APPENDIX 6.5 Cultural Resource Documentation Historic Resources Report DRAFT
HISTORIC RESOURCES REPORT
for
ST. JOHN’S SPECIFIC PLAN Camarillo, California
Prepared for: Impact Sciences
803 Camarillo Road, Suite A Camarillo, California, 93012
Attn: Mr. Joe Gibson
By POST/HAZELTINE ASSOCIATES 2607 Orella Street Santa Barbara, CA 93105 (805) 682-5751 (email: [email protected])
May 20, 2008
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section______Page
1.0 INTRODUCTION AND REGULATORY SETTING ...... 1
2.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 1
3.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 3
4.0 HISTORICAL CONTEXT ...... 3 4.1 Pre-Contact through 1875 ...... 3 4.2 The Camarillo Ranch (1875-1927) ...... 4 4.3 City of Camarillo (1898-1940) ...... 5 4.4 St. John’s Major Seminary (the Theologate) (1927-1940) ...... 6 4.4.1 Edward Doheny and Carrie Estelle Doheny...... 7 4.4.2 St. John’s Major Seminary (1940-1961)...... 8 4.5 St. John’s Seminary College (1961-2008) ...... 8 4.5.1 Architectural Firms Associated with the Construction of St. John’s Seminary College ...... 9 4.5.2 Camarillo (1940-2008)...... 11
5.0 DESCRIPTION OF RESOURCES INPROJECT AREA ...... 12 5.1 St. John’s Seminary College (Architectural Style and General Plan) ...... 12 5.1.1 Packinghouse ...... 12 5.2 Buildings and Features...... 14 5.2.1 Administration/Dormitory Buildings...... 14 5.2.2 St. James Chapel ...... 15 5.2.3 Prayer Hall (lecture room) ...... 17 5.2.4 Classroom/Recreation Building ...... 18 5.2.5 Refectory/Kitchen Building...... 19 5.2.6 Convent...... 20 5.2.7 Service Building...... 21 5.2.8 Athletic Fields and Swimming Pool ...... 21 5.2.9 The Carrie Estelle Doheny Memorial Library...... 21 5.2.10 Planetary Observatory...... 22 5.3 Other Buildings structures and Features within the Specific Plan Area (Main Specific Plan Parcel)...... 22 5.3.1 Pump House...... 22 5.3.2 Water Tank...... 23
i Table of Contents: Continued
Section______Page
5.4 Buildings on the West Side of Calleguas Creek (Specific Plan Parcel located West of Calleguas Creek) ...... 23 5.4.1 Craftsman Style House (4728 Seminary Road) ...... 24 5.4.1.1 The Craftsman Style ...... 24 5.4.2 House at 4712 Old Seminary Road...... 25 5.4.3 Mobile Home at 4900 Old Seminary Road...... 26 5.4.4. Service Building 1...... 26 5.4.5 Service Building 2...... 26 5.5 Agricultural Component (Citrus Groves and Agriculture) ...... 26 5.5.1 Citri-Culture and Camarillo ...... 27
6.0 IDENTIFICATION OF HISTORICAL RESOURCES...... 28 6.1 National Register of Historic Places Criteria...... 28 6.1.1 Historic Context...... 29 6.1.2 Period of Historic Significance...... 29 6.1.3 Integrity...... 29 6.1.4 Identification of Historical Resources under the National Register Criteria ...... 31 6.1.5 Assessment of Integrity of Resources within the Project Area...... 34 6.1.5.1 Classification of Contributing and Non-Contributing Resources...... 39 6.1.5.2 Overall Integrity...... 41 6.2 California Register of Historic Places Criteria for Evaluation ...... 41 6.2.1 Identification of Historic Resources under the California Register of Historical Resources Criteria ...... 42 6.3 California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) Criteria for Evaluation...... 44 6.3.1 The Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for Rehabilitation ...... 46 6.3.2 Identification of Historical Resources under CEQA ...... 48 6.4 City of Camarillo Historic Preservation Ordinance...... 49 6.5 Summary Statement of Significance...... 52
7.0 EVALUATION OF IMPACTS ...... 52 7.1 Project Characteristics ...... 54 7.2 Determination of Impacts ...... 54 7.2.1 St. John’s Seminary College Campus...... 54 7.2.2 St. John’s Specific Plan, Parcel west of Calleguas Creek...... 55 7.2.3 Landscape Features (rural landscape)...... 56 7.3 Impact Summary...... 56
8.0 REFERENCES...... 57
Addendum A (Maps and Figures) Addendum B (Aerial Photographs)
ii 1.0 INTRODUCTION
The project consists of a proposed Specific Plan for a 94-acre tract, which is part of the 134-acre property historically known as St. John’s Seminary, located on the north bank of Calleguas Creek, within the corporate boundary of the City of Camarillo (Figures 1 - 3). The project area is delineated on the north by Calleguas Creek, on the south by Padre Serra Roman Catholic Parish Church and Upland Road, on the east by an adjacent housing track and on the west by the 40-acre portion of the St. John’s Seminary property that will retained by the Archdiocese of Los Angeles (Figure 3). A discontinuous portion of the Specific plan tract is located on the northeast corner of the intersection of Somis Road (Highway 118) and Las Posas Road and Upland Road. The City of Camarillo envisions the development of the Specific Plan area with cluster form residential housing on the main parcel and public park use for the tract on the west bank of Calleguas Creek (Figure 4). The California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) requires analysis of impacts that may result from project development. These include impacts to listed or potential historic resources. The report follows the guidelines for Historic Cultural Resource Studies set forth in General Plan of the City of Camarillo, as well as State and Federal guidelines pertaining to the assessment of impacts to historic resources. These include the State CEQA Guidelines, specifically Section 15064.5, Determining the Significance of Impacts to Archaeological and Historical Resources, as well as the CEQA guidelines adopted by the City of Camarillo City Council. The methodology for determining whether the property meets the eligibility requirements for listing as a historic resource under City, State, and Federal eligibility criteria was based on archival research to determine the historic context of the properties within the project area, as well as on-site evaluation of the physical and visual integrity of each building. This historic resources study includes the following:
1) Documentation of the historic context and physical appearance of the resources within the project site and the individual buildings, structures, and features; 2) Evaluation of the integrity of St. John’s Seminary College and its individual components; 3) Identification of potential historic, architectural, and cultural resources within the project area; 4) Evaluation of potential resources for listing as historic resources at the City of Camarillo, State, and Federal levels; 5) Assessment of the direct and indirect impacts of the proposed project on historic resources identified in this study; 6) Evaluation of the direct and indirect impacts of the proposed project on the property; and 7) Mitigation measures for impacts to historic resources that may result from the project as proposed.
The Lead Agency for the project is the City of Camarillo. This report includes required findings regarding the potential environmental impact of the Specific Plan to the significant historic resources identified in this report. The report meets the requirements of a historical resource survey as outlined in Section 5020.1(k) of the Public Resources Code. Pamela Post, Ph.D., principal investigator and senior historian, and Timothy Hazeltine prepared this report.
2.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The proposed Specific Plan would allow the development of the project area which could potentially impact historic resources located within the project area. Potential impacts are discussed in Section 8.0 of this report. Each impact under consideration is identified according to its level of significance as described below:
Beneficial Effect: An impact that would result in beneficial changes to the environment. Less than Significant Impact: An impact that may be adverse, but does not exceed threshold levels and does not require mitigation measures. However, mitigation measures that could further lessen the environmental effect may be suggested if readily available and easily achievable.
Post/Hazeltine Associates 1 Draft Historic Resources Study St. John’s Seminary Specific Plan May 19, 2008 Significant but Mitigable Impact: An impact that exceeds a threshold of significance, but that can be reduced to below the threshold level given reasonable available and feasible mitigation measures. Such an impact requires findings to be made under §15091 of the State CEQA Guidelines. Unavoidably Significant Impact: An impact that exceeds a threshold of significance and cannot be reduced to below the threshold level, given reasonably available and feasible mitigation measures. Such impact requires a Statement of Overriding Considerations to be issued if the project is approved (per §15093 of the State CEQA Guidelines).
Table 2.1 summarizes the eligibility of resources evaluated in this report for listing as historic resources:
Table 2.1 Summary of Eligibility for listing as a Historic Resource Address Building, Structure or Architectural Eligible for Listing as Eligible for Eligible for National Feature and Date Style: a City of Camarillo listing on the listing on the Register Landmark California National Status Code Register Register 5118 East St. John’s Seminary College “New Yes, Criteria 3 Criteria 1 and Criteria A and 3S Seminary including the following: 1) Formalism” 3 C Road Administration and Dormitory Building; 2) St. James Chapel; 3) Prayer Hall; 4) Classroom Building; 5) Refectory and Kitchen; 6) Convent; 7) Service Building; 8) Carrie Estelle Doheny Memorial Library; and 9) Swimming Pool Building
No address Pump House Vernacular No No No No No address Water tank Vernacular No No No No No address Eucalyptus Windrows Rural landscape No No No No feature No address Citrus groves Rural landscape No No No No feature
St. John’s Specific Plan, Parcel west of Calleguas Creek 4728 Old House Craftsman Style Yes, Criteria 3 Yes, 3D Yes 3S Seminary Road 4712 Old House Minimal No No No No Seminary Road Traditional 4900 Old Mobile home N. A. No No No No Seminary Road No address Metal buildings Industrial No No No No
Rural/agricultur Citrus Groves, windrows, N. A. No No No No al landscape and agricultural buildings
This study finds that the St. John’s Specific Plan as proposed could result in significant impacts. Specifically, the project as proposed could result in the losses of, or changes to, historic structures and character-defining elements identified in this report. Table 2.2 summarizes the potential impacts to resources identified in this report as eligible for listing as historic resources.
Post/Hazeltine Associates 2 Draft Historic Resources Study St. John’s Seminary Specific Plan May 19, 2008 Table 2.2 Summary of Potential Impacts to Resources Identified in this Report as Eligible for Listing as Historic Resources
Residual impact after implementation of Notes: Resource/Address Impact Description mitigation measures St. John’s Specific Plan, Parcel east of Calleguas Creek St. John’s Seminary The St. John’s Specific Plan permits the Unavoidably Significant Impact College removal of all of the buildings that compose St. John’s Seminary College, with the exception of the Carrie Estelle Doheny Memorial Library. Direct Impacts would include demolition. The Specific Plan uses have the potential to alter the setting of the Carrie Estelle Doheny Memorial Library St. John’s Major St. John’s Major Seminary would remain at Less than Significant Impact College its current location. The Specific Plan uses have the potential to alter the setting of St. John’s Major College
Windrows The St. John’s Specific Plan permits the Less than Significant Impact removal the windrows. Direct Impacts would include removal of the trees.
Resources on Parcel west of Calleguas Creek 4728 Old Seminary House Significant but mitigatable Road 4712 Old Seminary House Less than Significant Impact Road 4900 Old Seminary Mobile home Less than Significant Impact Road No Address Metal buildings Less than Significant Impact
Rural/Agricultural Landscape Windrows The St. John’s Specific Plan permits the Less than Significant Impact removal the windrows. Direct Impacts would include removal of the trees. Citrus groves The St. John’s Specific Plan permits the Less than Significant Impact removal of the citrus groves. Direct Impacts would include removal of the trees.
3.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
The St. John’s Specific Plan is proposed to guide development within the 94-acre Specific Plan Area. The Specific Plan defines the overall form, character, and uses proposed and a more detailed development code to further guide the design of individual development projects within the Specific Plan Area. The proposed land use plan from the Specific Plan is provided in Figure 4.
4.0 HISTORICAL CONTEXT
4.1 Pre-Contact Period through 1875
At the time of European contact, the Chumash, a Native American culture group, had inhabited the region that would become Ventura County for thousands of years. The first permanent European settlement in Ventura County was established in 1782 when the Franciscan order established San Buenaventura Mission, one of 21 Post/Hazeltine Associates 3 Draft Historic Resources Study St. John’s Seminary Specific Plan May 19, 2008 missions founded in Alta California between 1769 and 1820. Spain’s intent in establishing the missions was to confirm its claim to California and to transform the indigenous population into Christian subjects of the Spanish Empire. San Buenaventura, like other missions in Alta California, was granted large tracks of land by the Spanish Crown to sustain the Franciscans and the neophytes (Native American converts) under their care. Throughout the Spanish period, with the exception of grazing cattle and sheep, the area that would later become the city of Camarillo remained essentially unaltered. During the period of Spanish rule, the colonial government made very few outright grants of land in California to private individuals, and none in Ventura County. However, after California passed to Mexican control, in 1822, the new government began to make plans to radically transform the mission system that had existed since the late 1760s.
In 1834, fourteen years after it gained control of California, the Mexican government began the secularization process and most of Mission San Buenaventura’s landholdings were given to Mexican citizens in the form of large land grants. Most of these land grants were given to members of prominent Spanish and Mexican families who had achieved their positions of power and influence through family connections, or careers in the military or civil service. Secularization proceeded rapidly under Governor Juan Alvarado, and “by 1846 the majority of fertile land that forms present-day Ventura County had been divided into nineteen ranchos” (Triem, 1985: 34). The St. John’s Seminary property encompasses portions of two historic Mexican period land grants, Rancho Las Posas (or Poza), and Rancho Calleguas that were later patented by the U. S. government (a smaller section of the property is part of public lands. In 1834 the Mexican government granted Rancho Las Posas to Jose Carrillo of Santa Barbara. Rancho Calleguas was granted to a soldier, Jose Pedro Ruiz, in 1847, and then later patented to Gabriel Ruiz in 1866 (http://www.camarilloranch.org/docs/about_history.htm). Jose Ruiz, an emigrant from Spain was deeded 9,998 acres, including the eastern part of the present-day city of Camarillo; its boundaries began to the north of Rancho Guadalasca, to the west of Rancho Conejo, and to the east of ex-mission lands (today the majority of St. John’s Seminary is located on what was once a part of Rancho Calleguas). Secularization, which transferred land from under the churches control to private ownership, ushered in the era of the great California ranchos. During the fourteen-year period between 1834 and 1848 the economy and political life of what would become Ventura County, like most of California, was dominated by rancho families, such as the Carrillos, De la Guerras, and Ortegas, whose wealth was based on the export of cattle hides and tallow, primarily to the United States.
In 1848 after the United States’ victory in the Mexican-American War, Alta California became an American territory and two years later, on September 9, 1850, it became the country’s 31st state. Initially, even though it was under American rule, Southern California retained its traditional Hispanic culture. The Ventura area (then still part of Santa Barbara County) remained pastoral and sparsely occupied. Until the mid-1860s the region’s economy continued to focus almost exclusively on the raising of livestock, primarily cattle and later, to a lesser degree, sheep. Hides and tallow were the main source of income until the mid-nineteenth century when there was a great demand for beef to feed the thousands of prospectors working the gold fields of Northern California. In the early 1860s, however, a series of severe droughts devastated the cattle and sheep industry, forcing many ranch owners to sell and subdivide their vast holdings into smaller parcels. By the late nineteenth century, the Oxnard Plain was attracting a number of small farmers. Drawn to its fertile land, the area turned increasingly to agriculture and the planting of orchards to sustain its economy.
4.2 The Camarillo Ranch (1875-1927)
In 1875 Juan Camarillo (1812-1880) purchased Rancho Calleguas from members of the Ruiz family. Subsequently, the Camarillo family acquired portions of Rancho Las Posas and a part of a tract of pubic lands that extended south of Las Posas Road. In 1880 Juan Camarillo died, leaving the ranch to his sons, sixteen-year old Adolfo and thirteen-year old Juan. When Adolfo Camarillo (1864-1958) took over the Post/Hazeltine Associates 4 Draft Historic Resources Study St. John’s Seminary Specific Plan May 19, 2008 ranch, which he would run for the next 68 years, it was still being used primarily for the raising of livestock, though by the time of his father’s death some 1,500 acres already was under cultivation for the raising of corn, barley, and other grain crops (The Tidings, March 11, 1927: 3). Within ten years, Adolfo, like the majority of the landowners on the Oxnard Plain, was focusing on agriculture rather than stock- raising. On the Camarillo Ranch, large tracts of land were devoted to lima beans, barley, corn, and alfalfa, along with walnuts and citrus. In 1888, Adolfo married Isabella Menchaca (1861-1936); the couple would eventually have seven children. Initially, Adolfo and Isabella moved into an adobe house on the ranch. After it was destroyed by fire, they began construction on a substantially larger house. In 1892, the Camarillos moved into a three-story, 14-room Queen Anne style house, designed by the architects, Franklin Ward and Herman Anlaug. Adolfo continued to oversee operation of his ranch until he retired in 1948. Called “The Last Spanish Don” Adolfo Camarillo was a member of numerous organizations and boards, including the Ventura County Board of Supervisors, the Ventura County Fair Board, the Camarillo Chamber of Commerce, the Bank of A. Levy, the Bank of America, and Los Rancheros Visit adores. Perhaps his most notable donation, along with his brother Juan, was the bequest of land and funding in 1912 to construct St. Mary Magdelen Chapel in Camarillo. Designed by architect Albert C. Martin, the Baroque style chapel was completed in 1914, its interior decorated with a number of acquisitions Juan had acquired while traveling abroad (The chapel is one of Ventura County’s most notable architectural monuments). In 1950, in recognition of his services to the Roman Catholic Church, Adolfo was named a papal Knight of St. Gregory by Pope Pius XII. Adolfo Camarillo died in 1958, and was buried in the Camarillo family crypt in St. Mary Magdelen’s Chapel.
Like his brother, Adolfo, Juan Camarillo was a charitable and generous man (Juan donated the land on which St. John’s Seminary would be built). Born in Ventura, California, in 1867, he was educated at the Franciscan school in Santa Barbara, later attending the University of Southern California and then St. Vincent’s College in Los Angeles, where he graduated in 1887. Following his graduation Juan returned to Ventura, where he lived with his widowed mother until her death in 1898. Never married, Juan traveled extensively during his lifetime, making his first European trip abroad in 1900. A year later he returned to build a house for himself on the Camarillo Ranch. Eventually he would visit a number of countries, including Switzerland (said to be his favorite country), Palestine, Italy, Greece, and Spain. In 1916, Juan moved to Buenos Aires, Argentina. With the exception of his travels abroad and return visits to Rancho Calleguas much of Juan’s remaining years were spent in Buenos Aires. On one such return visit, in 1924, he was feted on the ranch with a fiesta given by his brother and attended by 750 people (Figure 5). One of the guests, the historian, Edwin M. Sheridan, noted that “the celebration was typically that of the old California Days, and he wrote in Don Adolfo’s Guest Book the old California toast: “Salude y Pesetas” (“To your good health and to your good fortune!”).
Over the years Juan Camarillo’s philanthropy included a number of gifts and donations to various institutions, including a grade school in Ventura and St. John’s Hospital in Oxnard. On March 3, 1927, in yet another act of generosity, Juan Camarillo deeded Lot 70 of the Camarillo Ranch to Archbishop John J. Cantwell of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles. Comprising 100 acres the gift was for the specific purpose of building a seminary for educating men for the priesthood. The 100-acre parcel appears to have been partially developed with terraced citrus groves surrounded by eucalyptus windrows, a number of agricultural structures including a reservoir, and unpaved roads (Figure 6). The proposed seminary would be located on acreage that was once a part of Rancho Colleagues and Rancho Las Posas. In accordance with Camarillo’s wishes the seminary was to be named in honor of St. John the Evangelist, Juan Camarillo’s patron saint (The Tidings, March 11, 1927: 26; Fitzgerald, 1944: 22). In 1927, in recognition of his many contributions to the Catholic Church, Juan Camarillo was awarded the Equestrian Order of the Knights of St. Sylvester by the pope (Fitzgerald, 1944: 22). In 1935 Juan left Buenos Aires for the last time and returned to California and the house he built on the Camarillo Ranch
Post/Hazeltine Associates 5 Draft Historic Resources Study St. John’s Seminary Specific Plan May 19, 2008 some 34 years earlier. Juan died there a year later and is buried, like his brother, Adolfo, in the family crypt at St. Mary Magdalen’s Chapel, the church he helped fund in 1912.
4.3 City of Camarillo (1898-1940)
When St. John’s Major Seminary opened in 1939 Camarillo was a small community centered around the intersection of Lewis Road and Ventura Boulevard. The town owes its origin to the Southern Pacific Railroad, who re-routed its coastal line through the area in 1898 (Previously the railroad had run through the Santa Clara River Valley to San Buenaventura). From Somis the new line skirted alongside the east bank of Calleguas Creek, then southeast across the intersection of Lewis Road and Ventura Boulevard, where a new railroad station was built. Construction of the station was soon followed by four stores built by the Camarillo brothers. In 1910, William T. Fulton laid out the town, which encompassed 40 acres (FitzGerald 1944: 43). By the late 1930s, the city had grown to several hundred people, most employed in the agricultural industry. In addition to St. John’s Seminary, Camarillo was the location of another major institutional facility, Camarillo State Hospital. Founded in 1932 by the State of California the mental health hospital was headquartered in a Spanish Colonial Revival Style complex located on a 1,648 acre tract of Rancho Guadalasca (FitzGerald 1944: 50-51). In 1937, just before construction began on St. John’s Seminary, the first paved road over the Conejo Grade was completed, greatly improving transportation from Los Angeles to Camarillo and western Ventura County.
4.4 St. John’s Major Seminary (the Theologate) (1927-1940)
Shortly after the Board of Diocesan Seminary Trustees accepted Juan Camarillo’s donation of 100 acres a campaign was started by the Los Angeles Diocese to raise funds for the building of the seminary. Fundraising was overseen by the trustees, whose lay members included such Los Angeles notables as the oil baron, Edward Doheny. Construction of the seminary, however, was delayed by the onset of the Great Depression, which made funding difficult. It was not until the Los Angeles Diocese was elevated to the level of a Metropolitan See (archdiocese) that construction of a seminary to train priests for the five-county archdiocese became imperative (Evangelist, Vol. 23, Spring 1961: 19). In August 1938, ground was finally broken for St. John’s Seminary. On March 19, 1939, “with two hundred prelates and priests and thousands of the faithful” in attendance the cornerstone for the first completed building was laid by Archbishop Cantwell (The Tidings, March 24, 1939). The initial building plan for St. John’s Seminary included administrative quarters, a chapel, three subsidiary chapels, a prayer hall, classrooms, dormitories, a convent, and a library built around a central courtyard. With the exception of the library, all of the buildings were designed by the Pasadena architect, Ross Montgomery (the general contractor was the P. J. Walker Company) (The Tidings, February 11, 1938: 5). Montgomery, noted for his work in ecclesiastical architecture was likely chosen for the project because of his architectural fluency in that particular idiom. Some of Montgomery’s prior commissions for the Catholic Church included, St. Andrew’s Roman Catholic Church in Pasadena (1927), the restoration of Mission Santa Barbara after it was damaged in the 1925 earthquake, and Marymount Catholic High School (1932). The seminary scheme, which features an impressive bell tower, arcades and cast-stone ornamentation, deftly melds Italian Mannerist and Romanesque motifs into a picturesque composition that gives the appearance of having been built over a number of generations (Figures 7 – 8). With a number of its buildings nearing completion, the seminary opened its doors on September 20, 1939 with a faculty of ten and a student body of 70 seminarians (Fitzgerald, 1944: 46). Construction continued for the next three years on the remaining buildings, including a lavish freestanding building housing the Edward L. Doheny Memorial Library, the episcopal residence, and the seminary’s swimming pool.
Funds to build the library were provided by Carrie Estelle Doheny (1875-1958). A devout Catholic, philanthropist, and bibliophile, Carrie Estelle Doheny, widow of wealthy oilman, Edward Laurence Post/Hazeltine Associates 6 Draft Historic Resources Study St. John’s Seminary Specific Plan May 19, 2008 Doheny, spent much of her life devoted to educational and charitable work. Dedicated to the memory of her late husband the ornate Spanish Colonial Revival style library was designed by the eminent period revivalist architect, Wallace Neff (Twenty-two years later, the Carrie Estelle Doheny Foundation would provide the money to build another library for St. John’s Seminary, this time in the memory of Carrie Estelle Doheny). Wallace Neff (1895-1982) was a renowned Period Revivalist architect who was best known during the 1920s and 1930s for his work in the Spanish Colonial Revival style. A deft practitioner of this so-called “California style” Neff was known primarily for his residential designs, two of which included the Doheny’s Ferndale Ranch in Santa Paula (1929) and their house on Chester Place in Los Angeles (1934). An architect popular among some of Hollywood’s most famous stars, directors, and producers, Neff’s commissions included the Mary Pickford and Douglas Fairbanks house (1930), the William Goetz house (1930), the Frederick March house (1933), the Darryl Zanuck house (1937), and the Charles Chaplin house (1938). While they represented a smaller component of his office, Neff received several ecclesiastical commissions, including the rectory for St. Brigid’s Roman Catholic Church (1924), St. Elizabeth’s Church (1925) and the rectory and convent for St. Elizabeth’s Church (1927). Undoubtedly, however, it was his earlier association as the designer of two of the Doheny’s houses that provided Neff’s entrée to receiving the commission for the library. The library was completed on October 14, 1940.
4.4.1 Edward Doheny and Carrie Estelle Doheny
The most notable donors to the new seminary were Edward Doheny and his wife Carrie Estelle Doheny. The ownership of extensive oil leases in California and Mexico formed the basis of Edward Doheny’s substantial fortune. The son of an Irish immigrant, the 36-year old Doheny arrived in Los Angeles in 1892 making his first substantial oil strike there in the same year as his arrival. By the late 1890s he had moved his primary operations to Mexico where he founded the Pan American Petroleum and Transport Company. By 1919 Doheny had purchased almost a million and half acres in Mexico; his first well produced 15,000 barrels a day; his most successful, “Casiano No. 7,” eventually produced 402,000 barrels. By 1922, Doheny had made 31 million dollars from his oil business. Three years later his net worth was reputedly over 100 million dollars, making him one of the richest men in the United States; some saying even surpassing in wealth the oil tycoon, John D. Rockefeller (www.financialhistory.org/fh/1996/54-1.html). Doheny’s second wife, Carrie Estelle, was born in Philadelphia in 1875 and married Doheny in Albuquerque, New Mexico on August 22, 1900 (Doheny’s first wife, also named Carrie, had mysteriously disappeared six months earlier). Both Edward and Carrie (who converted to Roman Catholicism in 1918) were important donors the Roman Catholic Church). One of the Doheny’s most notable donations was the funding of the construction of St. Vincent de Paul’s Church, located on the corner of West Adams and Figueroa Streets. The Doheny’s, who were closely involved in the church’s design, played a pivotal role in the selection of its architect, Albert C. Martin, Sr... Six years later, in recognition of their contributions to the Los Angeles Diocese, the Dohenys were appointed by Pope Pius XI, members of the Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulcher, a Roman Catholic chivalric order. In 1932 Edward Doheny, in one of his largest educational gifts, donated 1.1 million dollars to build the Edward L. Doheny, Jr. Memorial Library at the University of Southern California (USC was his deceased son, Ned Doheny’s, alma mater). Completed in 1932, the Italian Romanesque style library was designed by the renowned Boston firm of Cram and Ferguson.
In failing health and sadden over the loss of his only child, Ned, (Ned died in what many people believed was a double suicide following the Teapot Dome scandal in the 1920s) Edward Doheny spent the last years before his death in 1935 as a semi-invalid, secluded in his mansion on Chester Place. After her husband’s death Carrie Estelle Doheny continued her philanthropy to the church and in 1939 she was awarded the distinction of “Countess” by Pius XII, a rare title that only the pope could confer in recognition of her generosity (Davis, 2001: 277). In that same year, at the suggestion of Los Angeles’ Post/Hazeltine Associates 7 Draft Historic Resources Study St. John’s Seminary Specific Plan May 19, 2008 Bishop John J. Cantwell, she funded the construction of a library at the newly created St. John’s Seminary in Camarillo (Davis, 2001: 277). At Bishop Cantwell’s urging Carrie Estelle also made the decision to donate her extensive collection of rare books and manuscripts to the newly created seminary, including one of only 48 known copies in the world of the Guttenberg Bible. Her collection, which she began in the 1920s, ranked as one of the most important private libraries created in the United States during the period between 1920 and circa-1950. To honor her husband, she provided the funds to construct the two-story the Edward Laurence Doheny Memorial Library, housing the seminary’s working library on the first floor and Carrie Estelle’s book and manuscript collection on the second. As designed by Wallace Neff the Spanish Colonial Revival style library featured an exuberant Churriguesque style façade, arcades, and lavishly appointed interiors.
In the remaining years of her life, Carrie Estelle, having already shown a pattern of charitable donations during her husband’s lifetime, would continue to give generously. By the time of her death, on October 30, 1958, she had established two foundations, the Carrie Estelle Doheny Foundation and the Carrie Estelle Doheny Eye Foundation (her interest in creating this foundation no doubt prompted by an ocular hemorrhage she suffered in 1944 that eventually left her totally blind). The foundations supported educational ministries, established endowment trusts, and provided the money to build several chapels, libraries, and hospital facilities. Equally impressive is her role as one of California’s most prominent bibliophiles. Doheny, who began with a small collection of religious books, manuscripts, and art, eventually amassed one of the greatest private collections of rare books and manuscripts in the United States.
