholder Participation Process .........................................................4 1.3 Elements of a TMDL.....................................................................................................................5 2 Problem Statement ...............................................................................................................................6 2.1 Environmental Setting ..................................................................................................................6 2.2 Water Quality Standards ............................................................................................................13 2.3 Beneficial Uses ..........................................................................................................................13 2.4 Water Quality Objectives............................................................................................................14 2.5 Antidegradation..........................................................................................................................15
    [Show full text]
  • Final Program Environmental Impact Report Environmental Assessment for the Calleguas Regional Salinity Management Project
    FINAL PROGRAM ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR THE CALLEGUAS REGIONAL SALINITY MANAGEMENT PROJECT SCH NO. 2000101104 EA no. 01-LC-007 Lead Agency: August 2002 FINAL PROGRAM ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR THE CALLEGUAS REGIONAL SALINITY MANAGEMENT PROJECT Prepared for: Calleguas Municipal Water District 2100 Olsen Road Thousand Oaks, California 91360 Prepared by: Padre Associates, Inc. 5450 Telegraph Road, Suite 101 Ventura, California 93003 805/644-2220, 805/644-2050 (fax) August 2002 Project No. 9902-1761 Calleguas Municipal Water District Calleguas Regional Salinity Management Project Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1.0 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................1-1 1.1 DOCUMENT PURPOSE AND LEGAL AUTHORITY ............................................1-1 1.2 PROJECT OBJECTIVES/PURPOSE AND NEED ................................................1-3 1.3 SCOPE AND CONTENT .......................................................................................1-4 1.4 RESPONSIBLE AND TRUSTEE AGENCIES .......................................................1-6 1.5 MITIGATION MONITORING PLAN.......................................................................1-6 1.6 PROJECT APPROVALS AND PERMITS .............................................................1-7 1.7 CERTIFICATION OF THE FINAL PROGRAM EIR ...............................................1-7 2.0 SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................2-1
    [Show full text]
  • Santa Monica Mountains N at I O N a L
    SANTA MONICA MOUNTAINS N AT I O N A L R E C R E AT I O N ,l' .. '. ,1. ' : I :i tt: ::: tt.ti.:r:,,: STATEMENT OF NATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE q" santa Monica Mountains National Reseation Area \-' protects the greatest expanse of Meilitenafleafl ecosystem in the National Park System. This extraordinarily dizserce ecosystem is home to 26 ilistinct natural communities, from freshzaater aquatic habitats and coastal lagoons Many attributes con- to oak woodlands, oalley oak saoanna and chapanal, tribute to the special Situated in ilensely populateil southera California, the recognition of the Santa rccreation area is a critical haoen for more than 450 Monica Mountains as animal species, including mountain lions,bobcats anil nationally significant. golden eagles.lt is also home to more than 70 threatened The following pages or endangereil plants and animals. highlight some of the More than 7,000 archaeological sites are located zaithin special and unique the parkboundary, one of the highest ilensities of archae- resources that visitors ological rcsources founil in any mountain range in the from this country and utorlil, The 26 known Chumash pictograph sites, sacred to around the world can trailitionalNatioe American Indians, ale atnong the most leam about and enjoy spectacular found anyzohere, Neaily enery major prehis- within the park toric and historic theme associated with human interac- tion anil deoelopment of the uesternUniteil States is represented hete, No other national park unit features such a dioerce as- semblage of natural, cultural, scenic and rccreational resources within easy rcach of more than 72 million Amertcans, nearly 5% of the nation's total population.
    [Show full text]
  • Map of Santa Monica Mountains Conservancy Zone
    Castaic Lake SAN FRANCISQUITO POWERHOUSE #2 Castaic Lagoon TEXAS CANYON ZUNI SAUGUS WORK Y E CENTER L L SAUGUS A V AND PARKLANDS OPEN SPACE A N O L E P A R ER SANTA MONICA MOUNTAINS CONSERVANCY ZONE – RIM OF THE VALLEY CORRIDOR SI N O Y N A C S A N X LAKESIDE O E N T Y O N Lake Piru Y A N C N A N BASIN O C Y G O N K Y A C N C I k N K T e O e L A E T r C N C IN S T e E L c U M l H I u C G T D U K T H Y a L N u S E O g P Y R R N A IN A GS O C CA C K UM NY C PL ON AN A Y R O R N A S COLLEGE OF T R a R i v THE CANYONS a r e E S C l r a C A n t A N S a N T Y IA SIX FLAGS MAGIC O G MOUNTAIN N O C A N Y SAN GABRIEL MOUNT AINS O N COLLEGE OF Clara River THE CANYONS O anta A K S SPRIN G C B A EA N R G Y SAN T A CLARA V ALLE Y O O C FILLMORE L N A D E N r STATE FISH CA. INSTITUTE N CA Y PACIFIC CREST e HATCHERY NY O Riv OF THE ARTS O TRAIL a N N lar C nta SANT A CLARA V ALLEY Sa NORTH FORK BIG BUCK SADDLE MOUNT PACIFICO LIVE OAK MESSENGER FLAT LIGHTNING POINT SULPHUR SPRINGS W I BEAR DIVIDE O A K R IDG E SANT A SUSANA MOUNT AINS L S O N C PACIFIC CREST A TRAIL EAST CANYON T.H.