4.4.2 St. John’s Major Seminary (1940-1961)
Construction at the seminary ceased during the war years, but began again in the postwar years. In 1947, Archbishop Cantwell died and was succeeded by Archbishop James McIntyre (subsequently elevated to the cardinalate in 1953). In 1951, St. John’s Seminary was accredited by the Western College Association. In 1956, in response to its growing number of students, a new dormitory-classroom- recreation building was built, enabling the seminary to increase its number of students from 104 to 180 (http://www.stjohnsem.edu/history.htm). During the late 1950s the Los Angeles Archdiocese experienced a dramatic increase in both its members and candidates for the priesthood, consequently, Cardinal McIntyre embarked on an ambitious expansion program that included the construction of parochial schools, churches and a new four-year college for seminarians to be located adjacent to the existing St. John’s Major College in Camarillo.
4.5 St. John’s Seminary College (1961-2008)
The Archdiocese’s plans for the new college were announced by Cardinal McIntyre in February of 1961. Funding for the new school began immediately, the projected cost of which was four million dollars. At the time the construction of the new college was announced, candidates for the priesthood began their studies at Our Lady Queen of the Angels Junior Seminary in San Fernando, where the program included a four-year high school and the first two years of college. After graduating from the Junior Seminary students transferred to the St. John’s Major Seminary to complete the last two years of their undergraduate studies and then a four year-program in post-graduate study in theology (The Tidings, “Seminary College to Be Built Here” February 3, 1961). The construction of the undergraduate college was part of the Archdiocese’s revamping of its educational program for prospective priests, which would now feature a four year high school in San Fernando, a four-year undergraduate college at the new St. John’s Seminary College and four years of post-graduate work at St. John’s Major College. The function of the new four-year liberal arts undergraduate school at St. John’s Seminary College was to focus on
Post/Hazeltine Associates 8 Draft Historic Resources Study St. John’s Seminary Specific Plan May 19, 2008 languages, philosophy, social sciences, mathematics, natural sciences, fine arts, and religion. As delineated in The Evangelist:
St. John’s College is a liberal arts institution, organized to give a general education and to grant the Bachelor of Arts degree to successful candidates. The college shares the general objectives of the traditional liberal arts school, and has other specific aims that utilize such general education with changing its essential characteristics (Evangelist Vol. 24, No. 2, Winter 1962).
Construction of the new campus required extensive grading of the hilltop, the removal of the sections of the windrows and a significant portion of the terraced citrus groves (Figure 9). By the end of 1961, the first phase of construction had been completed. Under the supervision of the Reverend William Kenneally, president and rector of St. John’s Seminary from 1958 to 1967 the school received its first class of students. All of the college’s buildings were designed by one of Los Angeles’ oldest and most prestigious architectural firms, A. C. Martin Partners (It was the firm’s founder, Albert C. Martin, Sr. who was hired by Edward and Carrie Estelle Doheny to design St. Vincent de Paul’s Church in 1925). Buildings completed during this first period of construction comprised the Administration/Faculty building and three dormitories. The second phase of the project was completed in 1963 and included a classroom building, a prayer hall, a convent, a chapel, a refectory, kitchen facilities, and athletic facilities (The Tidings, March 9, 1962) (Figures 10 - 11). In 1964 the Carrie Estelle Doheny Memorial Library opened its doors. Funded by the Doheny Foundation, it was dedicated to Carrie Estelle Doheny. After construction of the campus was completed, citrus groves were replanted around the campus’ landscaped grounds; however, the new groves were not terraced as the original groves were. No significant alterations, with the exception of the removal of a water tower that flanked the west side of the convent, were made to the campus after the mid-1960s. By 1964-65 St. John’s Seminary had reached its peak in enrollment with 260 attending St. John’s Seminary College, and 122 theology students at St. John’s Major Seminary (Theologate). By the late 1960s enrollment had begun to drop, a process that accelerated during 1980s and 1990s. In the 1980s an 11.77-acre parcel at the southeast corner of the property was subdivided from the seminary property for the construction of a Roman Catholic parish church. In 2003, because of declining enrollment, the Archdiocese closed the seminary’s post-graduate program, transferring the four-year undergraduate program from the now shuttered St. John’s Seminary College to the adjoining St. John’s Major College facility. Citrus groves continue to be cultivated on the property.
4.5.1 Architectural Firms Associated with the Construction of St. John’s Seminary College
The Architectural Firm of Albert C. Martin Partners (1907-2008)
Albert C. Martin, Sr. (1879-1960) (Albert C. Martin and Associates)
The architectural firm bearing the Martin name was founded over a hundred years ago, in 1907, by Albert C. Martin, Sr. as A. C. Martin and Associates. Albert C. Martin, Sr., who received his degree in architecture and engineering from the University of Illinois in 1902, first apprenticed as a draftsman for the Brown-Ketcham Iron Works in Indianapolis, where he trained primarily in steel and iron technology. Two years later, in 1904, Martin moved to Los Angeles, working initially at Carl Leonardt & Co., then at the firm of Alfred Rosenheim, FAIA. In 1907 Martin established his own architectural practice, Albert C. Martin & Associates (Los Angeles Times, April 10, 1960). Within four years, his firm had executed a number of important commissions, including the Beaux-Arts style Ventura County Courthouse in Ventura (1912), the Neo-Baroque Roman Catholic Mary Magdalen Chapel in Camarillo (1912), and the Churriguesque style Million Dollar Theater, in collaboration with William L. Woolcott, in Los Angeles Post/Hazeltine Associates 9 Draft Historic Resources Study St. John’s Seminary Specific Plan May 19, 2008 (1918). By the early 1920s Martin had established himself as one of Southern California’s leading architects and was responsible for a number of successively important commissions including, St. Vincent’s Roman Catholic Church (1925); the Romanesque-inspired St. Monica’s Roman Catholic Church in Santa Monica (1925), the Spanish Colonial Revival style Boulevard Theatre (1925), the Los Angeles City Hall with John C. Austin, John Parkinson, and Austin Whittlesey (1926-28), and the Streamlined Moderne style May Company, with S. A. Marx, in Los Angeles (1940). Among Martin’s most important clients were the May Company for whom he designed numerous stores, and the Roman Catholic Church for whom he designed many churches and buildings.
During the pre World War II period the firm’s commissions were characterized by a robust eclecticism, which employed a range of architectural styles from permutations of the Period Revival to Streamline Moderne. Martin also was noted as an outstanding engineering and was responsible for developing a system of reinforced concrete construction that provided additional earthquake protection. During his career, he served as director, vice president, and president of the Southern California Chapter of the American Institute of Architects. Martin’s substantial contribution to the field of architecture was recognized by the American Institute of Architecture with four separate awards for achievements in planning and designs (Los Angeles Times, April 10, 1960). Between 1907 and 1960, his firm designed over 1,500 buildings in Southern California (Los Angeles Times, April 10, 1960). A year before his death, in 1960, Martin was presented with the Man of Achievement Award by the Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce for “his outstanding accomplishments and contributions in fine architecture and in development of building materials designed to withstand earthquakes and to solve unusually difficult building problems” (Los Angeles Times, April 10, 1960).
The Firm of A. C. Martin Partners
Shortly after the end of World War II Albert C. Martin, Sr. retired and was succeeded by his two sons, Albert C. Martin, Jr., FAIA and J. Edward Martin. Under the stewardship of the two Martin brothers the firm became one of the leading proponents of Corporate Modernism or what is sometimes alternately called, Second-Generation Modernism. Renamed A. C. Martin Partners, the firm would become one of the largest and most successful architectural firms in the post-World War II period, a time when Southern California was experiencing unprecedented growth and prosperity. Unlike some firms, Albert C. Martin & Associates was not known for a ‘signature style. ’ As noted by the architectural historian, Thomas Hines:
The firm did not have a one-and-only signature,” says Thomas Hines, a professor of history and architecture at UCLA, who met Martin a few times and recently read transcripts of his interviews with the university’s oral history archive. “[Ludwig] Mies [Van der Rohe’s] stamp on his own large firm, or Frank Gehry’s stamp, is pretty obvious. But I think the Martins took [Eero] Saarinen as a model: ‘the style for the job.’ You’re not going to get to do one single thing; you’re going to have to respond to the client and the project’s needs. The younger Martin’s buildings, Hines says, range from a rationalist International Style to more Expressionist Works. And even though Martin once said he preferred Frank Lloyd Wright to Van de Rohe, his style was generally more Miesian, with a rational, austere character and tendency to large buildings (Los Angeles Times, April 6, 2006: E-1).
Some of the corporate and institutional buildings designed and built under the direction of Albert Martin, Jr. and J. Edward Martin, included, in addition to the complex of structures built for St. John’s Seminary College (1961-63), the Los Angeles’ Department of Water and Power (1965), the Municipal Post/Hazeltine Associates 10 Draft Historic Resources Study St. John’s Seminary Specific Plan May 19, 2008 Services Building, with architect, Merrill W. Baird, AIA, in Glendale (1966), the TRW Science Research Park in Redondo Beach (1968), Union Bank Square, Los Angeles (1968), the twin 52-story Arco Plaza Towers in Los Angeles (1973), Security Pacific Plaza (1974), St. Basil’s Roman Catholic Church (1974), Steel Case Regional Headquarters (1975). Under the management of Albert and Edward the firm would go on to receive more than one hundred architectural, engineering, and planning awards (hht://www.downtownnews.com/articles/2006/04/10/news/news/04.txt). Designing some of Downtown Los Angeles’ most important postwar corporate buildings, these structures, erected during the firm’s ‘building zenith’ -1964-1975-, helped make Downtown the vertical community it is today” (hht://www.downtownnews.com/articles/2006/04/10/news/news/04.txt). The significance of Albert C. Martin & Associates was summarized by Kenneth Breisch, professor of architecture and preservation at USC, who noted that: “He (Albert Martin Jr.) was practicing at a very important time in the formation of international corporate modernism in Los Angeles. Albert Martin, Jr. took a leading role in creating a new image for the corporation, an image of American efficiency and of the ascendancy of science and technology” (Los Angeles Times, April 6, 2006: E-1). Michael Webb, author of Modernism Reborn, noted that Martin, Jr. was “one of the establishment figures who bridged the gap between the mundane and the adventurous, which is L.A.’s great contribution.” (Los Angeles Times, April 6, 2006: E-1). In 1980 Albert Martin Jr. and his brother Edward Martin went into semi- retirement, gradually turning over the firm’s business to their sons, David Martin (chief designer) and Christopher Martin (corporate management). Under the leadership of the third generation of the Martin family the firm has become a global business specializing in institutional and corporate architecture and planning.
Albert C. Martin, Jr. (1914-2006) and J. Edward Martin (1916-2004)
Albert Martin, Jr. attended the USC School of Architecture where he graduated cum laude with a Bachelor’s in Architecture in 1935. A year later, in 1936, he joined his father’s firm as chief designer, a post he would hold until 1945 (Dyle 1962: 1911-1912). Between 1938 and 1940 Albert Jr. attended Caltech, where he studied architectural engineering. In 1940 he was admitted to the Southern California chapter of the American Institute of Architects. Edward J. Martin, initially attended USC, before transferring to the University of Illinois, where he graduated with a Batchelor’s in Engineering in 1939 (Los Angeles Time, November 26, 2004: B-13). During World War II he served in the U.S. Navy’s Civil Engineering Corps. After the war, Edward returned to the family’s firm as its chief engineer. That same year, he and his brother Albert, took over management of the company from their father. During his career, Edward’s contributions to engineering, most importantly his development of new structural systems and the championing of computer-aided technology to model earthquake stresses was recognized when he was made a fellow of the American Association of Engineers and given a lifetime achievement award by the Structural Engineers Association of Southern California in 1996 (Los Angeles Time, November 26, 2004: B-13). Edward, like his brother was active in the local community. He served on the board of governors for St. Thomas Aquinas College and was a founding member of the board of counselors of the USC School of Medicine. In 1990, A. C. Martin Jr. was honored by UCS as its “distinguished alumnus (Los Angeles Times, March 25, 1990: K-12). Edward Martin died in November of 2004; his elder brother A. C. Martin Jr. died two years later in April 2006.
4.5.2 Camarillo (1940-2008)
Throughout the 1940s Camarillo continued to remain a small agricultural town. Suburbanization began incrementally in 1951 when the United States Air Force leased the Camarillo airport for use as the Oxnard Air Force Base. In the years the base was in operation (it closed in 1969) it brought many new residents to area. The resultant influx helped generate the need for Camarillo’s first residential subdivisions in the mid-1950s. In 1954 the 101 Freeway, linking western Ventura County with the San Fernando Valley, was completed. By Post/Hazeltine Associates 11 Draft Historic Resources Study St. John’s Seminary Specific Plan May 19, 2008 1960 there were 2,450 single-family residences in Camarillo. The town was incorporated as a city in 1964. Since the mid-1960s the community’s residential and commercial base has continued to expand exponentially. The most notable result of this expansion, in the vicinity of the project area, has been the conversion of agricultural land east of Calleguas Creek into residential subdivisions beginning in the early to mid-1980s. Known as “East Camarillo” the area is characterized by single-family residential subdivisions with some commercial development along Adolfo Road. The most recent residential subdivision, abutting the east side of the St. John’s Specific Plan area was completed in the 2008.
5.0 DESCRIPTION OF RESOURCES IN PROJECT AREA
Introduction
St. John’s Seminary is located within the City of Camarillo. The property is located on an elevated block of land that is delineated on the north and west by Calleguas Creek, on the south by Upland Road and on the east by a residential subdivision of single-family homes and Padre Serra Roman Catholic Parish Church. The approximately 100-acre property encompasses two distinct clusters of buildings, one primarily built in 1938- 1940 and the other constructed in 1961-1963 (see Figures 5 – 11). Built in 1938-1940, the older campus was constructed to house the Los Angeles Archdiocese’s Major Seminary (Theologate). The Theologate was a six- year college providing training for men entering priesthood. To the east of the Theologate, is St. John’s Seminary College, which was constructed in 1961-1963 as the archdiocese’s four-year undergraduate college for seminarians.
Originally, the campus’ primary entrance was via Old Seminary Road, which linked the seminary with Highway 34 (Somis Road) via a bridge over Calleguas Creek. On the west side of the creek a small complex of wood frame vernacular buildings associated with the property’s agricultural operations flanked the south side of the entrance drive. On the east side of the creek, the entrance was embellished with a ceremonial entrance gate flanked by piers. Just beyond the gate the drive splits into three forks; the central driveway extends east towards the Theologate, the lower drive forms a short spur that accesses a cluster of accessory buildings. The upper drive extends northeast towards St. John’s Seminary College. The paved drives are lined with rows of trees. A secondary drive located at the northeast corner of the Theologate provides access to St. John’s Seminary. With the exception of landscaped grounds around the buildings and athletic fields, the two campuses are surrounded by groves of citrus trees.
The following description of resources is confined to the project area delineated by the St. John’s Specific Plan.
5.1 St. John’s Seminary College (Architectural Style and General Plan)
Located northeast of the St. John’s Major Seminary, the former St. John’s Seminary College is composed of a number of buildings organized around a central mall (Figure 12). The overall organization of the campus, which features buildings linked by courtyards and arcuated corridors, draws its inspiration from the Catholic tradition of monastic architecture. More directly, the campus employs a plan similar to that of St. John’s Major Seminary designed by the firm of Ross Montgomery (main campus) and Reginald Johnson (library) in 1938- 1939, which features buildings linked by corridors and courtyards. However, unlike the older campus, which employs a Spanish Colonial Revival style scheme, the new campus was designed in a modernist idiom (Figure 13). Built between 1961 and 1964, the campus was designed by the architectural firm of A. C. Martin Partners. Joseph Amestoy, Project Designer for the firm, explicated the architectural and programmatic scheme for the college as follows:
The new Seminary College is intended to be a unique work of Architecture. Which preserves the living Tradition of the Church, avoids the extremes of Post/Hazeltine Associates 12 Draft Historic Resources Study St. John’s Seminary Specific Plan May 19, 2008 fashionability and conventionalism, maintains its own identity, keeps in harmony with the existing Major Seminary Building, and fulfills the necessary requirements. In order to fulfill these aims, an architectural theme was chosen that would allow the character of the buildings to grow out of the needs of the Seminary (i.e., functional, liturgical, spatial, etc.) …by straight- forward, honest, expression, of the modern uses of materials and methods of construction (Evangelist: Spring 1961, Volume 23, No. 3).
As designed by A. C. Martin Partners the new seminary buildings drew inspiration from an architectural style known as New Formalism or sometimes referred to as Neo-Palladianism; a style that achieved its height of popularity between the 1960s through the mid-1970s (Colquhoun 2002: 246-247). The style emphasized monumentality and symmetry and as noted by the architectural historians, David Gebhard and Robert Winter:
The New Formalism (or Neo-Palladianism) represents yet another 20th century effort to enjoy the advantages of the past and also the full advantages of the present. In this compromise the Meisian aesthetic of the Corporate International Style returns to the Classical. Symmetry, classical proportions, arches, traditional rich materials, such as marble and granite are now used. The form of the building often tends to be a symmetrical pavilion, set on a podium. The style came about in the hands of Edward Durrell Stone, Philip C. Johnson, and Minoru Yamasaki. Since the New Formalism share many points of similarity with the earlier Regency Formalism, it is difficult to indicate a specific for the early examples in California. By the early 1960s, with the work of Stone, himself in Southern California, the style was well on its way (Gebhard and Winter 1994).
Character-defining features of the style include: 1) buildings separated from nature and usually set on podium; 2) allusion to classical vocabulary especially columns and entablatures; 3) arched forms; 4) exterior walls clad in stone; 5) an emphasis on symmetry and balance; and 6) formal landscaping including monumental sculpture. The style was especially popular for religious building because the International Style or Modernism was perceived as lacking in emotional and spiritual expressiveness; consequently, a number of architects wanted to experiment with more expressive shapes, such as those exemplified by New Formalism (Howe 2003: 325-341).
Organizationally, the undergraduate college is divided into six distinct nodes, including: 1) living quarters/administration, 2) classrooms; 3) chapel; 4) freestanding library; 5) support services (including food service and a convent); and 6) athletic facilities including a pool, baseball field, basketball and racquet ball courts (Figure 14). All the buildings were designed in the same architectural style and employ the same repertoire of architectural motifs, including concrete columns, textured concrete blocks, flat roofs, and pre-cast concrete arcades linking the various buildings (Figures 14 - 16).
The main entrance to the campus is via an entrance drive (Seminary Road). Located at the northwest corner of the campus it extends around the entire St. John’s Seminary College campus to form a ring road. On its west side the ring road is flanked by a parking area located in front of the Administration/Dormitory buildings. Composed of a two-story administrative/faculty component, flanked on its northwest, northeast and southwest corners by detached dormitory wings, the Administration/Dormitory building forms the west side of the St. John’s Seminary College campus. An open passageway, extending through the Administration building’s first floor, forms the west end of an axis that extends east to St. James Chapel. The east side of the Administration/Dormitory building forms the west side of a rectangular courtyard known as the “mall.” On its east side the mall is defined by the façade of St. James Chapel, the Refectory, Convent and the Prayer Hall. A Post/Hazeltine Associates 13 Draft Historic Resources Study St. John’s Seminary Specific Plan May 19, 2008 concrete arcade that links the chapel with Dormitory/Administration Building defines the north side of the mall. On its south the Service building defines the east side of the mall. On either side of the mall’s concrete walkway, expenses of turf and foundation planting extend to edge of the mall. A hand-carved marble replica of Michelangelo’s Pieta is placed on the north side of the mall’s central walkway (Figure 17). To the north of the mall expanses of turf, linked by concrete walkways, extend to the ring road. On the south side of the campus informal landscaping and paved parking extends from the Service building to the ring road. To the south of the ring road, a paved parking area is the location of a small Planetary Observatory. Informal landscaping of trees and shrubs extends along the east side of the Convent, Kitchen/Refectory and Chapel to the northeast corner of the Classroom/Recreation building. The athletic fields and swimming pool are located down slope and east of the Classroom/Recreation Building. To the north of the main campus is a landscaped picnic area embellished with a life-size marble statue of St. Francis. Beyond the college’s landscaped grounds citrus groves extend north, south, and east to the property boundary. To the west citrus groves extend to the grounds of St. John’s Major College.
5.2 Buildings and Features
5.2.1 Administration/Dormitory Buildings
This cluster of buildings, which forms the principal entrance to the college, is composed of four, two-story reinforced concrete buildings, including a centrally-placed administration building, flanked on its northeast, northwest, and southwest corners by freestanding wings housing the campus’ dormitories. Arcaded, open-air corridors link the four buildings. Like the other buildings that comprise the infrastructure of the college, the design emphasizes balance and symmetry, with a centrally recessed block, flanked by projecting wings. Capped by a flat roof, the buildings’ exterior walls are of textured concrete block. Fenestration primarily is comprised of metal frame windows set in shallow reveals.
West Elevation (primary elevation)
Built on a raised platform, the Administration building, which shelters the main entrance to the college, features a continuous arcade of concrete columns that extend the full height of the elevation (Figures 18 – 19). Slender pre-cast concrete pillars, with gently pointed arches, form the arcade. On the first and second floors, the arcade shelters an open air corridor. Fenestration on the first floor is composed of pairs of fixed one-light windows capped by transoms set in metal frames. The main entrance to the building is near the south end of the recessed block and is composed of a set of double doors. On the second floor, fenestration is composed of the same type windows flanked by flush panel metal doors. Capped by a projecting cast concrete cornice, which functions as a sunshade for the second floor windows, the flanking wings are linear in configuration. On the first and second floors, the elevation’s fenestration is composed of a balanced arrangement of paired metal frame windows and flushes panel metal doors. The Administration building housed offices and living quarters for the school’s facility.
Open-air arcades link the north and south ends of the Administration building’s west elevation to the flanking Dormitory buildings (Figures 20 – 25). The west elevation of the Dormitory buildings are clad in textured concrete blocks and are capped by a projecting cast concrete cornice, which functions as a sunshade for the second floor windows. The primary entrance to St. Bonaventure Dormitory is through a set of double metal and glass doors located near the south end of the building. St. Vibiana Dormitory main entrance is located at the north end of its west elevation. With the exception of large windows, placed over the main entrances to the dormitory buildings, the first and second floors fenestration are composed of a balanced arrangement of paired two-light metal frame windows and flush panel metal doors. The dormitories housed the college’s students.
Post/Hazeltine Associates 14 Draft Historic Resources Study St. John’s Seminary Specific Plan May 19, 2008 South Elevation
The south elevation features the recessed block of the Administration building flanked on its west side by St. Vibiana Dormitory. A continuous concrete arcade that runs the length of the Administration building’s south elevation links the building with the adjoining Dormitory building. The Dormitory wing’s south elevation features textured block walls and a balanced arrangement of metal frame windows.
North Elevation (facing towards the Carrie Estelle Doheny Memorial Library)
Like the other elevations, this side of building is u-shaped in configuration and is set on axis with the Carrie Estelle Doheny Memorial Library, located to the north. It is composed of long projecting wings linked at their south end by a recessed wing (Figure 26). A continuous projecting cast concrete cornice caps the projecting wings (Figure 27). The fenestration of the projecting wings is composed of symmetrical arrangement of narrow, paired one-light windows set in shallow reveals. The elevation’s recessed wing, which forms the north elevation of the Administration Building, is composed of an open arcade supported by concrete pillars that shelter corridors on the first and second floors (Figure 28). Stairwells, set within the envelope of the flanking wings, provide access to the second floor. Between the wings, a landscaped courtyard extends north towards the ring road that separates the main campus from the library building. The courtyard features a symmetrical, grid like arrangement of concrete walkways, patios, and rectilinear landscaped beds that are designed on axis with the nearby library.
East Elevation (facing the Chapel of St. James)
Designed on axis, with St. James’s Chapel at the east end of the mall, this elevation features the centrally-placed Administration Building, flanked on either side by detached dormitories linked by arcaded corridors. One element of the original scheme, a detached dormitory wing that was planned to flank the southeast corner of the Administration building was not built. The Administration building features a continuous two-story arcade of pre-caste concrete piers that runs the length of the elevation (Figure 29). Open corridors runs the length of the first and second floors. Fenestration is composed of a regular arrangement of large metal frame windows and flush panel doors. On its south side the Administration/Dormitory building is flanked by the recessed rear elevation of the St. Vibiana Dormitory whose architectural scheme largely mimics the scheme of the Dormitory’s west elevation. On its north side the Administration/Dormitory building is flanked by a projecting dormitory building, which features textured concrete block walls, banks of paired vertical windows and a projecting concrete cornice (Figure 30). Near the south end of the elevation a concrete arcade extends east from the dormitory to the St. James Chapel.
5.2.2 St. James Chapel
General Description
St. James Chapel, which is located on the east end of the mall, is axially aligned with Administration/Dormitory Building located at the west end of the mall. Built of pre-stressed concrete, the chapel’s architecture emphasizes symmetry and balance. Its architectural scheme was described as follows by the project’s lead designer, Joseph Amestoy:
Columns and sidewalls would be used which are formed by a series of (pre- stressed) concrete cross-shaped columns in which one arm of the cross receives the vertical section of the T-shaped beams and the other arm forms part of the wall. These columns are placed close together (8 feet) so that the remaining void is filled with a generous amount of glass giving maximum light Post/Hazeltine Associates 15 Draft Historic Resources Study St. John’s Seminary Specific Plan May 19, 2008 and air. The repeating columns and beams produce a series of flat arch forms which strongly directs all attention forward to the focal point of space, the alter (Evangelist, Volume 23, No. 3, Spring 1961: 18).
The chapel’s columns support a flared roof with deeply overhanging eaves. Like a Gothic period church the chapel’s concrete piers support the stained glass windows that fill the upper 2/3s of the wall surface. Those areas of wall surface that are not glazed are comprised of cast concrete panels with an aggregate finish. The chapel, designed to accommodate 400 seminarians, as well as priests, nuns, and choir members, included a sacristy, oratory, and a chapel for the Sisters of the Pious Schools (Evangelist, Volume 23, No. 3, Spring 1961: 18).
West Elevation (Primary façade, facing towards the Administrative/Dormitory Building)
This elevation is the façade of the building (Figures 31 - 32). Recessed behind the first set of concrete columns that form the structure of the building, the façade features a centrally placed doorway set in a projecting cast- concrete reveal. The double walnut wood doors are embellished with a carved arcuated motif (Figure 33). Above the door, is a large stained glass window whose design was inspired by Cardinal McIntyre’s Celtic style pectoral cross (Figure 34). Large stone reliefs, set on inscribed marble plinths, are placed to either side of the door (see Figure 31). On the left, the relief represents St. John the Evangelist, the patron Saint of St. John’s Major Seminary, below an image of God the father; on the right the relief represents St. James, the patron Saint of St. John’s Seminary College below an image of Mary and the infant Christ (John and James were brothers, and their sculptures represent the “brotherly” institutions of St. John’s Major Seminary and St. John’s Seminary College) (Figures 35 - 36). The inscribed plinths feature quotations from the Roman Catholic Church’s ordination ritual (Kenneally, n.d.). A freestanding cast-concrete arcade, running the length of the façade, links the building with the Classroom Building, Prayer Hall and Refectory that flank either side of the chapel.
South Elevation (facing Refectory Building)
This elevation is composed of a rhythmic arrangement of pre-cast concrete pillars (Figures 37 – 40). Between the pillars large stained glass windows run almost the entire of the elevation. At the east end of the elevation, a one-story wing, capped by a flat roof and embellished with a blind arcade, projects from the main body of the chapel and wraps around the southeast corner of the building. A detached, freestanding arcade running the length of the elevation links the refectory with the rear of the chapel.
East Elevation (rear elevation, overlooking the athletic fields)
This elevation features a blind arcade that runs the length of the elevation’s first floor (Figure 41). Narrow window slits that provide light to the sacristy are set on either side of each pillar.
North Elevation (facing the Classroom Building)
Like the south elevation, the north elevation is composed of a rhythmic arrangement of pre-cast concrete pillars (Figures 41 – 43). Between the pillars large stained glass windows run almost the entire length of the elevation. At the east end of the elevation, a one-story wing, capped by a flat roof, projects from the main body of the church. A freestanding arcade, running the length of the elevation, links the adjacent Refectory with the rear of St. James Chapel. At the east end of the elevation a secondary arcade links the rear of the chapel with the adjoining Classroom/Recreation building. A marble statue of the Christ, set on a concrete plinth, is placed in the rectangular courtyard formed by the north elevation of St. James Chapel and the south elevation of the Classroom/Recreation Building.
Post/Hazeltine Associates 16 Draft Historic Resources Study St. John’s Seminary Specific Plan May 19, 2008 Interior
The interior of the St. James Chapel forms a large rectangle. Stained glass windows extend the length of the nave (Figure 44). Designed and fabricated by the Paul L. Phillips Studio of Altadena, the programmatic scheme for the chapel’s 31 stained glass windows focused on the themes of salvation and the priesthood (Kenneally n.d.). At the east end of the chapel the wall behind the alter features a cast-stone reredos of the last supper centered on a monumental crucifix designed by the Spanish artist Antonio Vausted (Kenneally, n.d.) (Figure 45). Woodwork in the chapel, including its pews, rails, doors, and grills are of walnut. A series of smaller chapels and the Sacristy are located at the southeast corner of the church and behind the reredos.
Alterations and Modifications
St. James Chapel has remained essentially unaltered since its construction in 1962-1963.