    [Show full text]
  • Phase I Report
    PHASE I REPORT June 2005 Calleguas Creek Watershed Integrated Regional Water Management Plan This Integrated Regional Water Management Plan (IRWMP) is comprised of two volumes: Volume I: Calleguas Creek Watershed Management Plan Phase I Report Volume II: Calleguas Creek Watershed Management Plan Addendum Volume I is provided as a separate document and Volume II is attached. Volume II is intended to bridge the gap between the Calleguas Creek Watershed Management Plan and the requirements for IRWMPs found in the Integrated Regional Water Management (IRWM) Grant Program Guidelines (Guidelines). The two volumes, together, are intended to be a functionally- equivalent IRWMP document. The Guidelines were prepared by the California Department of Water Resources (DWR) and the State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) in November 2004 to provide guidance on the process and criteria that DWR and SWRCB will use to evaluate grant applications under the IRWM Grant Program. The Grant program resulted from the passage of Proposition 50, the Water Security, Clean Drinking Water, Coastal and Beach Protection Act of 2002. IRWM is discussed in Chapter 8 of Proposition 50. p:\05\0587108_cmwd_irwmp\attachments\attach3_irwmp\camrosa_only_preface.doc PHASE I REPORT June 2005 Table of Contents Table of Contents........................................................................................................................... i List of Tables...............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Stormwater Management
    3.3 Stormwater Management 3.3 STORMWATER MANAGEMENT This section of the Technical Background Report describes the background, identifies general drainage patterns, existing and future conditions, and related issues in the planning area. The various sources used in the preparation of this chapter include county and local resources such as Ventura County Public Works Agency Watershed Protection District and City of Simi Valley. 3.3.1 Background The City of Simi Valley is located in the southeastern portion of Ventura County immediately adjacent to Los Angeles County. The developed portions of the City are situated primarily on the valley floor with proposed development extending up to the alluvial fans coming out of canyons. The valley is defined by the Santa Susana Mountains on the north and east and by the Simi Hills on the south. The Santa Susana Mountains separate the Simi Valley from the Santa Clara River Valley and Towns Fillmore and Piru to the north. The Simi Hills separate the valley from the City of Thousand Oaks to the southwest, and Moorpark Sphere of Influence separates the western limit.19 The major drainage course through the valley is the Arroyo Simi. The Arroyo Simi is approximately 11.7 miles in length. This major creek drains from the extreme limits of the watershed in the east and northeast, then westerly through the Las Posas Valley (As Arroyo Las Posas) to the Oxnard Plain (as Calleguas Creek) and the Pacific Ocean. Tributaries to Arroyo Simi from the Santa Susana Mountains on the north are (from west to east), Alamos Canyon, Brea Canyon, North Simi Drain, Dry Canyon, Tapo Canyon, Chivo Canyon, and Las Llajas Canyon.
    [Show full text]
  • There Are Approximately 20 Extant Prehistoric Sites with Rock Art in the Santa Monica Mountains. the Majority of the Rock Art Co
    REVISITING THE TREASURE HOUSE, CA-VEN-195 EVA LARSON NATIONAL PARK SERVICE ALBERT KNIGHT There are approximately 20 extant prehistoric sites with rock art in the Santa Monica Mountains. The majority of the rock art consists of Chumash-style red pictographs. One esthetically pleasing site (CA- VEN-195) is located near Boney Mountain. Research by Campbell Grant (1965) noted that there was already some vandalism at the site. Recent research by Knight and Larson (2012) showed that there has also been a small amount of damage since 1978, when the first archaeological site records were made for the site. Overall, however, the site remains mostly intact, and continues to be a fine example of Eastern Coastal Chumash intellectual and artistic creativity. There is a pictograph site within the Santa Monica Mountains that has become known as the “Treasure House,” VEN-195. Within two shelters, there are 37 pictographs, which are among the finest and best-preserved in the Santa Monica Mountains. The rock shelters have been in private landowner hands for many years, which may account for the good condition of the pictographs and the preservation of the site. The red ochre pictographs are considered to be in Eastern Coastal Chumash territory and range in size from 5 cm in length to a maximum of 15 cm in length. VEN-195 is located on private property in upper Little Sycamore Canyon. The two rock shelters are located in a small arroyo in the foothills of Boney Mountain and are found at the base of two large conglomerate boulders. The rock shelters are approximately 20 m apart, with the larger lower shelter below the smaller upper shelter, and both are adjacent to a spring-fed stream.
    [Show full text]