5.2.3 Prayer Hall (lecture room)
On its north side St. James Chapel is linked to the college’s Prayer Hall by an open arcade. Like the chapel, the Prayer Hall’s structure is formed of pre-stressed concrete pillars. The space between the pillars is in-filled with textured concrete blocks. The building’s supporting pillars are flanked by narrow rectangular windows. Funds for the Prayer Hall’s construction were donated by church patrons, Asa Vickery Call and Margaret Fleming Call.
South Elevation (façade, facing towards chapel)
The north elevation is symmetrical in configuration, with a centrally placed set of double metal doors set in a deep reveal (Figure 46). Above the doors the concrete aggregate panel is embellished with a mosaic panel of the ecclesiastical coat of arms of Cardinal McIntyre (Figure 47).
East Elevation (facing towards classroom building)
This elevation of the building forms the west side of a courtyard formed by the Prayer Hall, St. James Chapel and the Classroom/Recreation Building (Figure 48). The most notable feature of this side of the building is the series of concrete pillars that support the building’s deeply overhanging eaves. Narrow windows set on either side of the pillars provide light to the Prayer Hall. The north end of the elevation is recessed to form a porch that shelters a door that accesses the rear of the Prayer Hall.
North Elevation (rear elevation)
At either end of the elevation are two freestanding concrete pillars that support the prayer hall’s deeply overhanging roof (Figure 49). The central section of the rear elevation, which features a textured block wall, is flanked at either end by recessed porches.
West elevation (facing towards Administration/Dormitory Building)
Like the east elevation, this side of the Prayer Hall features a series of concrete pillars that support the building’s deeply overhanging eaves. Narrow windows set on either side of the pillars provide light to the Prayer Hall. The north and south ends of the elevation are recessed to form small porches.
Post/Hazeltine Associates 17 Draft Historic Resources Study St. John’s Seminary Specific Plan May 19, 2008 Alterations and Modifications
The Prayer Hall has remained essentially unaltered since its construction in 1962-1963.
5.2.4 Classroom/Recreation Building
To the east of the Prayer Hall is the u-shaped Classroom/Recreation Building. Built on a hillside, the building features a two-level wing overlooking the athletic fields flanked on the north and south side by one-story wings that form two sides of a rectangular courtyard. Like the college’s other buildings, the Classroom/Recreation Building is constructed of pre-stressed concrete pillars that support the roof, with the space between the pillars in-filled with textured concrete blocks. Fenestration is composed of a balanced arrangement of metal windows and flush-panel metal doors. The deeply overhanging roof functions as canopy along most of the building’s primary elevations. The first floor of the building housed classrooms, science and biology laboratories, and a lecture hall. The ground floor of the central wing housed the music and recreation rooms. The west ends of the building’s projecting wings were linked by a concrete arcade that extended from the classroom building to the Refectory located south of the chapel.
East Elevation (facing athletic fields)
This elevation, which is two stories in height, is built into the hillside that overlooks the athletic fields (Figure 50). It features a symmetrical arrangement of T-shaped concrete columns on the first and second floors that form the building’s structural framework. On the first floor the T-shaped columns supports a cantilevered roof that forms a corridor that runs the length of the second floor. Fenestration is composed of rectangular metal frame sliders and glazed flush panel metal doors.
North Elevation (overlooking ring road)
The north elevation is linear in configuration (Figures 51-52). It features textured concrete block walls and banks of metal frame windows set beneath a projecting cornice. At the east end of the elevation a corridor leads to the central courtyard. A marble sculpture of St. Joseph set on a concrete plinth is located between the north elevation and the ring road (Figure 53).
West Elevation (facing courtyard)
On the west elevation, the interstices between the T-shaped concrete pillars are in-filled with textured concrete blocks (Figures 54 – 56). Fenestration is composed of a balanced arrangement of flush panel and glazed metal doors. The deeply overhanging roof eaves form a sheltered corridor that runs the length of the elevation. Near the south end of the elevation a walkway links the Classroom/Recreation Building with St. James Chapel.
South Elevation (facing chapel)
A rhythmic pattern of concrete pillars and textured concrete block walls runs the length of the elevation (see Figure 56). The elevation’s deeply overhanging roof forms a sheltered corridor along the length of the elevation. Fenestration is composed of flush panel metal doors and metal frame windows. Freestanding pre-cast concrete arcade link the southeast corner of the building with the adjoining Prayer Hall and St. James Chapel.
Post/Hazeltine Associates 18 Draft Historic Resources Study St. John’s Seminary Specific Plan May 19, 2008 Courtyard
The north, south and east sides of the Classroom/Recreation Building’s courtyard are defined by the exterior walls of the building’s three wings (see Figure 55). On its west side an arcade of pre-fabricated concrete links the building’s north and south wings. At the east end of the courtyard is a marble sculpture of St. Anthony of Padua set on a concrete plinth.
Alterations and Modifications
The Classroom Building has remained essentially unaltered since its construction in 1962.
5.2.5 Refectory/Kitchen Building
Located just south of St. James Chapel, the Refectory/Kitchen building was designed as two distinct elements with the Refectory featuring a pre-stressed structure of T-shaped concrete columns and textured concrete block walls (Figures 57 – 60). The building is linked to the adjoining chapel and nearby Prayer Hall by concrete arcades. Like the seminary’s other buildings, the Refectory’s architectural scheme emphasizes symmetry and balance. Its architectural scheme was described as follows by the project’s lead designer, Joseph Amestoy:
a floor to ceiling wall of glass which looks out to the rolling hills on the east. On the opposite wall between the columns and below the high window is an intricate walnut grille which provides acoustical absorption and add a warm accent to contrast with the simplicity of a similar column and roof system in the Chapel and Prayer Hall (Evangelist, Volume 23, No. 3, Spring 1961: 19).
The kitchen wing, which is located at the rear of the building, features a more reductive design featuring textured concrete block walls capped by a flat roof with a concrete parapet. The rear of the building faces the adjacent Convent across a narrow courtyard.
North Elevation (Façade, facing towards the Prayer Hall)
This elevation is linear in configuration with glazed metal frame doors set at either end of the elevation. Cast- in-place concrete arcades link the refectory with a longer arcade that extends around the north, south and west sides of the chapel (Figure 57). Large, floor to ceiling rectangular windows set in metal frames flank the doors.
South Elevation (kitchen wing, facing convent)
The south elevation is linear in configuration and faces the adjoining convent building (Figure 58). It features textured concrete block walls with two large windows set at the west end of the elevation and double flush panel doors that open onto a concrete loading dock at its west end.
East Elevation (facing athletic fields)
This elevation features a rhythmic arrangement of cast-in-place concrete pillars supporting a deeply overhanging roof, whose scalloped edge mimics the slightly arched motif of the concrete arcades (Figure 59). The interstices between the pillars are in-filled with large rectangular windows that extend from floor to ceiling. At its south end the refectory abuts the kitchen wing.
Post/Hazeltine Associates 19 Draft Historic Resources Study St. John’s Seminary Specific Plan May 19, 2008 West Elevation (facing Mall)
This elevation features a rhythmic pattern of concrete pillars with the interstices between the pillars filled by textured concrete blocks (Figure 60). A pair of rectangular windows is set between the two pillars at the north end of the elevation. A rectangular wing, clad in textured concrete block, and capped by a flat roof, projects from the south end of the elevation.
Alterations and Modifications
The Refectory/Kitchen building has remained essentially unaltered since its construction in 1962.
5.2.6 Convent
The Convent is a u-shaped one-story building located just south of the Refectory/Kitchen building. It was built as living quarters for the Sisters of the Pious Word (Figures 61- 63). The order was founded in Spain by Sister Paula Montalt in the 1830s (Montalt was later canonized by the Roman Catholic Church). At the time St. John’s Seminary was founded the order was most active in Spain, France, and South America, where its primary mission was teaching, as well as the maintenance of boarding schools, orphanages, and retreat houses (Evangelist, 1962: 2). At St. John’s the order were in charge of the kitchens and support services for the college. In its design, the Convent features a pre-stressed structure of T-shaped concrete columns and textured concrete block walls capped by a deeply overhanging roof. Like the seminary’s other buildings, the Convent’s architectural scheme emphasizes symmetry and balance. Its structure was described by the project’s lead designer, Joseph Amestoy as follows:
Joined to the Kitchen will be a U-shaped convent. The center of the U and the back wall of the kitchen form an enclosed garden and shrine for the nuns. There will be a common room having one wall of glass which leads directly out to the garden. In addition to the 9 single unit rooms….there will be an infirmary, superior’s room, kitchenette, laundry room, entrance hall, 2 parlors, and a chapel and sacristy (Evangelist, Volume 23, No. 3, Spring 1961: 19).
North elevation (facing Kitchen)
U-shaped in configuration this elevation features a rhythmic pattern of concrete columns and textured concrete block walls. Fenestration consists of a number of metal frame units. On the east side of the courtyard, a bank of floor to ceiling windows extends the length of the dining room.
South Elevation (facing driveway)
The south elevation features two concrete pillars set at either end of the elevation that support the building’s overhanging concrete roof (see Figure 61). Textured concrete blocks form the elevation’s exterior wall. Fenestration is composed of a symmetrical arrangement of rectangular metal frame windows.
East (Primary Façade)
This elevation features a rhythmic pattern of concrete pillars and textured concrete block walls capped by a deeply overhanging roof supported by T-shaped s pillars (see Figure 62 and 63). Fenestration consists of a balanced arrangement of metal frame windows set on either side of every other pillar. A set of double metal and glass doors flanked by sidelights is set near the south end of the elevation. This door is the primary Post/Hazeltine Associates 20 Draft Historic Resources Study St. John’s Seminary Specific Plan May 19, 2008 entrance to the Convent. At the east end of the building an enclosed breezeway links the Convent with the adjoining kitchen. A concrete walkway links the entrance to the parking area. To the south of the walkway a marble statue of St. Paula Montalt is set on a concrete plinth.
West Elevation (facing service area)
Linear in configuration this elevation features a rhythmic pattern of T-shaped concrete pillars and textured concrete block walls and a deeply overhanging roof (see Figure 61). Fenestration is composed of a balanced arrangement narrow, rectangular metal frame windows set on the north side of each column.
5.2.7 Service Building
Located southwest of the Refectory/Kitchen building, the Service building included covered parking and rooms used for facilities management. Its exterior walls are of textured concrete block, capped by a parapet (Figure 64). The six-bay covered parking is supported by T-shaped concrete pillars, flanked on either side by enclosed wings. Fenestration primarily is comprised of hopper style metal windows and doors are metal flush panel types.
5.2.8 Athletic Fields and Swimming Pool
The athletic fields and swimming pool are located to the east of the Classroom/Recreation building and below the ring road (Figures 65 – 66). The athletic fields include two basketball courts, two tennis courts, two volleyball courts, a baseball field, and ten racquetball courts. At the northwest corner of the athletic fields is a swimming pool surrounded by a concrete wall (Figure 67). To the north of the pool is a one-story flat roofed building that housed the locker room. Designed in same style as the campus’ other buildings, the locker room has concrete pillars supporting a deeply overhanging flat roof; the exterior walls are of textured concrete block (Figures 68). On the north and south elevations ribbon windows extend the length of the elevation.
Alterations and Modifications
The swimming pool and locker room building have remained essentially unaltered since its construction in 1962. The athletic fields have deteriorated since the college was closed in 2003.
5.2.9 The Carrie Estelle Doheny Memorial Library
Funded by the Doheny Foundation, the library was named in honor of Carrie Estelle Doheny. A generous benefactress, Doheny had gifted substantial funds to the Church, including the money to build the seminary’s initial library, named in honor of her husband, Edward Laurence Doheny, as well as the partial funding of the St. John’s Major Seminary College. Begun in 1962 and completed in 1963, the St. John’s Seminary College library was designed in the same architectural style as that of the seminary college’s principal buildings. Employing the design principles of the New Formalist style the library’s rigorously symmetrical scheme features a podium, monumental colonnades, and stone cladding (Figure 69). Its primary elevation is axially aligned with the north elevation of the Administrative/Dormitory building. Set on a low concrete podium, the library’s structural framework consists of four rows of T-shaped concrete columns that support a flat roof with extended eaves. Because the columns form the building’s structural framework, the exterior walls are not load- bearing. On all four elevations the exterior row of freestanding columns forms a colonnade. The side elevations’ colonnades feature 14 columns, while the façade and rear elevation have four columns supporting the roof. The walls of the library are composed of textured concrete block on the north, east, and west elevations, while the façade (south elevation) is clad in polished granite slabs.
Post/Hazeltine Associates 21 Draft Historic Resources Study St. John’s Seminary Specific Plan May 19, 2008 South Elevation (façade)
Set behind a colonnade, this elevation is centered on a recessed set of metal and glass entrance doors flanked by metal frame windows (Figures 70-71). Above the doors the wall is sheathed in polished granite slabs, set in a grid pattern. A mosaic and marble plaque, displaying Carrie Estelle Doheny’s coat of arms as a papal countess, is centered above the doors (Figures 72 - 73). On either side of the recessed doorway the walls are sheathed in a grid-like arrangement of highly polished granite slabs.
North Elevation (rear elevation)
Unlike the other elevations, which feature expanses of textured concrete block, or polished granite, the rear of the building is dominated by large banks of floor to ceiling windows, separated by narrow vertical bands of textured concrete blocks (Figures 74 – 75).
East Elevation (side elevation)
The east elevation features vertical banks of narrow metal frame windows separated by wider vertical bands of textured concrete blocks (Figures 76). Vertical bands of windows set at either end of the elevation emphasize the non-load-bearing nature of the exterior walls.
West Elevation (side elevation)
Like the east elevation, this side of the building features vertical banks of narrow metal frame windows separated by wider vertical bands of textured concrete blocks (Figures 77). Vertical bands of windows set at either end of the elevation emphasize the non-load-bearing nature of the exterior walls.
Alterations and Modifications
The Carrie Estelle Doheny Memorial Library has remained essentially unaltered since its date of construction in 1962-1963.
5.2.10 Planetary Observatory
A small circular building with concrete block walls and a domed metal roof is located in located across the access road from the Convent (Figure 78). The building houses a small planetary observatory.
Alterations and Modifications
The Planetary Observatory was built in the mid-1960s and does not appear to have undergone any alterations since its construction.
5.3 Other Buildings Structures and Features within the Specific Plan Area (Main Specific Plan Parcel)
5.3.1 Pump House
A concrete and board-and-batten building, capped by a moderately-pitched side gable roof covered in composition shingles, is located near the west end of the access road’s intersection with the main drive that links the two seminary complexes (Figure 79). This building, which housed a pump, was a component of the school’s water system, which once included a reservoir and water tower located on the hilltop. The waterworks appears to have been constructed at the time the first seminary was built in 1938-1939. Post/Hazeltine Associates 22 Draft Historic Resources Study St. John’s Seminary Specific Plan May 19, 2008 Alterations and Modifications
The Pump House was built in circa-1938-1939 and does not, with the exception of the replacement of its roofing, appear to have undergone significant alterations since its construction.
5.3.2 Water Tank
A large cylindrical water tank is located at the southeast corner of the St. John’s Seminary property (Figure 80). The water tank was built sometime between 1961 and 1964.
5.4 Buildings on the West Side of Calleguas Creek (Specific Plan Parcel located west of Calleguas Creek)
Landscape and Setting
The second parcel encompassed by the St. John’s Specific Plan is located on the northeast corner of the intersection of Upland Road and Somis Road. Its boundary is defined on the east by Calleguas Creek, on the north by an adjacent parcel, on the west by the Union Pacific Railroad Right-of-Way and Somis Road (State Highway 34), and on the south by Upland Road. A group of six buildings, including two houses, a mobile home, a garage, and two metal outbuildings are located near the north end of the parcel fronting on a segment of Old Seminary Road that once formed the main entrance to St. John’s Seminary. The remainder of the parcel is planted with lemons. A private paved road that extends south along the west bank of Calleguas Creek links the parcel to Upland Road. The area surrounding this parcel is located on the suburban/rural interface, with commercial/institutional development extending west from Las Posas Road towards the center of Camarillo. On its south side Las Posas Road is developed with suburban tract houses, most built in the early to mid-1960s. On the south side of Upland Road a tract of single family homes extends between Lewis Road and Calleguas Creek. On the east bank of the creek, more single-family homes extend east to Adolfo Road. Along both the east and west sides of Somis Road agricultural fields extend north to the small community of Somis.
Historical Overview
No documentation regarding the construction of these buildings could be located; however, the larger, Craftsman Style house at 4728 Old Seminary Road, appears to have been constructed sometime between circa 1910-1925, most likely by the Camarillo family to support their agricultural operations in the area. A 1938 aerial photograph does depict a rectangular building at the location, which indicated it was built before that date (the resolution of the photograph is rather poor; making it difficult to confirm that it is the subject building). However, since no documentation regarding the early history of the parcel could be found this could not be confirmed. The mobile home at 4900 Old Seminary Road and the two prefabricated metal building were placed on the property within the last 30 years. Since the Archdiocese acquired the property in 1927, the buildings on the west bank of Calleguas Creek have supported the seminary’s agricultural operations.
Originally, the segment of road that extends in front of the houses at 4712 and 4728 Old Seminary Road formed the main entrance to the Seminary, which crossed Calleguas Creek via a bridge. At its west end Seminary Road terminated at the railroad tracks where it became Las Posas Road. In the 1970s, Las Posas Road was realigned to cross Calleguas Creek south of Seminary Road, at Upland Road. A new entrance to the Seminary was built on Upland Road and the old entrance was removed. Eventually, the bridge crossing Calleguas Creek was removed leaving only its abutments in place. Within the last several years, the abutments were removed and the creek bank was modified. Today the west end of Old Seminary Road exists as a “stub” that extends from the east side of the Union Pacific Railroad Right-of-Way to the west bank of Calleguas Creek.
Post/Hazeltine Associates 23 Draft Historic Resources Study St. John’s Seminary Specific Plan May 19, 2008 5.4.1 Craftsman Style House at 4728 Seminary Road
This is a one-and-half story wood frame house set on a raised foundation (Figures 81 -82). Several features of the house including its emphasis on horizontality, full-length front porch, and decorative rafter tails identify it as an example of the Craftsman Style.
North Elevation (facing Seminary Road)
A full-length front porch extends the length of the façade is set under the eave line of the roof. A shed-roofed dormer with a pair of four-light windows is set at the center of the roof. The porch is surrounded by a solid parapet clad in clapboard siding. Piers composed of wood posts joined by horizontal cross pieces placed at either end of the porch and flanking the stairs support the overhanging roof. A set of wood steps lead onto the porch, which features a centrally placed glazed wood panel front door, which is flanked by on its west by a triple window with a large double hung one-over-one wood sash window with smaller one-over-one side lights. A pair of one-over-one wood sash windows flank the east side of the door.
South Elevation (rear elevation)
The west elevation features several one-over-one wood sash windows, with another one-over-one wood sash window placed just below the peak of the gable.
East Elevation (facing Calleguas Creek)
On this elevation, four triangular braces support the roof’s overhanging eaves. On the first floor, fenestration is composed of a balanced arrangement of four one wood frame, double-hung wood sash windows and two smaller one-over-one wood sash windows. Fenestration on the second floor is composed of a one-over-one wood sash window placed just below the peak of the gable.
West Elevation
The west elevation features several one-over-one wood sash windows, a glazed wood panel door placed near the west end of the elevation provides access from the service porch to the rear yard.
5.4.1.1 The Craftsmen Style
The Arts and Crafts movement originated in England in the mid-nineteenth century. While it is most remembered for its popularization of a new aesthetic style, the movement also encompassed (primarily in Great Britain) serious attempts at social and political reform. The Arts and Crafts movement was largely popularized through the writings of such Victorian era critics as, John Ruskin, who championed the development of a new artistic and architectural style that emphasized the use of natural materials, handcrafting, and the rejection of mechanized production. In England the designer, painter and architect William Morris was instrumental in developing its design aesthetic. The style, with its use of handcrafting and references to the aesthetic principles of medieval, pre-Renaissance England, enjoyed great popularity among the British intelligentsia. The new style advanced through Ruskin’s writings and other proponents of the movement, soon found adherents in the United States and eventually became one of the most popular architectural styles for single-family houses, between the years 1890 and 1925.
While drawing on attributes of the Arts and Crafts tradition, Southern California architects were also open to other stylistic influences, including the bungalow houses of India and the vernacular architecture of Japan. The Ho-Ho-Den pavilion, built for the 1893 World Columbian Exposition in Chicago, was one of the first times Post/Hazeltine Associates 24 Draft Historic Resources Study St. John’s Seminary Specific Plan May 19, 2008 Americans were able to see this form of architecture. The building proved to be influential to a number of American architects, including Frank Lloyd Wright. Wright, in his attempt to develop a uniquely American style, drew heavily from both the English Arts and Crafts movement and the vernacular architecture of Japan, incorporating these aesthetic characteristics into the design of his Prairie Style houses (built between circa 1899 and 1910).
While architects, such as Frank Lloyd Wright in Oak Park, and the Greene and Greene Brothers in Pasadena, did much to popularize the new style among the wealthy and upper middle classes, it was through pattern books, shelter magazines, and the distributors of factory-built houses, such as Sears and the Aladdin Company, that the Craftsman style was made accessible to the working and middle classes. In the case of kit houses building materials were delivered to the site with all the supplies numbered for assembly by either the purchaser or contractor. This new style eschewed the elaborate decorative treatments, formal floor plans, and complex volumes that had characterized the preceding Victorian styles, in favor of schemes emphasizing simple, reductive detailing, natural finishes, open floor plans, and horizontally-emphasized one to two-story exteriors. The house at 4728 Road is similar in design and layout to a Craftsman Style house depicted in a Sears pattern book published in circa 1915-1920, and a plan found in an Aladdin Company catalog published in 1917, suggesting that the house was either a kit home or was built by a local contractor from purchased plans.
5.4.2 House at 4712 Old Seminary Road
A one-story wood frame house set on a raised foundation is located just west of 4728 Old Seminary Road. The house is clad in horizontal shiplap wood siding and is capped by combination hipped and front gable roof covered in composition shingles (Figures 83 - 84). Fenestration is primarily multi-light metal frame units surrounded by narrow wood board reveals. The house’s type of metal frame windows would suggest a construction date sometime between the mid-1940 and early 1950s. The house is not depicted on a 1945 aerial photograph suggesting that it was built sometime between 1946 and the early 1950s.
North Elevation (façade, facing Old Seminary Road)
On this elevation, a front door, set at the top of a small concrete stoop, is flanked on the south by a triple multi- light metal frame fixed and casement window. A smaller multi-light metal casement window flanks the west side of the door. A decorative wood detail composed of “dog-eared” wood boards runs beneath a projecting eave that forms a shallow porch over the front door.
South elevation (rear elevation, facing towards Upland Road)
The rear elevation features metal frame casement windows flanked on the east by a flush panel door that opens onto a concrete stoop.
East Elevation (facing 4728 Old Seminary Road)
The south elevation is linear in configuration and features paired six-light metal casement windows.
West Elevation (Facing Union Pacific Railroad tracks and Somis Road)
The west elevation is linear in configuration and features paired six-light metal casement windows.
Post/Hazeltine Associates 25 Draft Historic Resources Study St. John’s Seminary Specific Plan May 19, 2008 Alterations and Modifications
The house at 4712 Old Seminary Road has undergone a number of minor alterations since its construction, including the replacement of several windows, and the replacement of the original wood porches with concrete stoops.
Garage
A small detached one-bay garage is located east of the house. The wood frame garage is sheathed in vertical wood boards and is capped by a moderately pitched front gable roof. A set of double doors on the building’s north elevation provide access to the interior. The garage appears to have been built sometime
5.4.3 Mobile Home at 4900 Old Seminary Road
This is a mobile home style residence set south of 4728 Las Posas Road (Figure 85). It appears to have been moved onto the property within the last 30 years.
5.4.4 Service Building 1
A pre–prefabricated metal building capped by a low-pitched side gale roof is located south of 4728 Old Seminary Road (Figure 86). Sliding metal doors extending the length of the building’s south elevation provide access to the building’s interior. It appears to have been built within the last 30 years.
5.4.5 Service Building 2
Another pre–prefabricated metal building capped by a low-pitched side gale roof is located south of Service Building 1 (Figure 87). Two rolling bay doors, flanked on the west by a flush panel bay door provide access to the building’s interior. It appears to have been built within the last 30 years.
5.5 Agricultural Component (Citrus Groves and Agriculture)
The earliest documented use of the property is for citri-culture. A 1938 aerial photograph (Addendum B, Aerial Photographs: 1938) taken in 1938, 10 years after the parcel had been donated to the Archdiocese of Los Angeles, depicts a trapezoidal area defined by Eucalyptus windrows; most of the area within the windrows is planted with terraced citrus groves, located on either side of a drainage that emptied into Calleguas Creek. The property was accessed via an unpaved road that extended from the railroad tracks and across a bridge to the main property. The road then extended south to the knoll top that would later become the location of St. John’s Seminary College built between 1938-1940. The knoll top, which is unplanted is flanked on the north by an irregular area planted with shrubs and trees. An oval reservoir surrounded by trees is located at the northeast corner of the property. The house at 4728 Old Seminary Road appears to be in place at this time. One or more small buildings appear to be located near the present-day location of St. John’s Major Seminary College; however, the resolution of the photograph does not allow a definitive identification. Available documentation does not clearly reveal if these improvements were in placed before the Archdiocese of Los Angeles acquired the property; however, the windrows appear to be of sufficient maturity to indicate they, may pre-date 1927. The type of development on the St. John Specific Plan property is typical of the Camarillo area, which since the early twentieth century had featured extensive citrus and walnut groves as well as large areas devoted to row crops, this pattern of development would remain characteristic of the area until the 1950s when suburbanization gradually replaced agricultural land with residential and commercial development.
Post/Hazeltine Associates 26 Draft Historic Resources Study St. John’s Seminary Specific Plan May 19, 2008 By 1945, St. John’s Major Seminary had been built and a swimming pool had been built southwest of the college (Addendum B, Aerial Photographs: 1945). By this date the Craftsman Style house at 4728 Old Seminary Road and its surrounding outbuildings, which included four or five outbuilding are clearly depicted. At the east end of the property, the terraced citrus groves had been extended to the east and surrounded by new windrows and a water tower flanked the southeast corner of the reservoir. To the west of the reservoir a pump house had been built. The area surrounding the St. John’s Seminary property was either cultivated with row crops or groves. An aerial photograph taken in 1964 depicts the extensive alterations carried out by the construction of St. John’s Seminary College in 1961-1964 (Addendum B, Aerial Photographs: 1964). Alterations include the removal and re-grading of the terraced citrus groves that extended north and east of St. John’s Major Seminary College to the east end of the property. In addition, segment of the windrows were removed to allow for the construction of the new college and its athletic fields. It was at this time that the neighborhood’s first nearby residential subdivision, located on Las Posas Road and Ponderosa Road was built. This was the first of many such developments that would gradually transform this part of Camarillo from agricultural land to suburban housing tracts. At this time, the east side of Calleguas Creek remained largely agricultural in nature, with residential development concentrated on the west side of Lewis Road. Shortly after construction was completed on the St. John’s Seminary College, citrus groves were replanted to the north, south and west of the campus; however, unlike the earlier groves, which had been terraced, the new groves were planted in regular blocks. By 1970, the replanted citrus groves are in place and the water tower appears to have been removed (Addendum B, Aerial Photographs: 1970). At this time suburban housing tracts begin to appear south of the project area along Santa Rosa Road. Since 1967 the conversion of farmland has accelerated with most of the area between Lewis Road, and Santa Rosa Road and the 101 Freeway converted from agricultural to commercial and residential use (Addendum B, Aerial Photographs: 1977 and 2007). To the north of the project are the land, has for the most part remained agricultural in character.
5.5.1 Citri-Culture and Camarillo
While citrus had been cultivated by the Spanish at many of California’s Missions it was not until the 1860s that the first extensive orange groves were planted in the state, initially in Los Angeles County. By the early 1880s citrus cultivation had increased to over half a million trees (Starr: 1985: 140 - 141). However, it was not until the introduction of more productive varieties that citrus orchards would prove to be economically viable in Southern California’s coastal and inland climates. The most notable of these was the Valencia, suited to the dry interior areas, and the Washington Navel, which was grew well in the cooler coastal areas (such as those found in Ventura County) (Starr 1985: 141 - 142). Southern California’s lemon industry developed more slowly; as late as 1900 70 percent of the lemons purchased in the United States were imported from Italy (Starr 1985: 142). Within 20 years, however, this changed with California growers increasing their product share to over 85 percent of the domestic market; much of which was due to the introduction of better-tasting varieties of lemon that grew well in Southern California, such as the Lisbon (from Europe) and the Eureka (a local variety developed by C. R. Workman) (Starr 1985: 142). By the end of the first decade of the twentieth century, citriculture had become a mainstay of California’s agriculture industry and contributed in no small measure to the economic prosperity of the state. Popularized by early twentieth century boosters, including Edward James Wickson in California Garden (1915) and California Fruits and How They Grow (first edition in 1889), these early pioneers of citriculture envisioned the establishment of a thriving agricultural industry of “yeoman farmers” in California who would raise crops on modestly sized ranches and farms (Starr 1985 138-139). In fact, however, citriculture like many other crops was dominated by larger operations, which in the Pleasant Valley area included the Camarillo family’s Rancho Calleguas. Citriculture required a reliable water supply for irrigation, and nearly frost free conditions to thrive. In addition, access to the railroad was necessary to provide an efficient means of shipping the product to distributors. In Camarillo, the realignment of the Southern Pacific Railroad’s Coastal line in 1904, so that it passed through Camarillo, provided a convenient means of shipping citrus as well as other crops. Lemons, rather than oranges, Post/Hazeltine Associates 27 Draft Historic Resources Study St. John’s Seminary Specific Plan May 19, 2008 proved to be a better suited to cooler coastal areas such as Camarillo. The growth of the citrus industry in Southern California accelerated during the period between 1920 and 1945 when production increased by almost 150 percent (San Buenaventura Research Associates, Phase VI, 1999: 4 -5). This was due largely to the introduction of improved varieties of lemons and oranges, increased distribution and the marketing of citrus (largely due to the efforts of the cooperative movement), and the development of new water sources. By the 1920s the image of Southern California as a benign sunny land of citrus groves helped attract new residents to the state, whose population increased dramatically during the 1920s. The development of citriculture, which required a substantial workforce, also played an important role in attracting successive waves of immigrants from China, Japan, and Mexico to Southern California. While lemon-raising was an important component of the agricultural economy in the Camarillo area, it was but one element of a diverse array of crops grown in the area, which included vegetables, sugar beets and walnuts. This is in contrast to the nearby Santa Clara Valley and Santa Rosa Valley, where lemon orchards dominated the rural economy. Citriculture continued to play an important role in the Southern California economy throughout the 1940s, but beginning in the postwar period its importance began to diminish in relation to the rise of manufacturing and the petroleum and defense industries. This trend accelerated in the 1950s and 1960s with the rapid growth of California’s manufacturing and industry base and the dramatic increase in the state’s population. In many areas, including Los Angeles County and Orange County as well as the Oxnard Plain and Pleasant Valley in Ventura County, citrus groves were gradually replaced with commercial and residential development.
6.0 IDENTIFICATION OF HISTORICAL RESOURCES
6.1 National Register of Historic Places Criteria
The National Register of Historic Places (National Register) is the nation's master inventory of known historic resources and includes listings of buildings, structures, sites, objects, and districts that possess historic, architectural, engineering, archaeological, or cultural significance at the national, state, or local level. Four criteria provide the basis under which a structure, site, building, district, or object can be considered significant for listing on the National Register. A potential resource needs to meet only one of the four criteria to achieve significance. The criteria include resources that:
(A) Are associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history; or (B) Are associated with the lives of persons significant in our past; or (C) Embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction, or that represent the work of a master, or that possess high artistic values, or that represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction; or (D) Have yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history.
In addition, as noted in NPS Bulletin 22, the following Criteria Considerations should be considered when considering a property’s eligibility for listing in the National Register of Historic Resources:
Ordinarily cemeteries, birthplaces, or graves of historical figures, properties owned by religious institutions or used for religious purposes, structures that have been moved from their original locations, reconstructed historic buildings, properties primarily commemorative in nature, and properties that have achieved significance within the past 50 years shall not be considered eligible for the National Register. However, such properties will qualify if they are integral parts of districts that do meet the criteria or if they fall within the following categories:
(a) A religious property deriving primary significance from architectural or artistic distinction or historical importance; or Post/Hazeltine Associates 28 Draft Historic Resources Study St. John’s Seminary Specific Plan May 19, 2008 (b) A building or structure removed from its original location but which is significant primarily for architectural value, or which is the surviving structure most importantly associated with a historic person or event; or (c) A birthplace or grave of a historical figure of outstanding importance if there is no appropriate site or building directly associated with his productive life. (d) A cemetery which derives its primary significance from graves of persons of transcendent importance, from age, from distinctive design features, or from association with historic events; or (e) A reconstructed building when accurately executed in a suitable environment and presented in a dignified manner as part of a restoration master plan, and when no other building or structure with the same association has survived; or (f) A property primarily commemorative in intent if design, age, tradition, or symbolic value has invested it with its own exceptional significance; or (g) A property achieving significance within the past 50 years if it is of exceptional importance. This exception is described further in NPS "How to Evaluate and Nominate Potential National Register Properties That Have Achieved Significance Within the Last 50 Years'' which is available from the National Register of Historic Places Division, National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C. 20240 (NPS, Bulletin 22: 1998).
6.1.1 Historic Context
Once a potential resource is determined to have met one of the four criteria, its significance should be evaluated within its historic context or historical pattern relevant to a particular geographic area. Historic contexts are found at a variety of geographical levels or scales, specifically the local, state, or national level. The geographic scale selected may relate to a pattern of historical development, a political division, or a cultural area.
6.1.2 Period of Historic Significance
According to National Register Bulletin 16A, the “period of significance” is defined as “the length of time when a property was associated with important events, activities, or persons, or attained the characteristics that qualify it for National Register listing. Period of significance usually begins with the date when significant activities or events began giving the property its historic significance; this is often a date of construction.” There are different guidelines to establish the period of significance for the four criteria of historical significance, as follows:
Criterion A: For the site of an important event, such as a pivotal five-month labor strike, the period of significance is the time when the event occurred. For properties associated with historic trends, such as commercial development, the period of significance is the span of time when the property actively contributed to the trend. Criterion B: The period of significance for a property significant for Criterion B is usually the length of time the property was associated with the important person. Criterion C: For architecturally significant properties, the period of significance is the date of construction and/or the dates of any significant alterations and additions. Criterion D: The period of significance for an archeological site is the estimated time when it was occupied or used for reasons related to its importance, for example, 3000-2500 B.C.
6.1.3 Integrity
For a structure, building, or property to be eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Resources it must meet at least one of the significance criteria, be (in most cases) at least 50 years of age or older, and retain
Post/Hazeltine Associates 29 Draft Historic Resources Study St. John’s Seminary Specific Plan May 19, 2008 its visual and physical integrity. As defined in the National Register of Historic Places Bulletin 15, integrity is: “the ability of a property to convey its significance.” Integrity involves several aspects, including location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association. The seven aspects of integrity are defined below.
Location: Location is the place where the historic property was constructed or the place where the historic event occurred. The relationship between the property and its location is often important to understanding why the property was created or why something happened. The actual location of a historic property, complemented by its setting, is particularly important in recapturing the sense of historic events and persons. Except in rare cases, the relationship between a property and its historic associations is destroyed if the property is moved.
Design: Design is the combination of elements that create the form, plan, space, structure, and style of a property. It results from conscious decisions made during the original conception and planning of a property (or its significant alteration) and applies to activities as diverse as community planning, engineering, architecture, and landscape architecture. Design includes such elements as organization of space, proportion, scale, technology, ornamentation, and materials.
Setting: Setting is the physical environment of an historic property, constituting topographic features, vegetation, manmade features, and relationships between buildings or open space. Whereas location refers to the specific place where a property was built or an event occurred, setting refers to the character of the place in which the property played its historical role. It involves how, not just where, the property is situated and its relationship to surrounding features and open space.
Materials: Materials are the physical elements that were combined or deposited during a particular period of time and in a particular pattern or configuration to form an historic property. The choice and combination of materials reveal the preferences of those who created the property and indicate the availability of particular types of materials and technologies. Indigenous materials are often the focus of regional building traditions and thereby help define an area's sense of time and place.
Workmanship: Workmanship is the physical evidence of the crafts of a particular culture, people, or artisan during any given period in history or pre-history. It is the evidence of artisans' labor and skill in constructing or altering a building, structure, object, or site. Workmanship can apply to the property as a whole or to its individual components. It can be expressed in vernacular methods of construction and plain finishes or in highly sophisticated configurations and ornamental detailing. It can be based on common traditions or innovative period techniques.
Feeling: Feeling is a property's expression of the aesthetic or historical sense of a particular period of time. It results from the presence of physical features that, taken together, convey the property's historic character. For example, a rural historic district retaining original design, materials, workmanship, and setting will relate the feeling of agricultural life in the 19th century. A grouping of prehistoric petroglyphs, unmarred by graffiti and intrusions and located on its original isolated bluff, can evoke a sense of tribal spiritual life.
Association: Association is the direct link between an important historic event or person and an historic property. A property retains association if it is the place where the event or activity occurred and is sufficiently intact to convey that relationship to an observer. Like feeling, association requires the presence of physical features that convey a property's historic character. For example, a Revolutionary War battlefield whose natural and manmade elements have remained intact since the 18th century will retain its quality of association with the battle.
Post/Hazeltine Associates 30 Draft Historic Resources Study St. John’s Seminary Specific Plan May 19, 2008 National Register Bulletin 15, Section VIII provides further information regarding the application of the integrity criteria to a property:
Historic properties either retain integrity (this is, convey their significance) or they do not. Within the concept of integrity, the National Register criteria recognizes the seven aspects or qualities listed above that, in various combinations, define integrity. To retain historic integrity a property will always possess several, and usually most, of the aspects. The retention of specific aspects of integrity is paramount for a property to convey its significance. Determining which of these aspects are most important to a particular property requires knowing why, where, and when the property is significant (National Register Bulletin 15, 1999).
The final decision about integrity is based on the condition of the overall property and its ability to convey significance. The ability of a resource to convey its historic appearance and the nature, extent, and impact of changes since the periods of significance are important factors to consider.
6.1.4 Identification of Historical Resources under the National Register Criteria
Main St. John’s Specific Plan Parcel
Because the resource is significant because of its architecture, the period of significance encompasses the period between 1961 and 1964, when the campus was designed by the architectural firm of A. C. Martin Partners and constructed the contracting firm of Fred E. Potts Company.
St. John’s Specific Plan Parcel West of Calleguas Creek
The period of significance for this parcel is circa-1915 to 1955, when the complex of agricultural buildings, houses and citrus groves were built and planted.
Evaluation under Criterion A
Criteria A. Are associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history.
Main St. John’s Specific Plan Parcel
While St. John’s Seminary College played a central role in the Archdiocese of Los Angeles’s education program for candidates to the priesthood between 1961 and 2003, it is not eligible for listing because of its historic associations, since properties such as St. John’s Seminary College are not eligible for listing because of their religious associations. Moreover, important historic events, outside of those associated its religious function, did not occur at the property. Therefore, St. John’s Seminary College is not eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places under Criterion A.
St. John’s Specific Plan Parcel West of Calleguas Creek
This parcel, which encompasses a number of buildings associated with the agricultural use of the parcel, has an association with the history of agriculture in the Camarillo area between circa 1915 and the present. However, this single parcel does not embody a sufficiently important association with the agricultural development of the Camarillo area to be eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places under Criterion A.
Post/Hazeltine Associates 31 Draft Historic Resources Study St. John’s Seminary Specific Plan May 19, 2008 Evaluation under Criteria B
Criteria B. Are associated with the lives of persons significant in our past.
Main St. John’s Specific Plan Parcel
St. John’s Seminary College is associated with a number of persons, such as Cardinal Cantwell, Cardinal McIntyre, and Reverend William Kenneally its first rector and president, who are important to the history of the Roman Catholic Church in Southern California during the period between the late 1920s through late 1960s. However, since their historic significance is religious in nature the resource is not eligible for listing because of its association with these persons. Therefore, St. John’s Seminary College is not eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places under Criterion B.
St. John’s Specific Plan Parcel West of Calleguas Creek
While this parcel, which encompasses a number of buildings associated with the agricultural use of the parcel, has an association with the history of agriculture in the Camarillo area between circa 1915 and the present, it is not associated with figures important to local, state and national history. Therefore, the property is not eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places under Criterion B.
Evaluation under Criteria C
Criteria C. Embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction, or that represent the work of a master, or that possess high artistic values, or that represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction.
Main St. John’s Specific Plan Parcel
As noted in Bulletin 22, properties that are less than 50 years old must also meet the following criterion to be eligible for listing under Criteria C: A property achieving significance within the past 50 years if it is of exceptional importance.
Designed by the Los Angeles architectural firm of A. C. Martin Partners St. John’s Seminary College was constructed between 1961 and 1963 around a central mall. With its emphasis on formality, symmetry, axial planning, and allusions to classicism, the new seminary is an exemplar of New Formalism, an architectural style that achieved its height of popularity in the 1960s through the mid- 1970s. New Formalism, which attempted to synthesize Modernism with the formal qualities of Classical architecture, was especially popular for institutional commissions, such as schools, hospitals, civic buildings, and churches. The college’s architectural scheme features the character-defining elements of the style including: 1) buildings separated from nature and usually set on podium; 2) allusion to classical vocabulary especially columns and entablatures; 3) arched forms; 4) exterior walls clad in stone; 5) an emphasis on symmetry and balance; and 6) Formal landscaping including monumental sculpture. Since its construction the campus has undergone few alterations and can still convey is original scheme and architectural style. It represents one of the largest single commissions in the New Formalist style in Southern California during the 1960s; moreover, it gains additional significance because it was designed by A. C. Martin Partners, one of California’s leading twentieth century architectural firms. Built to a high standard of finish, using luxurious materials and an innovative use of concrete construction, St. John’s Seminary College Campus is an important example of the New Formalist style. In addition it enjoys additional significance because it represents one of the few commissions in which the style was Post/Hazeltine Associates 32 Draft Historic Resources Study St. John’s Seminary Specific Plan May 19, 2008 not relegated to just one or two buildings, but represents the work of an entire complex. Because it represents an important architectural ensemble designed in the New Formalist style, by one of California’s most important twentieth century architectural firms, St. John’s Seminary College embodies the exceptional level of importance necessary for listing a resource that is less than 50-years-of-age. Therefore, St. John’s Seminary College campus is eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places under Criteria C.
St. John’s Specific Plan Parcel West of Calleguas Creek
The Minimal Traditional Style house at 4712 Old Seminary Road, which has undergone a number of modifications, does not embody sufficient architectural significance to be eligible for listing under Criterion C. the two prefabricated metal buildings and mobile home at 4900 Old Seminary Road are common examples of their type and less than 50-years-of-age; therefore, they are not eligible for listing under Criterion C. The house at 4728 Old Seminary Road is an example of the Craftsman style, which enjoyed widespread popularity between circa 1910 and 1925. Constructed primarily by local contractors using pattern books, purchased plans, or pre-manufactured kit houses from a factory, these houses were characterized by their standardized plans and use of stock building materials. Architecturally, they usually featured moderately pitched roofs with deep overhanging eaves, shingled or clapboard siding, wood-framed casement and double hung sash windows and use of natural materials, such as wood, stone, and brick. These modest interpretations of the Craftsman style were affordably priced and were built in large numbers in urban, suburban and rural areas in the United States between circa 1910 and 1925. The style was particularly popular in California, where it was thought to be particularly suitable to the state’s more informal lifestyle and mild climate. Therefore, the house at 4728 Old Seminary Road, which is an exemplar of the type of modest Craftsman Style houses built in the early twentieth century, is eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places under Criterion C.
Evaluation under Criterion D
Criterion D. Have yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history.
Main St. John’s Specific Plan Parcel
The application of Criteria D to the St. John’s Specific Plan parcels is evaluated in a report prepared by W & S Consulting.
St. John’s Specific Plan Parcel West of Calleguas Creek
The application of Criteria D to the St. John’s Specific Plan parcels is evaluated in a report prepared by W & S Consulting.
Summary
Main St. John’s Specific Plan Parcel
Based on the research and analysis presented in this study, the St. John’s Seminary College campus is eligible for listing in the NHRP under Criteria C.
St. John’s Specific Plan Parcel West of Calleguas Creek
Based on the research and analysis presented in this study, the house at 4728 Old Seminary Road is eligible for listing in the NHRP. Post/Hazeltine Associates 33 Draft Historic Resources Study St. John’s Seminary Specific Plan May 19, 2008 6.1.5 Assessment of Integrity of Resources within the Project Area
The properties within the proposed Specific Plan Area are evaluated below for each of seven aspects of integrity listed in Section 6.1.3 to determine if any retain sufficient integrity to be considered eligible for listing at the City of Camarillo, State, and National levels. The evaluation of integrity will encompass the resources at the St. John’s Seminary College whose period of significance is 1961-1966 and the parcel on the west side of Calleguas Creek whose period of significance is circa 1915 to 1945.
Main St. John’s Specific Plan Parcel
The two prefabricated buildings and mobile home do not embody sufficient potential significance to require further evaluation.
1) Location: All of the buildings designed by A.C. Martin Partners remain in place. The major elements of the landscape plan including the network of concrete walkways, mall, and ring road also remain in place. Therefore, St. John’s Seminary College has retained its integrity of location.
2) Design: The campus’ individual buildings including the Administration/Dormitory complex, St. James Chapel, Prayer Hall, Classroom/Recreation Building, Refectory/Kitchen, Convent, Service Building and Library have undergone virtually no alterations since major construction on the campus was completed in 1966. Moreover, the series of arcades, walkways, sculptural embellishments, and landscaped spaces have maintained their original design. Because the complex has maintained its integrity of design it can convey the character- defining features that identify it as an example of New Formalism. Therefore, St. James Seminary College has retained its integrity of design.
3) Setting: The most significant alteration to the college’s larger setting was the construction in circa-2005 of a residential subdivision to the east of the Saint John’s Seminary property. Since the subdivision is located some distance from the college and is separated from the campus by landscaping, orchards and stands of trees, it has not significantly altered the campus’ setting. Therefore, St. John’s Seminary Campus has retained its integrity of setting.
4) Materials: St. John’s Seminary College were built of high quality materials including cast concrete pillars, textured concrete block walls, metal framed windows and stone veneer. The exterior and interior of St. James Chapel has retained its original walnut woodwork, sculptural embellishments and stained glass windows, which attest to the level of artistry and craftsmanship of this component of the campus. The Carrie Estelle Doheny Library has also preserved its exterior buildings materials including its concrete pillars, textured concrete block walls, fenestration and stone cladding. The other buildings have also retained their original building materials. Because the campus buildings have been preserved essentially unaltered since their construction, St. John’s Seminary College can still convey its original design and New-Formalist architectural style.
5) Workmanship: Since the campus has remained virtually unaltered since its construction, it can convey the high level of workmanship and craftsmanship that characterized its construction. This level of workmanship is exemplified by the use of concrete pillars for the buildings’ structural framework, high quality materials such as the textured concrete blocks, metal windows, and the chapel’s exterior and interior embellishments and the library. The consistently high quality of workmanship exhibited by the buildings at St. John’s College exemplifies a high quality of construction and engineering technologies and workmanship, which is characteristic of major commissions carried out during the mid-twentieth century by A. C. Martin Partners.
Post/Hazeltine Associates 34 Draft Historic Resources Study St. John’s Seminary Specific Plan May 19, 2008 6) Feeling: Because the buildings designed by the firm of A. C. Martin Partners retain their integrity of location, design, setting, materials, and workmanship, they can convey their New-Formalism architectural scheme, which was characterized by a synthesis of architectural forms and volumes synthesized into a Modernist idiom using contemporary building materials such as glass, concrete and steel. Since St. John’s Seminary College can convey its original architectural scheme it retains its integrity of feeling.
7) Association: St. John’s Seminary College was an important component of the Los Angeles Archdiocese teaching program for priests between 1961 and 2003 and was one of the largest ecclesiastical complexes built by the Archdiocese between the late 1950s and the present. Melding architectural forms derived from the Roman Catholic Church’s tradition of monastic architecture with elements drawn from modernism, the complex represents an intriguing attempt to contemporize Catholicism’s architectural heritage by clothing it in a more modernist idiom. This major commission is also an important example of the work of A. C. Martin Partners, which has been one of California’s leading architectural firms for over 100 years. Because the building can convey their historic architectural scheme they have maintained their ability to convey these associations.
St. John’s Specific Plan Parcel West of Calleguas Creek
1) Location: The complex of agricultural related buildings, including the two houses and garage, have remained in place since their construction; therefore, they have retained their integrity of location.
2) Design: The Craftsman Style at 4728 Old Seminary Road, retains its integrity of design. The Minimal Traditional style house has undergone few alterations since its construction sometime after 1945. Therefore, the two houses retain their integrity of design. With the exception of a small one-bay garage, the parcel’s outbuildings, which predated 1945 have been demolished, therefore, the parcel as a whole has not retained its integrity of design.
3) Setting: The most significant alteration to the parcel’s setting was the construction beginning in the early 1960s, of residential subdivisions to the west of the parcel. Beginning in the 1980s Upland Road was graded through and Las Posas Road was realigned. A new bridge was built over Calleguas Creek, and commercial and residential subdivisions, were built south and east of the Seminary property. This development has diminished the parcel’s integrity of setting by converting agricultural land to other uses. Therefore, the parcel has not retained its integrity of setting.
4) Materials: The house at 4728 Old Seminary Road and the house at 4712 Old Seminary Road were built of standard building materials of the day including dimensional lumber, and factory-made siding, windows and doors, which for the most part survive in place. Therefore, the houses at 4728 Old Seminary Road and 4712 Old Seminary Road have retained their integrity of materials.
5) Workmanship: Built of standardized building materials, the houses at 4728 and 4712 Old Seminary Road exhibited the level of workmanship and craftsmanship commonly found in modest residential houses built during the first 50 years of the twentieth century. The buildings have retained their integrity of workmanship.
6) Feeling: The suburbanization of much of the surrounding farmland in the post-World War II period and the loss of several of the compound’s original outbuildings and the nearby bridge spanning Calleguas Creek and the insertion of several prefabricated metal buildings and a mobile home, have significantly impaired the resource’s ability to convey its historic appearance. Therefore, the parcel has not retained its integrity of feeling.
Post/Hazeltine Associates 35 Draft Historic Resources Study St. John’s Seminary Specific Plan May 19, 2008 7) Association: The parcel had a potential association with the theme of agriculture in the Camarillo area. However, since the parcel as a whole does not maintain its integrity of design, feeling or setting it does not retain its integrity of setting.
Summary Statement of Integrity
The parcel on the west side of Calleguas Creek has retained its integrity of location. It has not retained its integrity of design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling and association. The Craftsman Style house at 47298 Old Seminary Road and the Minimal Traditional Style house at 4712 have maintained their integrity of location, design, materials, and workmanship.
Evaluation of Rural Landscapes
The following section of the report evaluates the integrity of the St. John’s Specific Plan property as a rural landscape:
Because of the overriding presence of land, natural features, and vegetation, the seven qualities of integrity called for in the National Register criteria are applied to rural landscapes in special ways. According to National Register of Historic Places Bulletin 30, Guidelines for Evaluating and Documenting Rural Historic Landscapes, historic integrity is defined as follows:
“Historic integrity is the composite effect of seven qualities: location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association. Decisions about historic integrity require professional judgments about whether a property today reflects the spatial organization, physical components, and historic associations that it attained during the periods of significance. A property's periods of significance becomes the benchmark for measuring whether subsequent changes contribute to its historic evolution or alter its historic integrity. Historic integrity requires that the various characteristics that shaped the land during the historic period be present today in much the same way they were historically. No landscape will appear exactly as it did fifty or one hundred years ago. Vegetation grows, land use practices change, and structures deteriorate. The general character and feeling of the historic period, however, must be retained for eligibility.”
Historic integrity is threatened by single major changes such as large scale farming practices that obliterate historic field patterns, flatten the contours of the land, and erase historic boundary markers, outbuildings, and fences. Integrity may also be lost due to the cumulative effect of relocated and lost historic buildings and structures, interruptions in the natural succession of vegetation, and the disappearance of small-scale features that defined historic land uses.
The following changes, when occurring after the periods of significance, may reduce the historic integrity of a rural landscape:
changes in land use and management that alter vegetation, change the size and shape of fields, erase boundary demarcations, and flatten the contours of land deterioration, abandonment, and relocation of historic buildings and structures substantial alteration of buildings and structures (remodeling, siding, additions) replacement of structures such as dams, bridges, and barns loss of boundary demarcations and small-scale features (fences, walls, ponds, and paving stones)
Post/Hazeltine Associates 36 Draft Historic Resources Study St. John’s Seminary Specific Plan May 19, 2008 The final decision about integrity is based on the condition of the overall property and its ability to convey significance. The strength of historic landscape characteristics and the nature, extent, and impact of changes since the periods of significance are important factors to consider.
The agricultural component of the St. John’s Specific Plan is primarily composed of citrus groves, Eucalyptus windrows, a small complex of agricultural-related buildings on the west bank of Calleguas Creek and a water tank and pump house located adjacent to St. John’s Seminary College. These resources are potentially eligible under Criteria C, since they represent a potentially significant early twentieth century rural landscape. The rural landscape’s period of significance is circa-1928 and 1961, the period between the Archdiocese of Los Angeles and the construction of St. John’s Seminary College.
The Seven Aspects of Integrity of Rural Landscapes
The relevant aspects of integrity depend upon the criteria applied to the property. For example, a property nominated under events would convey its significance primarily through integrity of location, setting, and association. A property nominated solely under architecture would rely upon integrity of design, materials, and workmanship. Assessing the integrity of rural landscapes requires the application of the following criteria enumerated in National Register of Historic Places Bulletin 30:
Location: Location is the place where the significant activities that shaped a property took place. Geographical factors, including proximity to natural resources, soil fertility, climate, and accessibility, frequently determined the location of rural settlements. In some places, these factors have continued to spur growth and development. In others, they have insulated communities from change, fostering the preservation of historic characteristics, practices, and traditions. A rural landscape whose characteristics retain their historic location has integrity of location.
The complex of agricultural related features including citrus groves, Eucalyptus windrows, and agricultural related buildings, structures and roads have undergone significant alterations since 1961 when approximately one-half of the original citrus groves were removed to allow for the construction of St. John’s Seminary College. In subsequent years sections of the surviving windrows were removed and a portion of the citrus groves were replanted in a different configuration that did not respect the original arrangement of terraces. Further changes occurred between the 1980s and 1990s when a portion of the windrows and citrus groves located at the southeast corner of the St. John’s Specific Plan area to allow the construction of Padre Serra Parish Church. Therefore, the overall St. John’s Specific Plan area retains its integrity of location.
Design: Design is the composition of natural and cultural elements comprising the form, plan, and spatial organization of a property. Design results from conscious and unconscious decisions over time about where areas of land use, roadways, buildings and structures, and vegetation are located in relationship to natural features and to each other. Design also relates to the functional organization of vegetation, topography, and other characteristics, for example, upland pastures bounded by forested hillsides and windbreaks sheltering fields or orchards.
New vegetation or reforestation may affect the historic integrity of design. Changes in land use may not seriously alter integrity if historic boundary demarcations, circulation networks, and other components remain in place. Shifts in land use from wheatfield to pasture or the introduction of contour plowing may not seriously affect the overall design, whereas the extensive irrigation and planting of fruit trees on land historically used for cattle grazing would.
The complex of agricultural related features including citrus groves, Eucalyptus windrows, and agricultural related buildings, structures and roads have undergone significant alterations since 1961 when approximately Post/Hazeltine Associates 37 Draft Historic Resources Study St. John’s Seminary Specific Plan May 19, 2008 one-half of the original citrus groves and segments of the windrows were removed to allow for the construction of St. John’s Seminary College. In subsequent years sections of the surviving windrows were removed and a portion of the citrus groves were replanted in a different configuration that did not respect the original arrangement of terraces, which characterized the original groves. Further changes occurred between the 1980s and 1990s when a portion of the windrows and citrus groves located at the southeast corner of the St. John’s Specific Plan area to allow the construction of Padre Serra Parish Church and the grading through of Upland Road and the construction of a new entrance onto constructed onto Upland Road. Surrounding parcels which were originally devoted to row crops and citrus groves have been transformed into residential subdivisions since the 1970s. Because of these alterations the rural landscape no longer retains its integrity of design.
Setting: Setting is the physical environment within and surrounding a property. Large-scale features, such as bodies of water, mountains, rock formations, and woodlands, have a very strong impact on the integrity of setting. Small-scale elements such as individual plants and trees, gateposts, fences, milestones, springs, ponds, and equipment also cumulatively contribute to historic setting.
The setting of the St. John’s Specific Plan includes agricultural related features such as citrus groves, Eucalyptus windrows, and agricultural related buildings, structures and roads have undergone significant alterations since 1961 when approximately one-half of the original citrus groves and segments of the windrows were removed to allow for the construction of St. John’s Seminary College. In subsequent years sections of the surviving windrows were removed and a portion of the citrus groves were replanted in a different configuration that did not respect the original arrangement of terraces, which characterized the original groves. Further changes occurred between the 1980s and 1990s when a portion of the windrows and citrus groves located at the southeast corner of the St. John’s Specific Plan area to allow the construction of Padre Serra Parish Church and the grading through of Upland Road and the construction of a new entrance onto constructed onto Upland Road. Surrounding parcels which were originally devoted to row crops and citrus groves have been transformed into residential subdivisions since the 1970s. Because of these alterations the rural landscape no longer retains its integrity offsetting.
Materials: Materials within a rural property include the construction materials of buildings, outbuildings, roadways, fences, and other structures. The presence of native minerals, stone, and even soil can add substantially to a rural area's sense of time and place. These may be present in natural deposits or built construction. Vegetation, as material, presents a complex problem. Plants do not remain static but change over time and have a predictable lifespan. While hardwoods and evergreens thrive for decades, most crops are seasonal and demand rotation. Plants and trees are subject to blights and disease and may be damaged by weather and climatic changes. Furthermore, the relationships among plant species vary over time due to differing growth patterns and lifespans, animal grazing behavior, and changes in soil conditions. Soil exhaustion, erosion, improper crop rotation, availability of water, and pollution may affect soil productivity and alter the succession of vegetation. Original plant materials may enhance integrity, but their loss does not necessarily destroy it. Vegetation similar to historic species in scale, type, and visual effect will generally convey integrity of setting. Original or in-kind plantings, however, may be necessary for the eligibility of a property significant for specific cultivars, such as a farm noted for experiments in the grafting of fruit trees.
While most of the original terraced groves have been removed, replacement groves still feature citrus trees. While these trees are not the same variety that characterized the property during its period of significance they can convey the visual effect that historically characterized the property. The loss of other components of the landscape including agricultural buildings, a bridge over Calleguas Creek, a water tower, and large areas of citrus groves as well as the re-contouring large sections of the property have negatively impacted the resource’s
Post/Hazeltine Associates 38 Draft Historic Resources Study St. John’s Seminary Specific Plan May 19, 2008 ability to convey its original character of materials. Therefore, the rural landscape does not retain its integrity of materials.
Workmanship: Workmanship is exhibited in the ways people have fashioned their environment for functional and decorative purposes. It is seen in the ways buildings and fences are constructed, fields are plowed, and crops harvested. The workmanship evident in the carved gravestones of a rural cemetery endures for a long time. Although the workmanship in raising crops is seasonal, it does contribute to a property's historic integrity if it reflects traditional or historic practices.
The removal of almost all of the original terraced groves and other components of the landscape including agricultural buildings, a bridge over Calleguas Creek, a water tower, and large areas of citrus groves as well as the re-contouring large sections of the property have negatively impacted the resource’s ability to convey its original character of workmanship. Therefore, the rural landscape does not retain its integrity of workmanship.
Feeling: Feeling, although intangible, is evoked by the presence of physical characteristics that reflect the historic scene. The cumulative effect of setting, design, materials, and workmanship creates the sense of past time and place. Alterations dating from the historic period add to integrity of feeling while later ones do not.
The rural landscape does not maintain its integrity of location, design, setting, materials and workmanship. Consequently, the resource, which cannot effectively convey its historic appearance does not retain its integrity of feeling.
Association: Association is the direct link between a property and the important events or persons that shaped it. Integrity of association requires a property to reflect this relationship. Continued use and occupation help maintain a property's historic integrity if traditional practices are carried on. Revived historic practices, traditional ceremonies or festivals, use of traditional methods in new construction, and continuing family ownership, although not historic, similarly reinforce a property's integrity by linking past and present. New technology, practices, and construction, however, often alter a property's ability to reflect historic associations.
The property, in part is still planted in citrus groves, however, it does not maintain its original complement of agricultural-related buildings and structures and cannot effectively convey its association with the agricultural history Camarillo before World War II. Therefore, the rural landscape does not retain its integrity of association.
6.1.5.1 Classification of Contributing and Noncontributing Resources
Buildings, structures, objects, and sites are classified as contributing or noncontributing based on their historic integrity and association with a period and area of significance. Those not present during the historic period, not part of the property's documented significance, or no longer reflecting their historic character are noncontributing.
The following section of the report summarizes the integrity of buildings, structures, and landscaping that are part of the St. John’s Seminary College campus. Those that retain integrity are considered to be contributors; those that do not retain integrity are considered to be non-contributors.
(see Table 6.1, next page) Post/Hazeltine Associates 39 Draft Historic Resources Study St. John’s Seminary Specific Plan May 19, 2008 Table 6.1 Integrity and Contributor Status for Resources within the Project Area
Building Architectural Style Constructi Significant Does/Does Contributor Status on Date Alterations not Retain Integrity
St. John’s Seminary College (main parcel) Administration/Do New-Formalism 1961 No Retains Contributor rmitory complex integrity St. James Chapel New-Formalism 1961-1963 No Retains Contributor integrity Prayer Hall New-Formalism 1961-1962 No Retains Contributor integrity Classroom/Recreat New-Formalism 1961-1962 No Retains Contributor ion Building integrity Refectory/Kitchen New-Formalism 1961-1962 No Retains Contributor integrity Convent New-Formalism 1961-1962 No Retains Contributor integrity Service Building New-Formalism 1961-1962 No Retains Contributor integrity Carrie Estelle New-Formalism 1962-1966 No Retains Contributor Doheny Memorial (opened in integrity Library 1966) Swimming New-Formalism 1961-1962 No Retains Contributor Pool/Locker Room integrity Observatory Functional Circa 1963- No Retains No, no documented 66 integrity association with the firm of A. C. Martin and Associates Formal Landscape New-Formalism 1961-1963 No Retains Designer cannot be scheme integrity documented, probably A. C. Martin and Associates
Specific Plan Parcel west of Calleguas Creek 4728 Old Craftsman style Circa-1912- No Yes Contributor Seminary Road house 1928 4712 Old Minimal Traditional Between No Yes Non-contributor Seminary Road style house 1938 and 1945 4900 Old MobileHome 1970s No Yes Non-contributor Seminary Road No street address Prefabricated 1970s No Yes Non-contributor buildings
Rural Landscape Terraced Citrus n. a. Circa 1928 No No Non-contributor Groves Windrows n. a. Before 1928 No, partially No Non-contributor Post/Hazeltine Associates 40 Draft Historic Resources Study St. John’s Seminary Specific Plan May 19, 2008 removed Pump house Vernacular Circa-1938 No Yes Non-contributor Water Tank n. a. After 1961 No Yes Non-contributor 4728 Old Craftsman Style Circa 1915- No Yes Contributor Seminary Road 1925 4712 Old Minimal Traditional After 1945 No Yes Non-contributor Seminary Road Style
6.1.5.2 Overall Integrity
Main St. John’s Specific Plan Parcel
As noted in the National Register guidelines, the final decision about integrity is based on the condition of the overall property and its ability to convey significance. Because St. John’s Seminary College has retained its integrity of setting, design, location, materials, workmanship, feeling and association, it has retained it overall integrity. Because it has retained its integrity it can convey those qualities that make it eligible for listing as a historic resource under National Register Criteria 3.
St. John’s Specific Plan Parcel West of Calleguas Creek
As noted in the National Register guidelines, the final decision about integrity is based on the condition of the overall property and its ability to convey significance. The agricultural features and related agricultural buildings on the parcel west of Calleguas Creek have undergone numerous changes including suburbanization of surrounding farmland and the loss of several agricultural-related buildings, it has not retained its overall integrity of setting, design, materials, workmanship, feeling and or association. The Craftsman Style house at 4728 Old Seminary Road and the Minimal Traditional Style house at 4712 Old Seminary Road have maintained their integrity of location, design, materials and craftsmanship. The Craftsman Style house at 4728 Old Seminary Road maintains sufficient integrity to convey those qualities that make it eligible for listing as a historic resource under National Register Criteria 3.
Rural Landscape
As noted in the National Register guidelines, the final decision about integrity is based on the condition of the overall property and its ability to convey significance. The agricultural features and related agricultural buildings have undergone numerous changes including suburbanization of surrounding farmland and the loss of several agricultural-related buildings, it has not retained its overall integrity of setting, design, materials, workmanship, feeling and or association.
6.2 California Register of Historic Places Criteria for Evaluation
The California Register of Historical Resources (California Register) is the authoritative guide to the state's significant historical and archeological resources. It serves to identify, evaluate, register, and protect California's historical resources. The California Register program encourages public recognition and protection of resources of architectural, historical, archeological, and cultural significance, identifies historical resources for state and local planning purposes, determines eligibility for historic preservation grant funding, and affords certain protections under the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA). All resources listed on or formally determined eligible for the National Register are automatically listed in the California Register. In addition, properties designated under municipal or county ordinances are also eligible for listing in the California Register.
Post/Hazeltine Associates 41 Draft Historic Resources Study St. John’s Seminary Specific Plan May 19, 2008 The California Register criteria are modeled on the National Register criteria discussed above. Any object, building, structure, site, area, place, record, or manuscript which a lead agency determines to be historically significant or significant in the architecturally, engineering, scientific, economic, agricultural, educational, social, political, military, or cultural annals of California may be considered to be an historical resource, provided the lead agency’s determination is supported by substantial evidence in light of the whole record. Generally, a resource shall be considered by the lead agency to be “historically significant” if the resource meets the criteria for listing on the California Register of Historical Resources (Pub. Res. Code SS5024.1, Title 14 CCR, Section 4852) including the following:
1) Is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of California’s history and cultural heritage; 2) Is associated with the lives of persons important in our past; 3) Embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, region, or method of construction, or represents the work of an important creative individual, or possesses high artistic values; or 4). Has yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history.
The California Register automatically includes the following:
California properties listed or formally determined eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places; California Registered Historical Landmarks from #0770 onward; and California Points of Historical Interest that have been evaluated by the Office of Historical Preservation (OHP) and have been recommended to the State Historical Resources Commission for inclusion in the California Register.
Other resources may be nominated for listing in the California Register based on the criteria stated above.
6.2.1 Identification of Historic Resources under the California Register of Historical Resources Criteria
As discussed above, the California Register criteria are modeled after the National Register criteria identified in Section 7.1, National Register of Historic Places Criteria. The project area was evaluated above under the National Register criteria in Section 7.1.4, Evaluation under National Register Criteria. Therefore, this section will briefly summarize the eligibility of the resources under each criterion.
Evaluation under Criterion 1
Criterion 1) Is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of California’s history and cultural heritage.
Main St. John’s Specific Plan Parcel
While St. John’s Seminary College played a central role in the Archdiocese of Los Angeles’s education program for candidates to the priesthood between 1961 and 2003, it is not eligible for listing in the California Register of Historic Resources in relation to its historic associations, since resources whose historical significance are religious in nature are not eligible for listing. Moreover, important historic events, outside of those associated its religious function, did not occur at St. John’s Seminary College. Therefore, St. John’s Seminary College is not eligible for listing in the California Register of Historical Resources under Criterion 1.
Post/Hazeltine Associates 42 Draft Historic Resources Study St. John’s Seminary Specific Plan May 19, 2008 St. John’s Specific Plan Parcel West of Calleguas Creek
This parcel, which encompasses a number of buildings associated with the agricultural use of the St. John’s Seminary property, has an association with the history of agriculture in the Camarillo area between circa-1915 and the present. However, this single parcel does not embody a sufficiently significant association with the agricultural development of the Camarillo area to be eligible for listing in the California Register of Historical Resources under Criterion 1.
Evaluation under Criterion 2
Criterion 2) Is associated with the lives of persons important in our past;
Main St. John’s Specific Plan Parcel
St. John’s Seminary College is associated with a number of persons, such as Cardinal McIntyre and Reverend William Kenneally its first rector and president, who are important to the history of the Roman Catholic Church in Southern California during the period between the late 1920s through late 1960s. However, since their historic significance is religious in nature the resource is not eligible for listing because of its association with these persons. Therefore, St. John’s Seminary College is not eligible for listing in the California Register of Historical Resources under Criterion 2
St. John’s Specific Plan Parcel West of Calleguas Creek
The parcel, which was primarily occupied by farmers and agricultural workers, has no documented association with historically significant individuals. Therefore, the parcel is not eligible for listing in the California Register of Historical Resources under Criterion 2
Evaluation under Criterion 3
Criterion 3) Embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, region, or method of construction, or represents the work of an important creative individual, or possesses high artistic values.
Main St. John’s Specific Plan Parcel
Designed by the Los Angeles architectural firm of A. C. Martin Partners, St. John’s Seminary College was constructed between 1961 and 1963. With its emphasis on formality, symmetry, axial planning, and allusions to classicism, the new seminary is an exemplar of New Formalism, an architectural style that achieved its height of popularity from the 1960s through the mid-1970s. New Formalism, which attempted to synthesize Modernism with the formal qualities of Classical architecture, was especially popular for institutional commissions, such as schools, hospitals, civic buildings, and churches. The college’s architectural scheme features the character-defining elements of the style including: 1) buildings separated from nature and usually set on podium; 2) allusion to classical vocabulary especially through harmonious proportions and the employment of decorative elements, such as columns and entablatures; 3) arcuated forms; 4) exterior walls clad in stone; 5) an emphasis on symmetry and balance; and 6) formal landscaping, including monumental sculpture. Since its construction the campus has undergone few alterations and can still convey is original scheme and architectural style. It represents one of the largest single commissions in the New Formalist style completed in California in Southern California during the 1960s; moreover, it gains additional significance because it was designed by A. C. Martin Partners, one of California’s leading twentieth century architectural firms. Built to a high Post/Hazeltine Associates 43 Draft Historic Resources Study St. John’s Seminary Specific Plan May 19, 2008 standard of finish, using luxurious materials and an innovative use of concrete construction, St. John’s Seminary College Campus is an important example of the New Formalist style that gains additional significance because it represents one of the few commissions in this style that was not relegated to one or two buildings, but represented an entire complex designed in this architectural style. Because it represents an important architectural ensemble designed in the New Formalist style by one of California’s most important twentieth century architectural firms, St. John’s Seminary College embodies the exceptional level of importance necessary for listing a resource that is less than 50-years-of-age. Therefore, St. John’s Seminary College campus is eligible for listing in the California Register of Historical Resources under Criteria 3.
St. John’s Specific Plan Parcel West of Calleguas Creek
The house at 4728 Old Seminary Road is an example of the Craftsman style, which enjoyed widespread popularity between circa-1910 and 1925. Constructed primarily by local contractors using pattern books, purchased plans, or pre-manufactured kit houses from a factory, these houses were characterized by their standardized plans and use of stock building materials. Architecturally, they usually featured moderately pitched roofs with deep overhanging eaves, shingled or clapboard siding, wood-framed casement and double hung sash windows and use of natural materials, such as wood, stone, and brick. These modest interpretations of the Craftsman style were modestly priced and were built in large numbers in the rural areas of Ventura County between circa-1910 and 1925. Therefore, the house qualifies under Criterion 3 as an exemplar of the Craftsman style important to the social and architectural history of the local community. Therefore, the house at 4728 Old Seminary Road is eligible for listing in the California Register of Historical Resources under Criterion 3.
Evaluation under Criterion 4
Criterion 4): Has yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history.
Main St. John’s Specific Plan Parcel
The application of Criterion 4 to the St. John’s Specific Plan parcels is evaluated in a report by W & S Consulting.
St. John’s Specific Plan Parcel West of Calleguas Creek
The application of Criterion 4 to the St. John’s Specific Plan parcels is evaluated in a report W & S Consulting.
Summary for Listing in the California Register of Historical Resources
To summarize, St. John’s Seminary College is eligible for listing in the California Register of Historical Resources under Criterion 3. The house at 4728 Old Seminary Road is eligible for listing in the California Register of Historical Resources under Criterion 3. As noted in the evaluation for listing in the National Register of Historic Places, the St. John’s Specific Plan area can no longer effectively convey its historic appearance or association with the early history of agriculture in Camarillo, hence it is not eligible for listing as significant rural landscape at the state level.
6.3 California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) Criteria for Evaluation
Section 21084.1 of the Public Resources Code provides the framework for determining whether a property is an historic resource for CEQA purposes. Historic resources that are listed in or eligible for listing in the California Post/Hazeltine Associates 44 Draft Historic Resources Study St. John’s Seminary Specific Plan May 19, 2008 Register of Historical Resources (California Register), that are per se significant other resources, that are officially designated on a local register, or that are found to be significant by the State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO) under Section 5024.1(j) of the Public Resources Code are presumed to be significant. According to CEQA, in determining potential impacts on historical resources under CEQA, projects are reviewed according to the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards (Standards.) (The Standards are discussed in detail below). A “substantial adverse change” means “demolition, destruction, relocation, or alteration of the resource such that the significance of an historical resource would be materially impaired.” The setting of a resource should also be taken into account in that it too may contribute to the significance of the resource, as impairment of the setting could affect the significance of a resource. Material impairment occurs when a project:
1. Demolishes or materially alters in an adverse manner those physical characteristics of an historical resource that convey its historical significance and that justify its inclusion in, or eligibility for, inclusion in the California Register of Historical Resources;
2. Demolishes or materially alters in an adverse manner those physical characteristics that account for its inclusion in a local register of historical resources pursuant to Section 5020.1(k) of the Public Resources Code or its identification in an historical resources survey meeting the requirements of Section 5024.1(g) of the Public Resources Code, unless the public agency reviewing the effects of the project establishes by a preponderance of evidence that the resource is not historically or culturally significant; or
3. Demolishes or materially alters in an adverse manner those physical characteristics of an historical resource that convey its historical significance and that justify its eligibility for inclusion in the California Register of Historical Resources as determined by a lead agency for purposes of CEQA.
CEQA Section 15064.5 defines historical resources as follows:
(1) A resource listed in, or determined to be eligible by the State Historical Resources Commission, for listing in the California Register of Historical Resources Commission (State CEQA Guidelines Section 5024.1, Title 14 CCR, Section 4850 et seq.).
There are several ways in which a resource can be listed in the California Register, which are codified under Title 14 CCR, Section 4851:
A resource can be listed in the California Register by the State Historical Resources Commission. If a resource is listed in or determined eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places (National Register), it is automatically listed in the California Register. If a resource is a California State Historical Landmark, from No. 770 onward, it is automatically listed in the California Register.
(2) A resource included in a local register of historical resources, as defined in section 5020.1 (k) of the Public Resources Code or identified as significant in an historical resource survey meeting the requirements section 5024.1(g) of the Public Resources Code, shall be presumed to be historically or culturally significant. Public agencies must treat any such resource as significant unless the preponderance of evidence demonstrates that it is not historically or culturally significant.
The requirements set forth in PRC 5024.1(g) for historical resources surveys are: A resource identified as significant in an historical resource survey may be listed in the California Register if the survey meets all of the following criteria:
Post/Hazeltine Associates 45 Draft Historic Resources Study St. John’s Seminary Specific Plan May 19, 2008 The survey has been or will be included in the State Historic Resources Inventory. The survey and the survey documentation were prepared in accordance with office [of Historic Preservation] procedures and requirements. The resource is evaluated and determined by the office [of Historic Preservation] to have a significance rating of Category 1 to 5 on DPR Form 523. If the survey is five or more years old at the time of its nomination for inclusion in the California Register, the survey is updated to identify historical resources which have become eligible or ineligible due to changed circumstances or further documentation and those which have been demolished or altered in a manner that substantially diminishes the significance of the resource.
(3) Any object, building, structure, site, area, place, record, or manuscript which a lead agency determines to be historically significant or significant in the architectural, engineering, scientific, economic, agricultural, educational, social, political, military, or cultural annals of California may be considered to be an historical resource, provided the lead agency’s determination is supported by substantial evidence in light of the whole record. Generally, a resource shall be considered by the lead agency to be “historically significant” if the resource meets the criteria for listing on the California Register of Historical Resources (Pub. Res. Code SS5024.1, Title 14 CCR, Section 4852).
The fact that a resource is not listed in, or determined to be eligible for listing in the California Register of Historical Resources, not included in a local register of historical resources (pursuant to section 5020.1(k) of the Public Resources Code), or identified in an historical resources survey (meeting the criteria in section 5024.1(g) of the Public Resources Code) does not preclude a lead agency from determining that the resource may be an historical resource as defined in Public Resources Code sections 5020.1 (j) or 5024.1.
CEQA regulations identify the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards as a measure to be used in determinations of whether or not a project of new development or rehabilitation adversely impacts an “historical resource.” Section 15064.5(b)(3) states:
Generally, a project that follows the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties with Guidelines for Preserving, Rehabilitating, Restoring, and Reconstructing Historic Buildings or the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for Rehabilitation and Guidelines for Rehabilitating Historic Buildings (1995), Weeks and Grimmer, shall be considered as mitigated to a level of less than a significant impact on the historical resource.
Section 15064.5(a)(4) of the CEQA Guidelines states:
The fact that a resource is not listed in, or determined to be eligible for listing in the California Register of Historical Resources, not included in a local register of historical resources (pursuant to Section 5020.1(k) of the Public Resources Code), or identified in an historical resources survey (meeting the criteria in Section 5024.1(g) of the Public Resources Code) does not preclude a lead agency from determining that the resource may be an historical resource as defined in Public Resources Code Sections 5020.1(j) or 5024.1.
6.3.1 The Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for Rehabilitation
Evolving from the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for Historic Preservation Projects with Guidelines for Applying the Standards that were developed in 1976, the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for the Treatment
Post/Hazeltine Associates 46 Draft Historic Resources Study St. John’s Seminary Specific Plan May 19, 2008 of Historic Properties with Guidelines for Preserving, Rehabilitating, Restoring, and Reconstructing Historic Buildings were published in 1995 and codified as 36 CFR 67. Neither technical nor prescriptive, these standards are “intended to promote responsible preservation practices that help protect our Nation’s irreplaceable cultural resources.” The Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Rehabilitation are ten basic principles created to help preserve the distinctive character of an historic building and its site while allowing for reasonable change to meet new needs. The Standards apply to historic buildings of all periods, styles, types, materials, and sizes. They apply to both the exterior and the interior of historic buildings. The Standards also encompass related landscape features and the building's site and environment as well as attached, adjacent, or related new construction. These Standards have been adopted, or are used informally, by many agencies at all levels of government to review projects that affect historic resources.
As discussed above, CEQA regulations identify the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards as a measure to be used in determinations of whether or not a project or new development or rehabilitation adversely impacts an “historical resource.” The Secretary of the Interior’s Standards state:
1. A property shall be used as its historic purpose or be placed in a new use that requires minimal change to the defining characteristics of the building and its site and environment. 2. The historic character of a property shall be retained and preserved. The removal of distinctive materials or alteration of features, and spaces that characterize a property shall be avoided. 3. Each property shall be recognized as a physical record of its time, place and use. Changes that create a false sense of historical development, such as adding conjectural features or architectural elements from other buildings, shall not be undertaken. 4. Most properties change over time; those changes that have acquired historic significance in their own right shall be retained and preserved. 5. Distinctive features, finishes and construction techniques or examples of craftsmanship that characterize a property shall be preserved. 6. Deteriorated historic features shall be repaired rather than replaced. Where the severity of deterioration requires replacement of a distinctive feature, the new feature shall match the old in design, color, texture and other visual qualities and, where possible, materials. Replacement of missing features will be substantiated by documentary, physical or pictorial evidence. 7. Chemical or physical treatments, such as sandblasting, that cause damage to historic materials shall not be used. The surface cleaning of structures, if appropriate, shall be undertaken using the gentlest means possible. 8. Significant archeological resources affected by a project shall be protected and preserved. If such resources must be disturbed, mitigation measures shall be undertaken.
Infill and redevelopment projects that could affect historic resources may be subject to review based on Standards 9 and 10 of the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for Rehabilitation and Guidelines for Rehabilitating Historic Buildings, which state:
9. New additions, exterior alterations or related new construction shall not destroy historic materials that characterize the property. The new work shall be differentiated from the old and shall be compatible with the massing, size, scale and architectural features to protect the integrity of the property and its environment. 10. New additions and adjacent or related new construction shall be undertaken in such a manner that if removed in the future, the essential form and integrity of the historic property and its environment would be unimpaired.
Therefore, in determining the impact of a project on an “historical resource,” CEQA regulations require the application of the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards to the question of whether the project results in a Post/Hazeltine Associates 47 Draft Historic Resources Study St. John’s Seminary Specific Plan May 19, 2008 substantial adverse change to the resource and in particular those physical characteristics or character-defining spaces and features that convey its historical significance.
The CEQA Guidelines Section 15064.5(b)(3) states, Generally, a project that follows the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties with Guidelines for Preserving, Rehabilitating, Restoring, and Reconstructing Historic Buildings or the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for Rehabilitation and Guidelines for Rehabilitating Historic Buildings (Secretary’s Standards, Weeks and Grimmer, 1995) shall be considered as mitigated to a level of less than a significant impact on the historic resource.
While compliance with the Secretary’s Standards indicates that a project may have a less than significant impact on an historical resource, the converse of this does not hold. Failure to comply with the Secretary’s Standards is not, by definition, a significant impact under CEQA. CEQA recognizes that alterations that are not consistent with the Secretary’s Standards may still not result in significant impacts on the historical resource. Therefore, the significance of project impacts on an historical resource can be evaluated by determining:
Whether a project is in conformance with the Secretary’s Standards (less-than-significant impact); Whether a project is in substantial conformance with the Secretary’s Standards and does not result in material impairment (less-than-significant impact); or Whether a project is not in conformance with the Secretary’s Standards and results in material impairment (significant impact).
The above criteria are important not only in determining whether the project would have a significant cultural resource impact but also in considering effective mitigation and alternatives.
6.3.2 Identification of Historical Resources under CEQA
Evaluation under CEQA Criterion 1
Criterion 1: A resource listed in, or determined to be eligible by the State Historical Resources Commission, for listing in the California Register of Historical Resources Commission (Public Resources Code Section 5024.1, Title 14 CCR, Section 4850 et seq.) (CEQA Guidelines 15064.5(1).
None of the resources within the St. John’s Specific Plan area are listed in the California Register of Historical Resources, nor have they been determined by the State Historical Resources Commission to be eligible for listing in the California Register of Historical Resources. Therefore, the properties that comprise the project site are not historic resources under Criterion 1.
Evaluation under CEQA Criterion 2
Criterion 2: A resource included in a local register of historical resources, as defined in section 5020.1 (k) of the Public Resources Code or identified as significant in an historical resource survey meeting the requirements of section 5024.1(g) of the Public Resources Code, shall be presumed to be historically or culturally significant. Public agencies must treat any such resource as significant unless the preponderance of evidence demonstrates that it is not historically or culturally significant (CEQA Guidelines 15064.5(2).
Criterion 2 under CEQA is based upon an analysis of significance under the California Register of Historic Places. Such an analysis was performed and is provided in Section 6.2.1, Evaluation under the California Register of Historical Resources Criteria, above. To summarize the findings, St. John’s Seminary College and the house at 4728 Old Seminary Road are eligible for listing on the California Register under Criterion 2.
Post/Hazeltine Associates 48 Draft Historic Resources Study St. John’s Seminary Specific Plan May 19, 2008 Evaluation under CEQA Criterion 3
Criterion 3: Any object, building, structure, site, area, place, record, or manuscript which a lead agency determines to be historically significant or significant in the architectural, engineering, scientific, economic, agricultural, educational, social, political, military, or cultural annals of California may be considered to be an historical resource, provided the lead agency’s determination is supported by substantial evidence in light of the whole record. Generally, a resource shall be considered by the lead agency to be “historically significant” if the resource meets the criteria for listing on the California Register of Historical Resources (Pub. Res. Code SS5024.1, Title 14 CCR, Section 4852).
Criterion 3 under CEQA is based upon an analysis of significance under the California Register of Historic Places. Such an analysis was performed and is provided in Section 6.2.1, Evaluation under the California Register of Historical Resources Criteria, above. To summarize the findings St. John’s Seminary College and the house at 4728 Old Seminary Road are eligible for listing on the California Register under Criterion 3.
6.4 City of Camarillo Historic Preservation Ordinance
The City of Camarillo Historic Preservation ordinance is found in Chapter 16.4 of the City’s General Plan. The ordinance states the following:
The purpose of this chapter is to promote the general welfare by providing for the identification, protection, enhancement, perpetuation and use of historic buildings and structures within the city that reflect special elements of the city’s historical heritage for the following reasons;
A) to encourage public knowledge, understanding, and appreciation of the city’s past; B) to foster civic pride in the beauty and personality of the city and in the accomplishments of its past; C) to safeguard the heritage of the city by protecting buildings and structures which reflect the city’s history; D) To protect and enhance property values within the city and to increase economic and financial benefits to the city and its inhabitants; E. to Identify as early as possible and resolve conflicts between the preservation of historical features and alternative land us: F. To conserve building material resources through maintenance and restoration of existing historical buildings and structures; G. To take whatever steps are reasonable and necessary to safeguard the property rights of the owners whose buildings or structure is declared to be a landmark; H. To promote the use of landmarks for the education, enjoyment, and welfare of the people of the city; and I. To promote awareness of the economic benefits of historic preservation (Ord. 670§1 (part), 1989).
In order to be eligible for designation as a City of Camarillo Landmark a resource must meet one or more of the following criteria:
B. Criteria. A historic resource may be designated as a landmark if it meets one or more of the flowing criteria: 1. It is associated with persons or events significant in local, state, or national history; or 2. It reflects or exemplifies a particular period of national, state or local history; or 3. It embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, style, period, of architecture, or method of construction (City of Camarillo Ordinance: Chapter 16.420.060).
Post/Hazeltine Associates 49 Draft Historic Resources Study St. John’s Seminary Specific Plan May 19, 2008 Evaluation under Criterion 1: It is associated with persons or events significant in local, state, or national history;
St. John’s Specific Plan, Parcel west of Calleguas Creek (St. John’s Seminary College Campus)
St. John’s Seminary College historical importance is almost entirely associated with its role as a four-year liberal arts college for candidates to the Roman Catholic priesthood. Because the property’s historical associations are religious in nature, St. John’s Seminary College would not be eligible for listing under Criterion 1 (While the City of Camarillo ordinance does not explicitly exclude nominating properties because of their religious associations, this is implied because of the criteria are derived from the NRHP and the CRHP criteria, which explicitly exclude the nomination of properties because of their religious associations. Therefore, St. John’s Seminary College is not eligible for listing a City of Camarillo Landmark under Criterion 1.
St. John’s Specific Plan, Parcel west of Calleguas Creek
The parcel west of Calleguas Creek has been in agricultural use sometime before 1938 and one building on the parcel, a Craftsman style house at 4728 Seminary Road, has been in place since sometime before 1938. Citrus groves have been in place since sometime between 1938 and 1945. While the property has an association with the history of agriculture in the Camarillo area, this association does not rise to the level of significance that would make the property eligible for listing, primarily because the project area does not represent a significant rural landscape. Therefore, the property is not eligible for listing under Criterion 2.
Evaluation under Criterion 2: It reflects or exemplifies a particular period of national, state or local history;
St. John’s Specific Plan, Parcel east of Calleguas Creek (St. John’s Seminary College Campus)
The main Specific Plan parcel St. John’s Seminary College campus has two historical associations, one with of agriculture in Camarillo, and the other with the Roman Catholic Church. Because its historic associations with the Archdiocese of Los Angeles are religious in character, the parcel would not be eligible for listing under Criterion 2. The property, which has been under cultivation since sometime before 1938, does have a potential association with the history of agriculture in the Camarillo area. As noted in Section 5.4, citrus groves have existed on the specific plan parcel on the east bank of Calleguas Creek since sometime before 1938. It is not clear if the groves were already on the property at the time that Juan Camarillo donated the property to the Archdiocese of Los Angeles, or if they were planted by the archdiocese after they acquired the property in 1927 (the first aerial photograph that could be located for the property dates to 1938, some ten years after the property was conveyed to the archdiocese). The earliest available aerial photograph, taken in 1938, before St. John’s Major Seminary was built, depicts extensive citrus groves and windrows on the property. Significant alterations were made to the groves in 1961 when St. John’s Seminary College was built. To build the college a knoll was graded to create a level area for the new school. As a result, many of the terraced citrus groves were removed (see Addendum B, 1964 Aerial Photograph). Subsequently, some of the citrus groves were replanted, but in a different configuration, which did not include the extensive terracing that had previously characterized the property. In the 1990s, the southeast corner of the property was developed with Padre Serra Parish Church. Construction of the church resulted in grading and the removal of citrus groves which further diminished the area devoted to agriculture. In the late 1990s, re-development of the agricultural parcel to the east of St. John’s Specific Plan into a residential subdivision further altered the area which had once been characterized by extensive agricultural fields and citrus groves. As a remnant of what was once a much larger rural area, the St. John’s Specific Plan area does not embody sufficient significance to be eligible for listing as a City of Camarillo Landmark under Criterion 2. Therefore, St. John’s Seminary College does not qualify, either with its association with the history of agriculture in Camarillo or its historical association with the history of the Roman Catholic Church. Post/Hazeltine Associates 50 Draft Historic Resources Study St. John’s Seminary Specific Plan May 19, 2008 St. John’s Specific Plan, Parcel west of Calleguas Creek
This parcel which has been farmed since circa 1915-1925 is associated with history of agriculture in Camarillo during the first half of the twentieth century. While a Craftsman Style house survives of the property, most of the parcel’s early buildings and structures have been removed. Consequently, the parcel can no longer effectively convey its association with the agricultural history of Camarillo and is not eligible for listing under Criterion 2.
Evaluation under Criterion 3: It embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, style, period, of architecture, or method of construction;
St. John’s Specific Plan, Parcel west of Calleguas Creek (St. John’s Seminary College Campus)
As designed by the firm of A. C. Martin Partners, the St. John’s Seminary College campus is an exemplar of “New Formalism” an architectural style that achieved its height of popularity from the 1960s through the mid-1970s. Characterized by a renewed emphasis on symmetry and classical elements, New Formalism, which attempted to synthesize Modernism with the formal qualities of Classical architecture, was especially popular for institutional commissions, such as schools, hospitals, civic buildings, and churches. Designed by the Los Angeles architectural firm of A. C. Martin Partners St. John’s Seminary College was constructed between 1961 and 1963 around a central mall. With its emphasis on formality, symmetry, axial planning, and allusions to classicism, the new seminary is an exemplar of New Formalism, an architectural style that achieved its height of popularity in the 1960s through the mid- 1970s. New Formalism, which attempted to synthesize Modernism with the formal qualities of Classical architecture, was especially popular for institutional commissions, such as schools, hospitals, civic buildings, and churches. Since its construction the campus has undergone few alterations and can still convey is original scheme and architectural style. It represents one of the largest single commissions in the New Formalist style in Southern California during the 1960s; moreover, it gains additional significance because it was designed by A. C. Martin Partners, one of California’s leading twentieth century architectural firms, notable for designing two of Ventura County’s most important buildings, the Ventura City Hall and St. Mary Magdelen’s Chapel. Therefore, St. John’s Seminary College campus, which represents one of Camarillo most significant architectural ensembles, is eligible for listing as a City of Camarillo Landmark under Criterion 3.
St. John’s Specific Plan, Parcel west of Calleguas Creek
As noted in the discussion of eligibility for listing at the state and national level, this parcel can no longer effectively convey its association with the history of agriculture in Camarillo. Therefore, the complex of farm buildings is not eligible for listing as a City of Camarillo Landmark under Criterion 3. The Craftsman Style house at 4728 Old Seminary Road, which has retained its character-defining features and is an exemplar of the type of modestly scaled houses built in the Camarillo area between circa 1915 and the late 1920s. Therefore, the house at 4728 Old Seminary Road is eligible for listing under Criterion 3.
Summary of Eligibility Under the City of Camarillo Historic Preservation Ordinance
To summarize, St. John’s Seminary College is eligible for listing as a City of Camarillo Landmark under Criterion 3. The Craftsman style house at 4728 Old Seminary Road is eligible for listing as a City of Camarillo Landmark under Criterion 3. As noted in the evaluation for listing in the National Register of Historic Places and the California Register of Historical Resources, the St. John’s Specific Plan area can no longer effectively
Post/Hazeltine Associates 51 Draft Historic Resources Study St. John’s Seminary Specific Plan May 19, 2008 convey its historic appearance or association with the early history of agriculture in Camarillo and, therefore, it is not eligible for listing as significant rural landscape at the city level.
6.5 Summary Statement of Significance
Table 6.2 below summarizes the findings of this report. The findings of this report determined that St. John’s Seminary College embodies a level of architectural significance that would make it eligible for listing as a historic resource at the City of Camarillo, State, and National level. The report also determined that the house at 4718 Old Seminary Road is eligible for listing at the City of Camarillo, State, and National level because of it represents an intact example of the Craftsman style.
TABLE 6.2 Summary of Resources eligible listing as a Historic Resource Property/Building Eligible for Listing Eligible for Listing on the Eligible for NRHP as a City of California Register Listing on the Status Code Camarillo National Register Landmark
St. John’s Seminary Criteria 3 Criteria 3D Criteria C 3S/5S3 College
4728 Seminary Road Criteria 3 Criteria 3D Criteria C 3S/5S3
7.0 EVALUATION OF IMPACTS
To assess the effects of the proposed project on the identified individual historic features within the project site, the definition of significant effects from CEQA Appendix G, Section 15064.5, was used in combination with the more specific language found in Section 106 of the National Preservation Act of 1966 (36 CFR §800 as amended). Specifically, § 800.5 (a) (1) states that an adverse effect is found when an undertaking may alter, directly or indirectly, any of the characteristics of a historic property that qualify the property for inclusion in the National Register in a manner that would diminish the integrity of the property's location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, or association. Consideration shall be given to all qualifying characteristics of a historic property, including those that may have been identified subsequent to the original evaluation of the property's eligibility for the National Register. Adverse effects may include reasonably foreseeable effects caused by the undertaking that may occur later in time, be farther removed in distance or be cumulative.
§ 800.5 (a) (2) states that adverse effects on historic properties include, but are not limited to:
(i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of the property; (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, rehabilitation, repair, maintenance, stabilization, hazardous material remediation and provision of handicapped access, that is not consistent with the Secretary’s Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties (36 CFR part 68) and applicable guidelines; (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location;
Post/Hazeltine Associates 52 Draft Historic Resources Study St. John’s Seminary Specific Plan May 19, 2008 (iv) Change of the character of the property’s use or of physical features within the property's setting that contribute to its historic significance; (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible elements that diminish the integrity of the property's significant historic features; (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its deterioration, except where such neglect and deterioration are recognized qualities of a property of religious and cultural significance to an Indian tribe or Native Hawaiian organization; and (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of Federal ownership or control without adequate and legally enforceable restrictions or conditions to ensure long-term preservation of the property's historic significance.
Under CEQA, modifications or alterations to a designated historic resource must be evaluated to determine if they will result in an adverse impact to the resource. An adverse effect is defined by as an action that will diminish the integrity of those aspects of the property that make it eligible for the listing at the local or state level, or in the NRHP.
The thresholds for significance under CEQA were identified in Section 7.3, Significant Historical Resources under CEQA. To reiterate, CEQA defines an adverse effect in the following manner: A substantial adverse change in the significance of a historical resource means physical demolition, destruction, relocation, or alteration of the resource or its immediate surroundings such that the significance of an historical resource would be materially impaired. To reiterate, CEQA defines material impairment of a historic resource as follows:
A. Demolishes or materially alters in a adverse manner those physical characteristics of an historical resource that convey its historical significance and that justify its inclusion in, or eligibility for, inclusion in the California Register of Historical Resources; B. Demolishes or materially alters in an adverse manner those physical characteristics that account for its inclusion in a local register of historical resources pursuant to section 5020.1(k) of the Public Resources Code or its identification in an historical resources survey meeting the requirements of section 5024.1(g) of the Public Resources Code, unless the public agency reviewing the effects of the project establishes by a preponderance of evidence that the resource is not historically or culturally significant; or C. Demolishes or materially alters in an adverse manner those physical characteristics of a historical resource that convey its historical significance and that justify its eligibility for inclusion in the California Register of Historical Resources as determined by a lead agency for purposes of CEQA (State CEQA Guidelines Section 15064.5).
Generally, a project that follows the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties with Guidelines for Preserving, Rehabilitating, Restoring, and Reconstructing Historic Buildings or the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for Rehabilitation and Guidelines for Rehabilitating Historic Buildings (1995), shall be considered as mitigated to a level of less than significant.
Therefore, in determining the impact of a project on an “historical resource,” CEQA regulations require the application of the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards to determine if the project results in a substantial adverse change to the resource or those physical characteristics or character-defining spaces and features that convey its historical significance.
Post/Hazeltine Associates 53 Draft Historic Resources Study St. John’s Seminary Specific Plan May 19, 2008 7.1 Project Characteristics
The St. John’s Specific Plan is proposed to guide development within the 94-acre Specific Plan Area. The Specific Plan defines the overall form and character of development that will be permitted on the site and a more detailed development code to further guide the design of individual development projects within the Specific Plan Area. No detailed development plans for individual development projects within the Specific Plan Area have been defined at this time. Therefore, the level of detail in the following evaluation is compatible with the level of detail found in the St. John’s Specific Plan. The Specific Plan proposes to retain the Carrie Estelle Doheny Memorial Library at its current location. The Specific Plan proposes to demolish the other buildings, structures, and features that are part of the St. John’s Seminary College.
7.2 Determination of Impacts
7.2.1 St. John’s Seminary College Campus
The current study finds that St. John’s Seminary College campus is eligible for listing as a City of Camarillo Landmark under Criterion 3, for listing in the California Register of Historical Resources under Criterion 3, and for listing in the National Register of Historic Places under Criterion C. The property derives its importance from its status as an exemplar of the New Formalism style designed by A. C. Martin Partners, one of California’s leading architectural firms for the last 100 years. The proposed St. John’s Specific Plan allows the college, with the possible exception of the Carrie Estelle Doheny Library, to be demolished and replaced with a residential subdivision and open space. The implementation of the Specific Plan would result in direct impacts to the significant historic resource. Therefore, the project would result in significant direct impacts to this resource. Consequently, the proposed Specific Plan will materially alter in an adverse manner those physical characteristics of the building that make it eligible for listing as a historic resource as defined in State CEQA Guidelines Section 15064.5 (b1-2). Even with implementation of the mitigation measures outlined below, the St. John’s Seminary College, would not maintain its eligibility for listing as a historic resource at the City of Camarillo and State and National levels. With implementation of the following mitigation measures, the residual impacts from the proposed Specific Plan would still remain significant.
1) Photo-document St. John’s Seminary College prior to the alteration of its setting with large-format black-and-white photography, and provide a written report. The recordation shall be of sufficient detail to preserve a visual record of the college and its setting and shall meet the Historic American Buildings Survey (“HABS”) / Historic American Engineering Record (“HAER”) standards for documentation and photo-documentation of historic resources at a minimum Level 3 Recordation. This documentation shall be donated to a suitable repository, such as the Camarillo Public Library and the Ventura County Museum of History and Art. Additionally, a copy of the recordation shall be donated to the St. John’s Seminary Archive.
2) The documentation plan for St. John’s Seminary College and its setting shall be developed and reviewed by a city-approved architectural historian meeting the Professional Qualification Standards contained in the Secretary of the Interior’s Secretary of the Interior’s Standards and Guidelines for Archaeology and Historic Preservation, and with demonstrable experience applying the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for the Treatment of Historic Property, in particular the Guidelines for Preserving, Rehabilitation, Restoring and Reconstructing Historic Buildings, to ensure conformance with the standards of Historic American Buildings Survey (“HABS”) / Historic American Engineering Record (“HAER”) level documentation.
3) Commemoration of the St. John’s Seminary College campus and its significance to the community’s architectural heritage shall be prepared and placed on-site. The commemoration shall be prepared by a Post/Hazeltine Associates 54 Draft Historic Resources Study St. John’s Seminary Specific Plan May 19, 2008 city-approved architectural historian meeting the Professional Qualification Standards contained in the Secretary of the Interior’s Secretary of the Interior’s Standards and Guidelines for Archaeology and Historic Preservation, and with demonstrable experience preparing commemoration.
As noted in CEQA Guidelines Section 15064.5 (b)(3): “Generally a project that follows the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties with Guidelines for Preserving, Rehabilitating, Restoring, and Reconstructing Historic Buildings, or the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for Rehabilitation and Guidelines for Rehabilitating Historic Buildings (Weeks and Grimmer: 1995) shall be considered as mitigated to a level of less than a significant impact on the historic resource. However, since demolition can not be mitigated to a less than significant level through recordation and commemoration, implementation of the mitigation measures listed above would not reduce the effect of the St. John’s Specific Plan on resource to a less than significant level. If the mitigation measures are implemented St. John’s Seminary College would not retain its eligibility for listing as a historic resource at the City of Camarillo, State, and National levels.
7.2.2 St. John’s Specific Plan, Parcel west of Calleguas Creek
The current study finds that one structure on the parcel, the Craftsman Style house at 4728 Old Seminary Road, is eligible for listing as a City of Camarillo Landmark under Criterion 3, for listing in the California Register of Historical Resources under Criterion 3, and for listing in the National Register of Historic Places under Criterion C. The property derives its importance from its status as an example of the Craftsman style, which enjoyed widespread popularity in California’s urban and rural areas during the period between circa-1910 and circa 1925. While modest in scale and design, the house, which has retained virtually all of its character- defining features, is a rare surviving example of a once common architectural type in the Camarillo area. The proposed St. John’s Specific Plan allows the house at 4728 Old Seminary Road to be demolished and replaced with open space. The implementation of the Specific Plan would result in direct impacts to the significant historic resource. Therefore, the project would result in significant direct impacts to this resource. Consequently, the proposed Specific Plan will materially alter in an adverse manner those physical characteristics of the building that make it eligible for listing as a historic resource as defined in State CEQA Guidelines Section 15064.5 (b1-2). Even with implementation of the mitigation measures outlined below, the St. John’s Seminary College, at 4728 Old Seminary Road, would not maintain its eligibility for listing as a historic resource at the City of Camarillo and state and national levels. With implementation of the following mitigation measures, the residual impacts from the proposed Specific Plan would remain significant.
1) Photo-document the house at 4728 Old Seminary prior with large-format black-and-white photography, and provide a written report. The recordation shall be of sufficient detail to preserve a visual record of the building and shall meet the Historic American Buildings Survey (“HABS”) / Historic American Engineering Record (“HAER”) standards for documentation and photo-documentation of historic resources at a minimum Level 3 Recordation. This documentation shall be donated to a suitable repository, such as the Camarillo Public Library and the Ventura County Museum of History and Art. Additionally, a copy of the recordation shall be donated to the St. John’s Seminary Archive.
2) The documentation plan for the house and its setting shall be developed and reviewed by a county- approved architectural historian meeting the Professional Qualification Standards contained in the Secretary of the Interior’s Secretary of the Interior’s Standards and Guidelines for Archaeology and Historic Preservation, and with demonstrable experience applying the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for the Treatment of Historic Property, in particular the Guidelines for Preserving, Rehabilitation, Restoring and Reconstructing Historic Buildings, to ensure conformance with the standards of Historic American Buildings Survey (“HABS”) / Historic American Engineering Record (“HAER”) level documentation.
Post/Hazeltine Associates 55 Draft Historic Resources Study St. John’s Seminary Specific Plan May 19, 2008 3) Commemoration of the house and its significance to the community’s architectural heritage shall be prepared and placed on-site. The commemoration shall be prepared by a county-approved architectural historian meeting the Professional Qualification Standards contained in the Secretary of the Interior’s Secretary of the Interior’s Standards and Guidelines for Archaeology and Historic Preservation, and with demonstrable experience preparing commemoration.
4) Preserve the house in-situ or relocate it off-site. Preservation of the house in place would preserve its context and architectural integrity. If the house cannot be preserved on-site it shall be relocated offsite relocation. Since the house derives its significance from its architecture, its preservation offsite would not significantly reduce its architectural integrity. If this, and the other mitigation measures are implemented the impact of the project on this resource would be reduced to a less than significant level.
As noted in CEQA Guidelines Section 15064.5 (b)(3): “Generally a project that follows the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties with Guidelines for Preserving, Rehabilitating, Restoring, and Reconstructing Historic Buildings, or the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for Rehabilitation and Guidelines for Rehabilitating Historic Buildings (Weeks and Grimmer: 1995) shall be considered as mitigated to a level of less than a significant impact on the historic resource. If mitigation measures 1-4 are implemented the house at 4728 Old Seminary Road would retain its eligibility for listing as a historic resource at the City of Camarillo, State and National levels.
If the house at 4728 Seminary Road is demolished, the demolition cannot be mitigated to a less than significant level through recordation and commemoration and implementation of the mitigation measures 1-3 listed above would not reduce the effect of the St. John’s Specific Plan on resource to a less than significant level. If the mitigation measures 1-3 are implemented St. John’s Seminary College would not retain its eligibility for listing as a historic resource at the City of Camarillo, State, and National levels.
7.2.3 Landscape Features (rural landscape)
This study finds that the agricultural landscape is not eligible for listing as a City of Camarillo Landmark or for listing in the California Register of Historical Resources or the National Register of Historic Places. Primarily, because the property can no longer convey its historic appearance as a result of alterations carried out since 1961 on the property and the transformation of surrounding parcels into residential housing tracts. The proposed St. John’s Specific Plan allows the existing citrus groves to be removed; the windrows would remain in place. The implementation of the Specific Plan would not result in direct impacts to a significant rural landscape. Consequently, implementation of the proposed St. John’s Specific Plan would not result in significant impacts to historic resources (in the form of a significant rural landscape).
7.3 Impact Summary
Two potential historic resources have been identified within the St. John’s Specific Plan area: St. John’s Seminary College and 4728 Old Seminary Road. If the mitigation measures outlined above are implemented the impact of the proposed St. John’s Specific Plan project on individual resources within the project site will remain an Unavoidably Significant Impact
Post/Hazeltine Associates 56 Draft Historic Resources Study St. John’s Seminary Specific Plan May 19, 2008 8.0 REFERENCES AND SOURCES CONSULTED IN THE PREPARATION OF THIS REPORT
Published and Unpublished Sources Consulted:
Aladdin Company 1917 Aladdin “Built in a Day” House Catalog. The Aladdin Company, 1917.
Alexander, W. E. 1912 Historical Atlas of Ventura County, California. Published by W. E. Alexander.
California Directory Company 1898 Home-Seekers and Tourists Guide, Ventura, California. The California Directory Company, Los Angeles, California.
Colquhoun, Alan 2002 Modern Architecture, Oxford History of Art. Oxford University Press, London.
Cowan, Robert, G. 1956 Ranchos of California: A list of Spanish Concessions 1775- 1822 and Mexican Grants 1822- 1846. Academy Library Guild: Fresno, California.
Davis, Margaret Leslie 2001 Dark Side of Fortune. University of California Press: Berkeley, California.
Evangelist: Published quarterly at St. John’s Seminary College, Archdiocese of Los Angeles (as cited in text)
Fitzgerald, Carmelita Maria
1944 El Rancho Grande: The Story of Camarillo. No publisher.
Gabbert, Howard M. 1992 Juan Maria Sanchez Soldado de Cuera y Ranchero 1789-1870: A Genealogical Essay by Howard M. Gabbert II. (Copy on file at the Ventura County Museum of History and Art Library).
Gebhard, David and Harriette Von Breton 1968 1868-1968: Architecture in California. Regents of the University of California.
Gebhard, David and Robert Winter
1965 A Guide to Architecture in Southern California. Los Angeles County Museum of Art.
1977 A Guide to Architecture in Los Angeles and Southern California. Peregrine & Smith, Salt Lake City, Utah.
1985 A Compleat Guide: Architecture in Los Angeles. Gibbs M. Smith, Inc. and Peregrine Smith Books, Salt Lake City.
Post/Hazeltine Associates 57 Draft Historic Resources Study St. John’s Seminary Specific Plan May 19, 2008 1994 Los Angeles; An Architectural Guide. Layton: Peregrine Smith.
Gidney, C. M., et al. 1917 History of Santa Barbara, San Luis Obispo and Ventura Counties, California, Volume II. The Lewis Publishing Company Chicago, Illinois.
Herr, Jeffrey 2002 Landmark L.A.: Historic-Cultural Monuments of Los Angeles. City of Los Angeles, Cultural Affairs Department
Howe, Jeffrey 2003 Houses of Worship: An Introductory Guide to the History and Style of American Religious Architecture. Thunder Bay Press. San Diego.
Kenneally, William, C.M. n.d. A Brief Explanation of the Façade, the Stained Glass Windows and the Reredos of St. Jame's Chapel, St. John’s Seminary College, Camarillo, California.
King, Thomas F. 1998 Cultural Resource Laws and Practice: An Introductory Guide. Walnut Creek: Alta Mira Press, Walnut Creek, California.
Kirker, Harold 1991 Old Forms On a New Land: California Architecture in Perspective. Roberts Rinehart Publishers, Colorado.
Los Angeles Times, as cited in text.
National Parks Service (NPS) 1983 The Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for Archaeology and Historic Preservation. F8 Fed. Reg. (Federal Register) 44716-68.
1992 The Secretary of the Interior’s Standards and Guidelines for the Treatment of Historic Properties. Brochure, Preservation Assistance Division, Washington, D.C.
1997 Secretary of the Interior’s Standards and Guidelines for Federal Agency Historic Preservation Programs under Section 110 of the National Historic Preservation Act. 63 Fed Reg. 20495-20508.
Schiffer Publishing Ltd. 1998 Homes in a Box: Modern Homes from Sears, Roebuck and Co. Chicago (reprint). Schiffer Publishing Ltd. Atglen, Pennsylvania.
Signor, John, R. 1994 Southern Pacific’s Coast Line. Signature Press, Wilton, California.
Starr, Kevin, 1985 Inventing the Dream: California Through the Progressive Era. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Post/Hazeltine Associates 58 Draft Historic Resources Study St. John’s Seminary Specific Plan May 19, 2008 1990 Material Dreams: Southern California Through the 1920s. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1996 Endangered Dreams: The Great Depression in California. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1997 The Dream Endures: California Enters the 1940s. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1998 2002 Embattled Dreams: California in War and Peace, 1940-1950. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
State of California 1998 California Environmental Quality Act: CEQA guideline revisions, October 26, 1998.
Stone, Mitch R. and Judith P. Triem 1999 Ventura County Cultural Heritage Survey, Phase VI –Santa Clara Valley Cultural Heritage Survey. Prepared by Buenaventura Research Associates for the General Services Agency, Ventura County, California.
Southern Pacific Railroad Company 1955 Southern Pacific’s First Century. Booklet published by the Southern Pacific Railroad Company. San Francisco, California.
The Tidings, the weekly newspaper of the Archdiocese of Los Angeles (as cited in text).
Triem Judith, P. 1985 Ventura County, Land of Good Fortune: An Illustrated History by Judith P. Triem. Chatsworth, California: Windsor Publications, Inc.
United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service (NPS)
1983 The Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for Archaeology and Historic Preservation. F8 Fed. Reg. (Federal Register) 44716-68.
1992 The Secretary of the Interior’s Standards and Guidelines for the Treatment of Historic Properties. Brochure, Preservation Assistance Division, Washington, D.C.
1984 Preservation Briefs 36: Protecting Cultural Landscapes: Planning, Treatment, and Management of Historic Landscapes. Charles A. Birnbaum, ASLA.
1996 The Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties with Guidelines for the Treatment of Cultural Landscapes. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Cultural Resource Stewardship and Partnerships, Heritage Preservation Services, Historic Landscape Initiative. Washington, D.C.
1983 Secretary of the Interior’s Standards and Guidelines for Federal Agency Historic Preservation Programs under Section 110 of the National Historic Preservation Act. 63 Fed Reg. 20495-20508.
Post/Hazeltine Associates 59 Draft Historic Resources Study St. John’s Seminary Specific Plan May 19, 2008 1989 National Register Bulletin 30: Guidelines for Evaluating and Documenting Rural Historic Landscapes (Revised 1999).
1990 National Register Bulletin 15: How to Apply the National Register Criteria for Evaluation (Revised 1997).
White, David 1978 Greater Camarillo: Then & Now. Camarillo, California: Camarillo Chamber of Commerce.
The following repositories of historical documents and information were used in the preparation of this report:
Archdiocese of Los Angeles: Historical Archive and the Building Department
City of Camarillo Public Library
St. John’s Seminary: Edward Doheny Memorial Library, Camarillo, California.
University of California, Santa Barbara, Maps and Imagery Lab.
The following individuals at St. John’s Seminary kindly provided historical information used in the preparation of this report:
Dr. Paul Ford
Mr. Edwin Monfett, archivist for St. John’s Seminary
Post/Hazeltine Associates 60 Draft Historic Resources Study St. John’s Seminary Specific Plan May 19, 2008 ADDENDUM A (Maps and Figures) Project Location
Figure 1 Project Location, St. John’s Specific Plan Agricultural Calleguas Creek buildings St. John’s Seminary College
Water tower
St. John’s Major College Padre Serra Parish N Church
Figure 4 Aerial Photograph of St. John’s Seminary Figure 5
1924 Fiesta party for Juan Camarillo (Fitzgerald 1944) N
Figure 6
1938 Aerial Photograph of St. John’s Seminary (before the seminary was built) (Fitzgerald 1944) Figure 7
St. John’s Major Seminary (Post/Hazeltine Associates, 2008) Figure 8
St. John’s Major Seminary (Post/Hazeltine Associates, 2008) St. John’s Seminary College
St. John’s Major College
Figure 9 St. John’s Major Seminary in 1961 during construction of St. John’s Seminary College (St. John’s Seminary Archive) St. John’s Seminary College
St. John’s Major College
Figure 10 St. John’s Major Seminary in 1963-1964 after the completion of St. John’s Seminary College (St. John’s Seminary Archive) Figure 11 St. John’s Major Seminary in 1963-1964 shortly after the completion of St. John’s Seminary College (St. John’s Seminary Archive) St. John’s Seminary College
N
Figure 12 St. John’s Major Seminary and John’s Seminary College, 1977) (USCB, Maps and Imagery Lab: TG 7700.1: 1-10) Figure 13 Architect’s sketch of St. John’s Seminary College (Evangelist, Spring 1961, Vol. 23, No.3) St. John’s Seminary College Archive Figure 14 St. John’s Major Seminary during construction (1962) (Evangelist, Vol. 24, No. 2, Winter 1962:. John’s Seminary Archive) Figure 15 St. John’s Major Seminary during construction (1961-1962) (John’s Seminary Archive) Carrie Estelle Doheny Memorial Library Prayer Hall Classroom/ Recreation Building
Administration/dorm itory buildings Athletic Fields and Pool
St. James Chapel
Service building Refectory and Kitchen
Mall Convent Figure 16: St. John’s Seminary College in 1977 (UCSB, Maps and Imagery Lab: TG-7700, 1970: 1-10) Figure 17 “The Mall” (looking North) (Post/Hazeltine Associates 2008) Figure 18 Administration/ Dormitory, West Elevation (looking southeast) (Post/Hazeltine Associates 2008)
Figure 19 Administration/ Dormitory Complex, central block of elevation (looking east) (Post/Hazeltine Associates 2008) Figure 20 Administration/ Dormitory, West Elevation, Dormitory wing at north end of elevation (looking south) (Post/Hazeltine Associates 2008)
Figure 21 Administration/ Dormitory, West Elevation, Entrance to St. Bonaventure Dormitory (looking east) (Post/Hazeltine Associates 2008) Figure 22 Administration/ Dormitory, West Elevation, Dormitory wing at south end of elevation (looking north) (Post/Hazeltine Associates 2008)
Arcade linking Administration Building to Dormitory
Figure 23 Administration/ Dormitory, West Elevation, Dormitory wing at north end of elevation (looking north) (Post/Hazeltine Associates 2008) Figure 24 Administration/ Dormitory Complex: West Elevation, Dormitory wing at south end of elevation, (looking east) (Post/Hazeltine Associates 2008)
Figure 25 Administration/ Dormitory Complex: Administration Building’s Open Loggia (linking entrance to St. James Chapel at east end of mall ) (looking east) (Post/Hazeltine Associates 2008) Figure 26 Administration/Dormitory Building (east projecting wing of the north elevation) (Post/Hazeltine Associates 2008)
Figure 27 Administration/Dormitory Building (west projecting wing of the north elevation) (Post/Hazeltine Associates 2008) Figure 28 Administration/Dormitory Building (north elevation) (Post/Hazeltine Associates 2008) Figure 29 Administration/Dormitory Building (north elevation, interior courtyard wall) (Post/Hazeltine Associates 2008) Figure 30 Administration/Dormitory Building (East elevation) (Post/Hazeltine Associates 2008) Figure 31 Chapel of Saint James (west elevation, looking southeast) (Post/Hazeltine Associates 2008)
Figure 32 Chapel of Saint James (west elevation, looking east)(Post/Hazeltine Associates 2008) Figure 33 Saint John’s Chapel West Elevation, Detail of Walnut Entrance Doors (Post/Hazeltine Associates 2008) Figure 34 Saint John’s Chapel West Elevation, Detail of Walnut Entrance Doors and Stained Glass Window (Post/Hazeltine Associates 2008) Figure 35 St. James Chapel, West Elevation (relief sculpture of St. John the Evangelist flanking the south side of the entrance doors) (Post/Hazeltine Associates 2008) Figure 36 St. James Chapel, West Elevation (relief sculpture of St. James flanked the north side of the entrance door) (Post/Hazeltine Associates 2008) Figure 37 St. James Chapel, South Elevation, (Post/Hazeltine Associates 2008)
Figure 38 St. James Chapel, east end of South Elevation, (Post/Hazeltine Associates 2008) Figure 39 St. James Chapel, South Elevation, detail of freestanding arcade (looking east) (Post/Hazeltine Associates 2008) Figure 40 St. James Chapel, South Elevation, detail of fenestration (looking North) (Post/Hazeltine Associates 2008) Figure 41 St. James Chapel, East Elevation (looking northwest) (Post/Hazeltine Associates 2008)
Figure 42 St. James Chapel, North Elevation (east end of elevation) (looking south) (Post/Hazeltine Associates 2008) Figure 43 St. James Chapel, North Elevation, detail of arcade (looking southeast) (Post/Hazeltine Associates 2008) Figure 44 St. James Chapel, Detail of Stained Glass Windows (looking south) (Post/Hazeltine Associates 2008) Figure 45 St. James Chapel, Interior, detail of Reredos (looking east) (photograph from circa 1985 brochure) Figure 46 Prayer Hall, South Elevation and Arcade (looking northeast) (Post/Hazeltine Associates 2008)
Figure 47 Prayer Hall, South Elevation, Detail of Entrance Doors (looking north) (Post/Hazeltine Associates 2008) Figure 48 Prayer Hall, East Elevation and flanking Arcade (looking west) (Post/Hazeltine Associates 2008)
Figure 49 Prayer Hall, North Elevation (looking south) (Post/Hazeltine Associates 2008) Figure 50 Classroom/Recreation Building, East Elevation (looking southwest)
Figure 51 Classroom/Recreation Building, North Elevation (looking southwest) Figure 52 Classroom/Recreation Building, east end of North Elevation (looking south) (Post/Hazeltine Associates 2008)
Figure 53 Classroom/Recreation Building, North Elevation (Sculpture of St. Joseph) (looking south) (Post/Hazeltine Associates 2008) Figure 54 Classroom/Recreation Building, West Elevation of Courtyard (looking east) (Post/Hazeltine Associates 2008)
Figure 55 Classroom/Recreation Building, Arcade at west end of Courtyard (with library building in background) (looking north) (Post/Hazeltine Associates 2008) Figure 56 Classroom/Recreation Building, North Elevation of Courtyard (looking west) (Post/Hazeltine Associates 2008) Figure 57 Refectory, North and West Elevations (looking southeast)
Figure 58 Refectory/Kitchen, East Elevation (looking north) kitchen wing Refectory
Figure 59 Refectory/Kitchen, East Elevation (looking southwest)
north west elevation elevation
Figure 60 Refectory, West Elevation (looking east) Figure 61 Convent, South and West Elevations (looking northeast) (Post/Hazeltine Associates 2008)
Figure 62 Convent, East Elevation (looking west) (Post/Hazeltine Associates 2008) Figure 63 Convent, East Elevation, detail of entrance doors (looking west) (Post/Hazeltine Associates 2008)
Figure 64 Service Building, South Elevation (looking northwest) (Post/Hazeltine Associates 2008) Figure 65 Athletic Fields and Swimming Pool (looking northeast) (Post/Hazeltine Associates 2008)
Figure 66 Detail of Swimming Pool (looking northeast) (Post/Hazeltine Associates 2008) Figure 67 Swimming Pool Locker Room, detail of roof (looking southeast)
Figure 68 Swimming Pool Locker Room, detail of north elevation (looking southeast) Figure 69 Carrie Estelle Doheny Memorial Library, south and west elevations (looking northeast) (Post/Hazeltine Associates 2008)
Figure 70 Carrie Estelle Doheny Memorial Library, south elevation (façade) (looking north) (Post/Hazeltine Associates 2008) Figure 71 Carrie Estelle Doheny Memorial Library, south elevation (looking east) (Post/Hazeltine Associates 2008) Figure 72 Carrie Estelle Doheny Memorial Library, South Elevation, detail of entrance (looking northeast) (Post/Hazeltine Associates 2008)
Figure 73 Carrie Estelle Doheny Memorial Library, view north from entrance doors through rear of building, (looking northeast) (Post/Hazeltine Associates 2008) Figure 74 Carrie Estelle Doheny Memorial Library, North Elevation (looking southwest)
Figure 75 Carrie Estelle Doheny Memorial Library, North Elevation (looking west) east elevation
Figure 76 Carrie Estelle Doheny Memorial Library, East Elevation (looking northwest) Figure 77 Carrie Estelle Doheny Memorial Library, West Elevation (looking south) Figure 78 Observatory (looking north) Figure 79 Pump House (looking northeast)
Figure 80 Water Tank at southeast corner of St. John’s Specific Plan Parcel (looking southeast) Figure 81 4728 Seminary Road, North Elevation (looking Southwest)
Figure 82 4728 Seminary Road, North and East Elevations (looking Southwest) Figure 83 4712 Seminary Road, North Elevation (looking southwest)
Figure 84 4712 Seminary Road, Garage associated with 4712 Seminary Road (looking southwest) Figure 85 4900 Seminary Road, South and East Elevations (looking northwest) (Post/Hazeltine Associates 2008)
Figure 86 4712 Seminary Road, North Elevation (looking southwest) (Post/Hazeltine Associates 2008) Figure 87 Prefabricated Outbuilding (looking south) (Post/Hazeltine Associates 2008) ADDENDUM B (Aerial Photographs) 2006 Aerial Photograph
(Europa Technologies) Project Area
1977 Aerial Photograph
(USCB, Maps and Imagery Lab:TG-7700, 1977: 1-10) Project Area
1970 Aerial Photograph
(USCB, Maps and Imagery Lab:HB-RT: 259) Project Area
1964 Aerial Photograph
(USCB, Maps and Imagery Lab: HA-WE, 1964: 45) Project Area
1945 Aerial Photograph
(USCB, Maps and Imagery Lab:C-9800: 3-267) Project Area
1938 Aerial Photograph
(USCB, Maps and Imagery Lab: AXI-1938: 19-15) Archaeology Phase I PHASE I ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY FOR ST. JOHN'S SPECIFIC PLAN STUDY AREA, CAMARILLO, VENTURA COUNTY, CALIFORNIA
Prepared For:
Mr. Joe Gibson Impact Sciences, Inc. 803 Camarillo Springs Road Suite A-1 Camarillo, CA 93012
Prepared By:
W&SConsultants 2242 Stinson Street Simi Valley, California 93065 805-581-3577
5 March 2008
1 MANAGEMENT SUMMARY
A Phase I archaeological survey was conducted for the St. John's Seminary specific plan, a 94 acres study area in the City of Camarillo, Ventura County, California. This investigation involved an archival records search, a review of existing published and unpublished references on local prehistory and history, and an on-foot, intensive survey of the subject property. Archival records indicated that no previously recorded archaeological sites had been recorded within the study area. On-foot survey of the study area resulted in the discovery of two previously unrecorded cultural resources. Phase II test excavations and determinations of significance are recommended for these two prehistoric archaeological sites, prior to development of the property.
2 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Management Summary 2
1.0 Introduction 4
2.0 Background to the Project 4 2.1 Project Description & Location 4 2.2 Ethnographic Background 4 2.3 Archaeological Background 6 2.4 Historical Background 8
3.0 Archival Records Search 10
4.0 Field Survey 11
5.0 Survey Results 11
6.0 Recommendations 12
7.0 Cited References 13
8.0 Figures 15 List of Figures 15
9.0 Appendix A: Records Search
10.0 Appendix B: Site Records
3 1.0 INTRODUCTION
At the request of Mr. Joe Gibson, Impact Sciences, Inc., Camarillo, CA, an intensive Phase I archaeological survey was conducted for the St. John's Seminary specific plan, a 94 acres study area located in the City of Camarillo, Ventura County, California (Figure 1). This was intended to provide a background review of pertinent research and an archival records search to determine if any known archaeological sites were present in the project corridor, and/or whether the area had been previously and systematically studied by archaeologists; an intensive, on-foot survey of the project area to identify unrecorded cultural resources; and a preliminary assessment of such resources, should any be found within the study area. This manuscript constitutes a report on this Phase I archaeological study. Subsequent sections provide background to the investigation, including the results of the archival record search; a summary of the field surveying techniques employed; the results of the fieldwork; and management recommendations derived therefrom. This project was conducted by W&S Consultants in February, 2008.
2.0 BACKGROUND TO THE PROJECT
2.1 Project Location
The 94 acres study area is located on a terrace overlooking Calleguas Creek, within the City of Camarillo, Ventura County, California (Figure 1). It is bounded to the north and west by the stream drainage and to the south by Upland Road. Residential housing is present to the east.
2.2 Ethnographic Background
The study region, and Ventura County in general, lies within the territory of the Ventureño dialect of the Chumash ethnolinguistic group (Kroeber 1925). These were Hokan speaking people, who occupied the area from Topanga Canyon northwest to approximately San Luis Obispo. Because of their location in an area of early Spanish missionization, Chumash culture and lifeways were heavily disrupted prior to any modern efforts at ethnographic research, hence our knowledge of them is limited. However, based on fragmentary records and various means of inferential and analogical studies, a certain amount can be reconstructed about their way of life.
The Chumash followed a hunting-gathering-fishing subsistence pattern, which incorporated a heavy reliance on maritime resources, including pelagic and littoral fishes, and shellfish. Indeed, the bountiful sea resources that they exploited may have been a key factor in their evolutionary success (Landberg
4 1965): at the time of the arrival of the Spanish the Chumash had reached levels of population density, and complexities in social organization, unequaled worldwide by other non-farming groups (Moratto 1984:118). These included permanent coastal villages along the Channel Islands area containing as many as 1000 inhabitants (Brown 1967), as well as a hierarchical sociopolitical organization consisting of at least two major chiefdoms (Whitley and Beaudry 1991). Further, based on recent reconstructions using mission registers, the Chumash appear to be have a matrilocal, and perhaps matrilineal, clan-based society (Johnson 1988).
The Oxnard Plain area was apparently a portion of a paramount Chumash capital at the village of Muwu, at modern Point Mugu (Whitley and Clewlow 1979; Whitley and Beaudry 1991). This served as the center of Lulapin, one of the two known historical chiefdoms, and was a domain whose limits stretched from the southeastern extreme of Chumash territory to just beyond modern Santa Barbara. Correspondingly, the Mugu locale has been documented, both archaeologically and ethnographically, as the center of a considerable amount of aboriginal activity (ibid.).
However, even given the proximity of the study area to Point Mugu, no ethnohistoric data are available pertaining to the immediate project zone, per se. Indeed, King (1975:175; see also Kroeber 1925 and Brown 1967) indicates that the only Historic Chumash villages known for the region are specifically muwu and simomo (meaning 'beach' and 'the saltbush patch', respectively; see Applegate 1975:37, 41), both located close to Point Mugu; ixsha (or 'ihsha, 'ashes'; Applegate 1975:30), at the mouth of the Santa Clara River; and wenemu, 'sleeping place', the origin for the modern toponymic 'Hueneme' (Applegate 1974:198, 1975:45), applied to a temporary village or campsite, used as a rest- stop in trans-channel crossings, on the coast near Hueneme. According to Kroeber's map (1925: Plate 48), wenemu was actually located on the coast northwest of the modern town of Hueneme proper. Based on John Peabody Harrington's ethnographic notes, other known historical place-names in the area include: kasunalmu ('sending place'), an unlocated village/camp 'just west of Oxnard'; malhohshi, an unlocated place near Oxnard; shishlomow, an unlocated place 'just south of Hueneme'; and swini, an unlocated place near Oxnard (Applegate 1975). None of these latter named locales are identifiable and, with the exception of the village/camp of kasunalmu, it is not known whether they refer to natural/geographical, cultural, or mythical places on the landscape.
There is no evidence to suggest that any of these placenames apply to the study area. Apparently, during the Historic Period much of the general Oxnard region was essentially an unoccupied zone intermediate between large population centers at Point Mugu and the modern Ventura area, on the coast, with additional villages located further inland near the foothills.
5 2.3 Archaeological Background
Regional prehistory is best viewed using a chronological scheme that has its origins in the research of D.B. Rogers (1929), working on the Channel Islands and the Santa Barbara coastline. At a later date, Rogers' scheme was modified in terminology and improved with additional and more detailed data and radiocarbon dates by W.J. Wallace (1955).
Wallace's chronology for southern coastal California includes four time periods, the earliest of which (Early Man/Big Game Hunting period) was considered speculative, and thought to correlate with the end of the Pleistocene. Although it is likely that occupation of the southern California coastal region occurred during this early time period, to date the only evidence of such has been limited to a few discoveries of fluted projectile points, found in isolated locales. However, the characteristic geomorphological instability of the California coastline, combined with the major change in erosional/degradational regimes that occurred at the end of the Pleistocene, does not favor the preservation of remains from this period.
With the transition towards a modern environment, starting approximately 9 to 10 thousand years ago, however, an adaptation referred to as the Early Millingstone period or horizon began and is evident in the archaeological record. Most sites of this stage date between 8500 and 3500 years in age, and are dominated by assemblages containing large numbers of groundstone artifacts, along with crude choppers and other core/cobble tools. These are thought to represent an adaptation to gathered foods, especially a reliance on hard-shelled seeds.
More recently, it has been suggested that scraper planes, in particular, may have served in the processing of agave (Kowta 1969; Salls 1985); that the association of groundstone and core/cobble tools represents a generalized plant processing toolkit, rather than one emphasizing hard-seeds, per se (Whitley 1979), and one that was used in appropriate environmental settings throughout the prehistoric past; that is, that the so-called 'early millingstone toolkit' is environmentally rather than chronologically specific and reflects localized exploitation patterns, rather than a wide-ranging adaptational strategy (Leonard 1971). However, on the coastal strip, per se, there continues to be evidence that such sites date to the earlier end of the time-frame, and they are generally located on terraces and mesas, above the coastal verge.
Recent studies by Erlandson (1988; see also Erlandson and Colton 1991), finally, provide evidence of a significant, even if small, population of coastal hunters- gatherers in the region before 7000 years ago, or at the beginning of the Early Millingstone period. Erlandson has shown that these were neither Big Game hunters, nor specialized, hard-seed gatherers, but instead generalized foragers that relied on a variety of different kinds of terrestrial, coastal and marine resources, and that they were adapted to estuarine embayments that have long-
6 since disappeared from the local environment. Further, his evidence indicates that their primary protein sources were shellfish and other marine resources. Extending a pattern first identified by Meighan (1959) on the Channel Islands, in other words, this suggests that the adaptation to the seashore is a very ancient and long-lived tradition in local prehistory.
Following the Early Millingstone, a transitional stage, referred to as the Intermediate period, occurred. It is believed to have gotten underway about 3500 years ago, and to have lasted until about A.D. 1000. It is marked on the coast by a growing exploitation of marine resources, the appearance of the hopper mortar and stone bowl/mortar, and a diversification and an increase in the number of chipped stone tools. Projectile points, in particular, are more common at sites than previously, while artifacts such as fish hooks and bone gorges also appear. Further, there is substantial evidence that it was at the early end of this Intermediate period that inland sites, such as those found in the Conejo Corridor on the north side of the Santa Monica Mountains, were first established and occupied, suggesting the exploitation of more varied environments and perhaps an increase in population (Whitley and Beaudry 1991), as well as a movement of coastal sites down towards the beaches. In general, however, the Intermediate period can be argued to have set the stage for the accelerated changes that took place immediately following it.
With the transition to the Late Prehistoric period at A.D. 1000, which followed the introduction of the bow and arrow at about A.D. 600, and represented by a major reduction in the size of projectile points, we can correlate local prehistory with Chumash society as described (even if in abbreviated form) by early chroniclers and missionaries. However, this is not to suggest that society was in any way static, for the transition to the Late Prehistoric period was marked by the evolution and eventual dominance of a sophisticated maritime economy. Further, the rise in Chumash social complexity has been shown to have been associated with the development of craft specialization, involving the use of standardized micro-drills to mass produce shell beads on Santa Cruz Island (Arnold 1987), and to have occurred during the Late Prehistoric period.
2.4 Historical Background
Traditional Chumash society was altered irrevocably with the onset of the missionization and Spanish colonization of the Ventura County region. But although Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo stopped in the area in A.D. 1542 while exploring the coast, and Sebastían Vizcaíno sailed-by in 1602 (Bancroft 1963), this historical period effectively began with the passing of the Gaspar de Portolá expedition through the area in 1769 - 1770 (Bolton 1971; Boneu 1983). Portolá was followed in quick succession by a number of other explorers, such as Juan Bautista de Anza in 1775-1776 (Bolton 1931) and José Longinos Martinez in 1792 (Simpson 1938). However, it was the establishment of the Mission of San
7 Buenaventura, at modern Ventura, in 1782 (Triem 1985) that truly spelled the end of the aboriginal period.
The study area, per se, is located relatively close to the original Ventura mission in modern terms, but in earlier times was some distance from the mission proper, and fell outside of the original Mission San Buenaventura lands. Thus, although missionization clearly had an impact on any Chumash who may have occupied this region, due to its peripheral and remote location, it is unlikely that the project area directly played any consequential part in the historical events that occurred in the first fifty years of colonization in southern Ventura County. It was not until 1837, in fact, that any significant evidence for historical use of the general region containing the study area occurred. Rancho Calleguas was awarded to Jose Pedro Ruiz on May 10 of that year. Ultimately, this rancho totaled 9,998.29 acres. It was patented by Ruiz's heirs in 1866 (Robinson 1956:41). Rancho Calleguas was purchased by Juan Camarillo in 1875, becoming the nucleus of Rancho Camarillo, for which the city is named (Triem 1985).
The first settlement in the general project region was the hamlet of Springville, located at Wood Road and the Ventura Freeway, about 3.5 miles west of the center of Camarillo. The townsite formed a portion of a 480 acres parcel owned and farmed by John C. Sebastian, within the original Rancho La Colonia. The first post office at Springville was established about 1875 (White 1978:24).
Another early settlement was New Jerusalem, located along the Santa Clara River, at the crossing of the old Camino Real (now Highway 101). In 1883 it was aid to have "good schools, stores and shops, and a fine Catholic Church" (Thompson and West 1883:406).
During the latter part of the nineteenth century, the Oxnard Plain quickly developed into an agricultural region of considerable importance (and has, of course, remained so to this day), aided by the development of a series of artesian wells in the region, which were first exploited in 1871 (Thompson and West 1883:386). Lima beans, corn, barley, flax and wheat were the initial agricultural emphases of the area. At the impetus of the Oxnard brothers, the American Sugar Beet Company built a factory and refinery in the nearby town named after them, Oxnard, in 1898, and much of the local region was then planted in sugar beets. The establishment of this factory also resulted in the opening of a railroad spur line from Montalvo in the same year (Triem 1985:98). This line was extended to Camarillo and Somis shortly thereafter and, by 1904, a tunnel was cut through the Santa Susana Mountains to directly connect Camarillo with the San Fernando Valley (White 1978:22). The Camarillo Depot was established two years later. With the railroad to Camarillo, Springville began to fade away, and its post office was closed in 1903, with postal service transferred to the new office at Camarillo (ibid: 24, 45).
8 The study area itself was donated by the Camarillo family to the diocese of Los Angeles, for the specific purposes of creating a seminary, in 1927. After fund raising, groundbreaking occurred for the first building in 1938. A newer complex of buildings, designated St. John's Seminary College, was completed in 1965. These facilities continue to serve to this day as a seminary, with surrounding portions of the property planted in citrus orchards.
Since the turn of the century the region has remained an area of important agricultural activities. However, increasing suburban and industrial growth and development ultimately led to a movement to incorporate the community of Camarillo, in part to provide local control for growth and development. This was passed in September, 1964 (ibid:33). Suburbanization has characterized the region since that date.
The study area, per se, appears to have fallen outside of the area of the immediate historical events in this portion of Ventura County.
3.0 ARCHIVAL RECORDS SEARCH
An archival record search was conducted at the California State University, Fullerton, Archaeological Information Center (AIC), by AIC staff members to determine: (i) if prehistoric or historical archaeological sites had previously been recorded within the project area; (ii) if the project area had been systematically surveyed by archaeologists prior to the initiation of this field study; and/or (iii) whether the region of the field project was known to contain archaeological sites and to thereby be archaeologically sensitive. The complete results of this archival record search are included in this document as Appendix A.
Files and records at the AIC indicate that ten studies had examined Calleguas Creek, which forms the W and N limit of the study area, but the 94 acres study area in its entirety was never systematically surveyed. No archaeological sites of any kind had been recorded within or immediately adjacent to the study area, although others are known along the drainage.
4.0 FIELD SURVEY METHODS
An intensive and systematic field survey of the 94 acres study area was conducted by Joseph M. Simon of the W & S Consultants staff on 25 February 2008. The groundsurface was examined by walking transects across the study area spaced at 15 - 20 meter intervals to identify artifacts or other archaeological
9 indicators that might be present on the groundsurface. Particular attention was afforded localized geomorphological conditions favorable for the preservation of archaeological remains, such as depositional environments, as well as conditions (including stream-cuts and rodent burrows) which expose sub-surface soil conditions, and might thereby reveal buried archaeological deposits, as well as the areas of previously recorded sites.
Portions of the study area are developed. Groundsurface examination in these areas emphasized planters and other areas where soil is still exposed.
5.0 SURVEY RESULTS
The study area consists of a series of building complexes surrounding by citrus and avocado orchards. Towards the front (N) is the old theology building with the seminary college to the rear (S); a recently constructed church is present in the southern extreme of the property.
Groundsurface visibility was good. The groundsurface in the orchard areas, in particular, had been cultivated and visibility was excellent.
Two prehistoric sites were identified during the survey (Appendix B). Both are located near the northern limits of the property, along the terrace edge overlooking Calleguas Creek. The first site, given the temporary designation of SJ-1, is located on an E-W trending knoll, in an area about 275 by 125 m in size. We observed six primary quartzite flakes, two primary basalt flakes and two quartzite hammerstones on the site. It is believed to represent a low-density surface lithic scatter.
Site SJ-2 is a large habitation site with a weak midden deposit bordering the Calleguas drainage. It contains a large quantity of debitage, including fused shale, chert, quartzite and basalt primary, secondary and tertiary flakes; a mano; two hammerstones; and fire-cracked rocks. These were found within an area estimated at 300 by 150 m in size. The age of the site is unknown but it is most likely Middle Period or later in date.
6.0 RECOMMENDATIONS
An archival records search, background studies, and an intensive, on-foot surface reconnaissance of the 94 acres St. John's Seminary specific plan study area, City of Camarillo, Ventura County, California, were conducted as part of a Phase I archaeological survey. Two prehistoric archaeological sites, given the
10 temporary designations of SJ-1 and SJ-2, were identified and recorded during the investigation.
Following CEQA, therefore, development of the 94 acres St. John's Seminary specific plan study area has the potential to result in adverse impacts to cultural resources. We recommend that Phase II test excavations and determinations of significance be conducted on these sites in order to adequately assess the potential effects of the proposed project.
7.0 CITED REFERENCES
Applegate, R.A. 1974 Chumash Place names. Journal of California Anthropology 1:187-205.
1975 An Index of Chumash Place names. Papers on the Chumash (no editor). San Luis Obispo County Archaeological Society, Occasional Paper 9. pp. 19-46.
Arnold, J. 1987 Craft Specialization in the Prehistoric Channel Islands, California. University of California Publications in Anthropology 18. Berkeley.
Brown, A.K. 1967 The Aboriginal Population of the Santa Barbara Channel. University of California Archaeological Survey Reports 69. Berkeley.
Erlandson, J. 1988 Of Millingstones and Molluscs: The Cultural Ecology of Early Holocene Hunter-Gatherers on the California Coast. Ph.D. dissertation, UCSB.
Erlandson, J. and R. Colton, editors 1991 Hunter-Gatherers of Early Holocene Coastal California. Perspectives in California Archaeology, Volume 1. UCLA.
Johnson, J. 1988 Chumash Social Organization: An Ethnohistoric Perspective. Ph.D. dissertation, UCSB.
Johnson, K.L. 1966 Site LAn-2: A Late Manifestation of the Topanga Complex in Southern California Prehistory. Anthropological Records, 23. University of California, Berkeley.
11 King, C.D. 1975 The Names and Locations of Historic Chumash Villages. Journal of California Anthropology 2:171-179.
1981 The Evolution of Chumash Society: A Comparative Study of Artifacts Used In Systems Maintenance in the Santa Barbara Channel Region. Ph.D. dissertation, UC Davis.
Kowta, M. 1969 The Sayles Complex: A Late Milling Stone Assemblage from the Cajon Pass and the Ecological Implications of Its Scraper Planes. Publications In Anthropology, 6. University of California, Berkeley.
Kroeber, A. L. 1925 Handbook of the Indians of California. Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 78.
Landberg, L. 1965 The Chumash Indians of Southern California. Southwest Museum Papers 19. Los Angeles.
Leonard, N.N. 1977 Natural and Social Environments of the Santa Monica Mountains (6000 B.C. to 1800 A.D.). Archaeological Survey Annual Report 13: 93-136. UCLA.
Meighan, C.W. 1959 The Little Harbor Site, Catalina Island: An example of ecological interpretation in archaeology. American Antiquity 24:383-405.
Moratto, M.J. 1984 California Archaeology. Academic Press. Orlando, Florida.
Rogers, D.B. 1929 Prehistoric Man of the Santa Barbara Coast. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History. Santa Barbara, California.
Salls, R. 1985 The Scraper Plane: A Functional Interpretation. Journal of Field Archaeology 12(1):99-106.
Wallace, W. 1955 A Suggested Chronology for Southern California Coastal Archaeology. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 11 (3):214-230.
Whitley, D.S.
12 1979 Subsurface Features, Toolkits and a Sweathouse Pit at the Ring Brothers Complex. In Archaeological Investigations at the Ring Brothers Site Complex, Thousand Oaks, California, edited by C.W. Clewlow, Jr., D.S. Whitley and E.L. McCann, pp.101-110. Institute of Archaeology, Monograph 13. UCLA.
Whitley, D.S. and M.P. Beaudry 1991 Chiefs on the Coast: Developing Chiefdoms in the Tiquisate Region in Ethnographic Perspective. In The Development of Complex Societies in Southeastern Mesoamerica, edited by W. Fowler. CRC Press.
Whitley, D.S. and C.W. Clewlow, Jr. 1979 The Organizational Structure of the Lulapin and Humaliwo. In The Archaeology of Oak Park, Ventura County, California, Volume 3. Edited by C.W. Clewlow and D.S. Whitley. Institute of Archaeology, Monograph 11. UCLA.
8.0 FIGURES
List of Figures:
Figure 1 - Location of the St. John's Seminary study area, City of Camarillo, Ventura County, California.
Figure 2 – Site locations, St. John's Seminary study area.
13
Archaeology Phase II PHASE II TEST EXCAVATION AND DETERMINATION OF SIGNIFICANCE AT SITE SJ-1, ST. JOHN'S SEMINARY, CAMARILLO, VENTURA COUNTY, CALIFORNIA
Prepared For:
Mr. Joe Gibson Impact Sciences, Inc. 803 Camarillo Springs Road Suite A-1 Camarillo, CA 93012
Prepared By:
W & S Consultants 2242 Stinson Street Simi Valley, California 93065 805-581-3577
1 September 2008
1 MANAGEMENT SUMMARY
A Phase II archaeological test excavation and determination of significance was conducted on prehistoric site SJ-1, St. John's Seminary, Camarillo, Ventura County, California. This included mapping, surface collecting and the hand excavation of sixteen 1x1 m test pits on the site. Based on the fieldwork and analysis of the recovered archaeological collection, the site appears to be a small, low density and heavily disturbed surface lithic scatter. Phase II fieldwork resulted in the recovery of a scientifically consequential artifact collection from the site. This has served to completely and adequately mitigate all adverse impacts that may accrue to this site due to development, grading or construction. We recommend no additional archaeological work at this location, although we recommend that an archaeological monitor be present during topsoil grading at this location.
2 TABLE OF CONTENTS
MANAGEMENT SUMMARY 2
1 - INTRODUCTION 4 1.1 Summary & Background 4 1.2 Site Description & Environmental Background 4
2 - ETHNOGRAPHIC & PREHISTORIC BACKGROUND 6 2.1 Ethnographic Background 6 2.2 Archaeological Background 7
3 - FIELD METHODS 10 3.1 Introduction 10
4 - FIELD RESULTS 11 4.1 Excavation 11 4.2 Surface Collection 13
5 – ARTIFACT ASSEMBLAGE 14 4.0 Introduction 14 4.1 Laboratory Procedures 14 4.11 Taxonomic Considerations 14 4.2 Artifact Assemblage 17
5 - CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS 20 5.1 Summary 20 5.2 Recommendations 20
6 - CITED REFERENCES 21
7 - FIGURES 24 List of Figures 24
8 – SITE CATALOG 29
3 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Summary and Background to the Project
At the request of Mr. Joseph Gibson, Impact Sciences, Camarillo, California, a Phase II archaeological test excavation and determination of significance was conducted on prehistoric site SJ-1, City of Camarillo, Ventura County, California (Figures 1 and 2). This project was intended to determine the size, nature and significance of this archaeological site, and thereby to provide baseline data from which an assessment of potential adverse impacts to this resource could be made. These data have been employed to develop final management recommendations for the study area.
This study was conducted by W&S Consultants during August 2008. David S. Whitley, Ph.D., RPA, and Joseph M. Simon served as principal investigators for the project. This report was prepared by Whitley and Simon. Randy Fowlkes, representing the Chumash, served as Native American monitor and liaison for the project.
This report provides a description of site SJ-1, including a summary of previous archaeological work related to it; environmental and cultural background to the prehistory of the region; the field methods used to test the site; and a summary of the field results. We conclude with final recommendations for the study area.
1.2 Site Description & Environmental Background
Site SJ-1 is located on the grounds of St. John's Seminary College. This sits on a terrace overlooking Calleguas Creek, within the City of Camarillo, Ventura County, California (Figure 1). The seminary property is bounded to the north and west by the stream drainage and to the south by Upland Road. The site is located near the north central limits of the property, on an east-west trending knoll in a lemon orchard immediately above the Calleguas. Elevation on the site ranges from about 310 to 320 feet a.s.l., reflecting the fact that Camarillo in general is only a short distance from the Pacific Ocean.
Site SJ-1 was first recorded in 2008 by W&S Consultants, during a Phase I archaeological survey of the seminary property. At the time of discovery, it was thought to cover an area about 275 by 125 m in size. Six primary quartzite flakes, two primary basalt flakes and two quartzite hammerstones were observed on the site. It was believed to represent a low-density surface lithic scatter.
The site is currently located in a graded lemon orchard, with all natural vegetation removed. It is adjacent to a riparian habitat, found in Calleguas Creek, however,
4 and the water and plant resources provided by this environment were likely important in the original prehistoric occupation and use of this location. Sitting on the first terrace above the Calleguas Creek, further, it is at the juncture of the Oxnard Plain and the foothills of the Santa Monica Mountains, thereby providing easy access to a variety of different ecological zones.
5 CHAPTER 2 ETHNOGRAPHIC & PREHISTORIC BACKGROUND
2.1 Ethnographic Background
The site SJ-1 study region, and Ventura County in general, lies within the territory of the Ventureño dialect of the Chumash ethnolinguistic group (Kroeber 1925). These were Hokan speaking people, who occupied the area from Topanga Canyon northwest to approximately San Luis Obispo. Because of their location in an area of early Spanish missionization, Chumash culture and lifeways were heavily disrupted prior to any modern efforts at ethnographic research, hence our knowledge of them is limited. However, based on fragmentary records and various means of inferential and analogical studies, a certain amount can be reconstructed about their way of life.
The Chumash followed a hunting-gathering-fishing subsistence pattern, which incorporated a heavy reliance on maritime resources, including pelagic and littoral fishes, and shellfish. Indeed, the bountiful sea resources that they exploited may have been a key factor in their evolutionary success (Landberg 1965): at the time of the arrival of the Spanish the Chumash had reached levels of population density, and complexities in social organization, unequaled worldwide by other non-farming groups (Moratto 1984:118). These included permanent coastal villages along the Channel Islands area containing as many as 1000 inhabitants (Brown 1967), as well as a hierarchical sociopolitical organization consisting of at least two major chiefdoms (Whitley and Beaudry 1991). Further, based on recent reconstructions using mission registers, the Chumash appear to be have a matrilocal, and perhaps matrilineal, clan-based society (Johnson 1988).
The Oxnard Plain area was apparently a portion of a paramount Chumash capital at the village of Muwu, at modern Point Mugu (Whitley and Clewlow 1979; Whitley and Beaudry 1991), near the mouth of Calleguas Creek. This served as the center of Lulapin, one of the two known historical chiefdoms, and was a domain whose limits stretched from the southeastern extreme of Chumash territory to just beyond modern Santa Barbara. Correspondingly, the Mugu locale has been documented, both archaeologically and ethnographically, as the center of a considerable amount of aboriginal activity (ibid.).
However, even given the proximity of the study area to Point Mugu, no ethnohistoric data are available pertaining to site SJ-1 or the immediate project zone, per se. Indeed, King (1975:175; see also Kroeber 1925 and Brown 1967) indicates that the only Historic Chumash villages known for the region are specifically muwu and simomo (meaning 'beach' and 'the saltbush patch', respectively; see Applegate 1975:37, 41), both located close to Point Mugu; ixsha (or 'ihsha, 'ashes'; Applegate 1975:30), at the mouth of the Santa Clara
6 River; and wenemu, 'sleeping place', the origin for the modern toponymic 'Hueneme' (Applegate 1974:198, 1975:45), applied to a temporary village or campsite, used as a rest-stop in trans-channel crossings, on the coast near Hueneme. According to Kroeber's map (1925: Plate 48), wenemu was actually located on the coast northwest of the modern town of Hueneme proper. Based on John Peabody Harrington's ethnographic notes, other known historical place- names in the area include: kasunalmu ('sending place'), an unlocated village/camp 'just west of Oxnard'; malhohshi, an unlocated place near Oxnard; shishlomow, an unlocated place 'just south of Hueneme'; and swini, another unlocated place near Oxnard (Applegate 1975). None of these latter named locales are identifiable and, with the exception of the village/camp of kasunalmu, it is not known whether they refer to natural/geographical, cultural, or mythical places on the landscape.
There is no evidence to suggest that any of these place-names apply to site SJ- 1. Apparently, during the Historic Period much of the general Oxnard Plain region was essentially an unoccupied zone intermediate between large population centers at Point Mugu and the modern Ventura area.
2.3 Archaeological Background
Regional prehistory is best viewed using a chronological scheme that has its origins in the research of D.B. Rogers (1929), working on the Channel Islands and the Santa Barbara coastline. At a later date, Rogers' scheme was modified in terminology and improved with additional and more detailed data and radiocarbon dates by W.J. Wallace (1955).
Wallace's chronology for southern coastal California includes four time periods, the earliest of which (Early Man/Big Game Hunting period) was considered speculative, and thought to correlate with the end of the Pleistocene. Although it is likely that occupation of the southern California coastal region occurred during this early time period, to date the only evidence of such has been limited to a few discoveries of fluted projectile points, found in isolated locales. However, the characteristic geomorphological instability of the California coastline, combined with the major change in erosional/degradational regimes that occurred at the end of the Pleistocene, does not favor the preservation of remains from this period.
With the transition towards a modern environment, starting approximately 9 to 10 thousand years ago, however, an adaptation referred to as the Early Millingstone period or horizon began and is evident in the archaeological record. Most sites of this stage date between 8500 and 3500 years in age, and are dominated by assemblages containing large numbers of groundstone artifacts, along with crude choppers and other core/cobble tools. These are thought to represent an adaptation to gathered foods, especially a reliance on hard-shelled seeds.
7 More recently, it has been suggested that scraper planes, in particular, may have served in the processing of agave (Kowta 1969; Salls 1985); that the association of groundstone and core/cobble tools represents a generalized plant processing toolkit, rather than one emphasizing hard-seeds, per se (Whitley 1979), and one that was used in appropriate environmental settings throughout the prehistoric past; that is, that the so-called 'early millingstone toolkit' is environmentally rather than chronologically specific and reflects localized exploitation patterns, rather than a wide-ranging adaptational strategy (Leonard 1971). However, on the coastal strip, per se, there continues to be evidence that such sites date to the earlier end of the time-frame, and they are generally located on terraces and mesas, above the coastal verge.
Recent studies by Erlandson (1988; see also Erlandson and Colton 1991), finally, provide evidence of a significant, even if small, population of coastal hunters- gatherers in the region before 7000 years ago, or at the beginning of the Early Millingstone period. Erlandson has shown that these were neither Big Game hunters, nor specialized, hard-seed gatherers, but instead generalized foragers that relied on a variety of different kinds of terrestrial, coastal and marine resources, and that they were adapted to estuarine embayments that have long- since disappeared from the local environment. Further, his evidence indicates that their primary protein sources were shellfish and other marine resources. Extending a pattern first identified by Meighan (1959) on the Channel Islands, in other words, this suggests that the adaptation to the seashore is a very ancient and long-lived tradition in local prehistory.
Following the Early Millingstone, a transitional stage, referred to as the Intermediate period, occurred. It is believed to have gotten underway about 3500 years ago, and to have lasted until about A.D. 1000. It is marked on the coast by a growing exploitation of marine resources, the appearance of the hopper mortar and stone bowl/mortar, and a diversification and an increase in the number of chipped stone tools. Projectile points, in particular, are more common at sites than previously, while artifacts such as fish hooks and bone gorges also appear. Further, there is substantial evidence that it was at the early end of this Intermediate period that inland sites, such as those found in the Conejo Corridor on the north side of the Santa Monica Mountains, were first established and occupied, suggesting the exploitation of more varied environments and perhaps an increase in population (Whitley and Beaudry 1991), as well as a movement of coastal sites down towards the beaches. In general, however, the Intermediate period can be argued to have set the stage for the accelerated changes that took place immediately following it.
With the transition to the Late Prehistoric period at A.D. 1000, which followed the introduction of the bow and arrow at about A.D. 600, and represented by a major reduction in the size of projectile points, we can correlate local prehistory with Chumash society as described (even if in abbreviated form) by early chroniclers
8 and missionaries. However, this is not to suggest that society was in any way static, for the transition to the Late Prehistoric period was marked by the evolution and eventual dominance of a sophisticated maritime economy. Further, the rise in Chumash social complexity has been shown to have been associated with the development of craft specialization, involving the use of standardized micro-drills to mass produce shell beads on Santa Cruz Island (Arnold 1987), and to have occurred during the Late Prehistoric period.
9 CHAPTER 3 FIELD METHODS
3.1 Introduction
Phase II archaeological fieldwork at site SJ-1 was intended to establish the nature and significance of this site, and to thereby provide baseline data from which a determination of the ultimate disposition of it could be made. This required the collection of a representative sample of artifacts and archaeological indicators from the cultural resource, the establishment of the vertical and horizontal boundary of its cultural deposit, and an analysis of the recovered artifact assemblage.
Procedures followed in the collection of data useful for establishing the nature and significance of the site included mapping, surface collection (Figure 3), and the test excavation of 16 1x1 m pits to establish the presence or absence of a subsurface archaeological deposit, as well as to characterize such a deposit if found to be present. Test pits placed on the site were located in a rectangular grid, with pits spaced approximately 25 m apart (Figure 4).
Excavation units were designated numerically. Each unit was dug with pick, shovel and trowel in arbitrary 10 centimeter spits or levels. Spoils from each of these levels was screened through one-eighth inch mesh. All artifacts and archaeological indicators were collected and bagged by unit level. Excavation was continued until culturally sterile soil was encountered. Soils stratigraphic analysis was completed for each of the pits.
10 CHAPTER 4 FIELD RESULTS
4.1 Excavation Results
Using the procedures outlined above, our Phase II fieldwork at site SJ-1 can be summarized as follows, by excavation unit and levels:
Unit #1: This pit was excavated to the C Horizon (parent material), which was ancient oxidized alluvium, encountered at about 10 cm depth. Topsoil (A Horizon) was silty sand that was Munsell 7.5YR4/2 (Brown). The underlying ancient alluvium was Munsell 7.5YR5/6 (Strong Brown). The topsoil had been disturbed by orchard cultivation. This penetrated into the ancient alluvium, resulting in mottling and mixing at the contact between the A and C Horizons.
Unit #1 was entirely culturally sterile.
Unit #2: Soil conditions in Unit #2 were identical in all respects to Unit #1, with about 10 cm of topsoil overlying ancient oxidized alluvium. Two quartzite flakes were however recovered in the 0 – 10 cm level of the unit. Given the previous cultivation of the site area as a lemon orchard, these are most likely surface artifacts that were mechanically introduced into the ground.
Unit #3: Soils in Unit #3 were also identical to those found in Unit #1, with a thin topsoil layer (about 10 cm thick) on top of ancient oxidized alluvium. A single chert flake was recovered in the 0 – 1- cm level. This again appears to have been mechanically introduced by cultivation.
Unit #4: Thin topsoil overlying ancient alluvium, identical to the soils seen in Unit #1, were again found in Unit #4. Three chert flakes were recovered from the 0 – 10 cm level of the pit, and these appear to have been mechanically introduced due to cultivation.
Unit #5: Unit #5 soils were identical to the conditions at the previous pits on the site. Two pieces of small mammal bone were however recovered from the 0 – 10 cm level. These appear to be modern and natural rather than archaeological.
Unit #6: Soils in this unit were identical to those described above. No archaeological materials of any kind were found in this unit.
Unit #7: This pit contained Munsell 7.5YR4/2 (Brown) silty sand to 20 cm depth, at which point Munsell 7.5YR5/6 (Strong Brown) ancient alluvium was encountered; that is, topsoil was slightly thicker in the area of this unit. Two chert
11 flakes were recovered in the 10 – 20 cm level of this pit which, otherwise, was culturally sterile. These flakes appear to have been introduced via cultivation.
Unit #8: Topsoil was 10 cm thick in this unit, as was found at pits #1 – 6, and thus soils conditions were fully equivalent to these other excavation units. Four quartzite flakes were recovered from the 0 – 10 cm level of this unit, introduced into the soil be disking and cultivation.
Unit #9: The A Horizon topsoil was 20 cm thick in this unit, where ancient alluvium was encountered. Seven flakes of quartzite, chalcedony and chert were recovered from the 0 – 10 cm level, and one of quartzite from 10 – 20 cm. These appear to have been introduced as a result of farming and/or rodent holes, as krotovinas were present throughout the unit.
Unit #10: Topsoil was only 10 cm thick in this unit, with ancient alluvium underneath. A single chalcedony flake was recovered in the 0 – 10 cm level, which appears to have been mechanically introduced into the soil.
Unit #11: Soils in Unit #11 were identical to those in Unit #1, and thus to those in most of the pits on the site. A single surface artifact was present on the groundsurface of this pit, at the start of the excavation. A single andesite flake was recovered from the 0 – 10 cm level, likely buried by farming.
Unit #12: Ten centimeters of topsoil overlying ancient alluvium were found in this pit, equivalent to most of the other units at the site. A single surface artifact was present on the groundsurface at the start of the excavation, and one chert artifact was recovered from the 10 – 20 cm level. Krotovinas and root casts were evident in this pit. Combined with the history of cultivation of the orchard, this indicates that this artifact was introduced into the soil mechanically.
Unit #13: Heavily disturbed (mottled) topsoil was present in this pit to 30 cm depth, overlying ancient oxidized alluvium. Two waste flakes were found in the 10 – 20 cm level and these are likely surface artifacts buried by disturbance.
Unit #14: Ancient alluvium was encountered at 20 cm in this pit which otherwise had soils conditions that were fully equivalent to the other units on the site. Four waste flakes were recovered in the 10 – 20 cm level of this unit; these appear to have been mechanically introduced.
Unit #15: Topsoil was 30 cm thick in this unit, overlying the same ancient alluvium found across the site as the C Horizon. Four flakes were recovered in the 0 – 10 cm level and two at the 10 – 20 cm. These appear to have been surface materials introduced by cultivation into the sub-soil.
Unit #16: Topsoil was 20 cm thick in this pit, with underlying ancient alluvium. One waste flake was encountered in the 0 – 10 cm level, and another
12 at 10 – 20 cm. As with the other flakes on the site, these appear to have been introduced by cultivation.
In summary, soils at site SJ-1 consist of a thin topsoil of silty sand. This varies from 10 to 30 cm in thickness, averaging 15 cm across the site. This A Horizon is underlain by ancient oxidized alluvium, which is likely hundreds of thousands of years in age. The thin topsoil has been disturbed by the grading and cultivation of the lemon orchard which now contains the site, along with rodent burrows (krotovinas) and root casts. This disturbance is evident in the mottled soil at the contact between the A and C Horizons, where disking has penetrated the lower lying soils layer. A small quantity of cultural material—almost exclusively, debitage or waste flakes—is present in the topsoil (an average of 2.2 flakes per unit).
The archaeological materials found in the topsoil appear to have been introduced into the subsurface by the cultivation that has occurred at this site. This conclusion results from the fact, first, that there is no upslope source of soil that could naturally bury these archaeological finds. Second, the topsoil itself shows evidence of disturbance in the form of mottling, krotovinas and root casts, as noted above. Third, it is manifestly clear that the site has been graded and cultivated, given the presence of the existing lemon orchard that surrounds it. Hence site SJ-1 does not include an intact subsurface archaeological deposit, but instead represents a surface site, parts of which have been introduced into the subsoil by various kinds of disturbance.
4.2 Surface Collection
Artifacts on the site surface were identified by the crew walking transects across the area, pin-flagged, mapped with a WAAS-corrected GPS and then surface collected. Including two artifacts on the groundsurface of two test pits, 27 surface finds were recovered from the site surface. These were roughly evenly distributed across an area that was 89 m E-W by 50 m N-S (Figure 3). Site area was 4450 meters square, and artifact density was considerably less than one specimen per meter square.
CHAPTER 5 ARTIFACT ASSEMBLAGE AND ANALYTICAL CONCERNS
5.0 Introduction
13 Although the general patterns of artifact distributions, enumerated in the previous chapter, provide important information relative to the size and nature of site SJ-1, proper determination of the significance and scientific importance of this resource can only be obtained with a more intensive analysis of the recovered artifact assemblage. Accordingly, in this chapter we consider the assemblage in analytical detail, and what it implies about the site as well as aspects of the prehistory of the region. We begin by detailing the laboratory procedures followed in the processing of the recovered remains. Subsequently we outline the taxonomic system employed to categorize and classify the artifact collection. This is followed by a typological summary of the artifacts and archaeological indicators recovered from the site, and an interpretation of its age and function.
5.1 Laboratory Procedures
Following the completion of the Phase II fieldwork at site SJ-1, the recovered artifact assemblage was taken to the W&S Consultants' laboratory for washing, processing and analysis. After each specimen was washed and labeled, metrical and typological analyses were performed. We provide measurements and weights for the various artifacts and archaeological indicators in the site catalog (Table 1). In order to facilitate typological comparisons between this site and others from this same region, we have employed a standardized taxonomic system. We describe this classificatory system in detail below.
5.11 Taxonomic and Analytical Considerations
In considering the artifacts recovered from the Phase II investigations at site SJ- 1, we employ a morphological stone tool typology first published by Whitley et al (1979) and now widely used in the region. This affords a number of advantages. First, because of its widespread use (e.g., Johnson 1979; W & S Consultants 1984, 1989a, 1989b) it permits easy comparability between existing studies. Second, because it is morphologically rather than functionally based, it provides greater objectivity in taxonomic assignments. Specifically, it avoids the dangers inherent in inferring dubious functional purposes for stone tools that may have had multiple uses, and that often exhibit little in the way of formal attributes. In the inland southern California region, in particular, it is increasingly clear that most sites are characterized by expedient or casual tool assemblages, probably reflecting the fact that the sites resulted from dispersal phase activities that little emphasized formal patterns of behavior (W&S Consultants 1989b). Thus, a typology based on the elucidation of tool manufacturing stages, rather than one assuming final function of the implements, stands less chance of leading interpretations astray. However, this is not to imply that functional interpretations are unwarranted or undesired. Such is not the case; instead, it is simply to emphasize that functional interpretations must be made somewhat independent
14 of -- and therefore including other lines of evidence from -- the typological assignments alone.
The morphological typology employed here is based on four major categories of stone artifacts (cf. Whitley et al 1979). These are: (i) groundstone implements; (ii) core/cobble tools; (iii) flaked stone tools; and (iv) tool manufacturing waste, or debitage. Groundstone implements are tools that have been pecked and/or ground into shape. They include manos (or mullers) and metates (or basal grinding slabs), along with mortars, pestles, basket hopper mortars, stone bowls and comals (or griddles). Although there is a general association between groundstone artifacts and plant grinding, pulping and processing, as in the case of manos, metates, mortars and pestles, this is not invariably so: stone bowls and comals, for example, had other uses, with certain kinds of bowls, in particular, sometimes reserved for ceremonial purposes.
Groundstone artifacts are usually (but not invariably) made of coarsely grained lithic materials. Metates, for example, are often made from sandstone or grano- diorite; bowls and comals are typically manufactured from steatite (soapstone or talc schist). In the Santa Clara River drainage, Sierra Pelona schist is a particularly common material for flat slab or shallow basin metates, and this is not steatite-grade talc schist. Manos, however, were often derived directly from river cobbles of appropriate size, so that quartzite is a common material source, as are sandstone and granodiorite.
Core/cobble tools are generally large, bulky implements made by the re-use and/or modification of a river cobbles and lithic cores. They include 'hammerstones', 'choppers' and 'scraper planes'. Hammerstones are usually unshaped or minimally shaped, roughly fist-sized, stones that exhibit characteristic battering and pounding scars, but often otherwise lack modification. Choppers are cobbles or cores that have been unifacially or bifacially flaked to create a relatively sharp edge. Scraper planes are high- backed, unifacially flaked tools that are usually 'biscuit-shaped' in plan, with edge angles near perpendicular, and with heavy use-scars along their convex face.
All of these tools were apparently employed for heavy pounding, scraping and/or battering tasks. There is a frequent association of core/cobble tools with groundstone artifacts (specifically manos and metates) in the nearby Conejo Corridor region (Whitley 1979b), suggesting that the two categories may have been functionally related; that is, that core/cobble tools may have served as part of a plant acquisition and processing toolkit. This is supported in reference to the scraper planes, in particular, which are argued to represent special yucca processing tools (Kowta 1969; Salls 1985). Further, this suggests in turn that the core/cobble tools were part of a woman's plant gathering toolkit (W & S Consultants 1989b).
15 Flaked or chipped stone tools are secondary reductions from cores and cobbles. That is, they represent tools manufactured from flakes struck-off the primary sources of lithic materials. These flakes may be used without modification as 'utilized flakes'; they may be bifacially flaked; or they may be unifacially flaked. It is apparent that the majority of the flaked or chipped stone tools in the region are either utilized flakes with no modification, or have edges that have been flaked unifacially or bifacially, but exhibit little or no effort for further edge modification or shape regularization (W & S Consultants 1989b). Again, this further emphasizes the casual or expedient nature of these tools, and also implies that they may have been used for a variety of tasks with little functional specialization.
Correspondingly, the majority of the chipped stone tools from this region are what we have defined as biface or uniface 'edges', and they may have been used for any number of general cutting, scraping and abrading tasks. Of course, occasional projectile points and drills represent special types of bifaces with specific and known functions, whereas biface 'knives' (large leaf or knife-shaped tools) are presumed to have been used for cutting and piercing/stabbing tasks.
Generally, chipped stone tools were made from material with particular flaking characteristics; specifically, those subject to conchoidal fracture. Crypto- crystallates such as chert, chalcedony and jasper, therefore, are common raw materials, but fused shale, quartzite, cherty-siltstone, rhyolite, andesite, basalt and occasionally obsidian may also be present in a collection. Because small hand specimens of rhyolite, andesite and basalt are, in fact, only distinguishable with petrographic analysis, we treat them all as "fine-grained volcanics". And, as we have recently discovered (W&S Consultants 1991b), "fused sandstone", resulting from contact metamorphism between Miocene Conejo Volcanics and sedimentary beds, was also a lithic material of common use in the region. Because of its similarities to fused shale (based, of course, on similar metamorphic origins), it has often been mistaken for this latter material. This would be inconsequential, save for the assumption that the putative fused shale has its sole origins in Grimes and Happy Camp Canyons, north of Moorpark along the southern edge of the Santa Clara River Valley. Instead, it is apparent that a number of fused sandstone quarries are present in the nearby Conejo Corridor; that their respective lithic materials are widely mis-recognized as fused shale; and that, therefore, lithic exploitation was probably more widely ranging than the often inferred simple exploitation of major quarries at Grimes Canyon might suggest (W&S Consultants 1991b).
The final category of stone artifacts is what can be considered lithic waste or debitage. It includes spent cores, waste flakes, and angular shatter. There are a number of different kinds of cores and flakes, and the presence of these varieties at a site tends to signify different types of tool reduction or manufacturing techniques. For example, the presence of large numbers of secondary and tertiary flakes usually indicates that chipped stone tool manufacture occurred at a locale, whereas primary flakes alone might be associated with the making of the
16 cruder chipped stone tools, or might be expected at quarries where only the preliminary stages of tool manufacturing were conducted. Similarly, relatively large proportions of tertiary flakes correlate with habitation/campsites, in that tool maintenance and finishing occurred at these locales. Furthermore, because different lithic materials tend to correlate with different categories of tools, the material present in the debitage collection can also be a clue to a site's function. Quartzite and other 'crude' lithic materials, for example, are often found where core/cobble tools are manufactured, whereas crypto-crystallates tend to occur where chipped stone tools are manufactured. And, in a general way, there is an association between these last materials, chipped stone artifacts, and habitation sites (W&S Consultants 1989c).
5.2 Artifact Assemblage: SJ-1
The artifact assemblage recovered from site SJ-1 is summarized in Table 1. It totals 62 lithic specimens. Eight of these (~13%) are formal tools; the remaining ~87% of the assemblage is debitage, or tool manufacturing waste.
The formal tools include three flaked stone tools (~38% of the formal tools), four core/cobble tools (50%), and one example of groundstone (~13%). The flaked stone tools are limited to two uniface and one biface edges. These are faces of flakes that have been worked to create scraping or cutting edges, without an overall shaping of the implement as a whole. That is, there is only minimal craft or labor invested in the creation of these items. These are expedient tools that are quickly created for any of a number of general tasks and (often) discarded equally quickly. One of the uniface edges is made of chert; the second is quartzite. The biface edge is also chert. These are all locally available lithic materials, appropriate for the making of an expedient implement, potentially used for any of a number of cutting, chiseling or scraping tasks.
Four core/cobble complex tools are present in the assemblage. Two of these are core scraper planes, both of which are notable because they are relatively small in size, compared to typical scraper planes in the region. One of these is made of andesite, the other of quartzite—again, both locally available lithic materials. Scraper planes, as noted above, were used for heavy scraping/pounding tasks, including specifically agave processing. The other two core/cobble complex tools are both hammerstones; one made from a split but unshaped cobble; the other from a re-used core. Both are quartzite. These tools too tend to co-occur at sites with scraper planes, and appear to be associated with heavy plant processing activities, such as pulping or pounding.
Only a single example of groundstone, used for seed, bulb or nut grinding, was recovered from the site. This is an unshaped uniface mano, made from a grano- diorite cobble.
17 As is typical of most sites, debitage, or lithic waste material, dominated the artifact assemblage, with 54 specimens representing about 87% of the site assemblage total. Five kinds of lithic materials were present in the debitage assemblage. In order of numerical significance, these are quartzite (30 specimens or 55% of the debitage total); chert (16 or ~30%); fused shale (3 or ~6%); chalcedony (3 or ~6%); and andesite (2 or ~3%). As is clear, quartzite and chert alone represent about 85% of the debitage, and are thus and by far the two most significant tool stones on the site. All five of these lithic materials are however locally available in southeastern Ventura County, with quartzite present in alluvial cobbles in the immediately adjacent Calleguas Creek; chert and chalcedony throughout the Santa Monica Mountains area; andesite in the Conejo volcanics; and fused shale in the Fillmore to Moorpark to Tierra Rejada Valley area. There is thus no evidence for long-distance trade in the lithic materials at site SJ-1.
The range of variation in debitage types in the assemblage displays a fairly even spread, signaling a lack of specialization in tool working. In general terms, primary flakes (14 or 26% of the debitage total) and angular shatter (16 or ~30%) result from the initial stages of lithic production. Together these two debitage types represent about 56% of the total. Secondary (9 or 17%) and tertiary (15 or 28%) flakes, in contrast, result from tool refinement, finishing and maintenance, thereby representing about 45% of the debitage as a whole. (Note that these figures have been rounded off; hence the fact that they do not sum exactly to 100%). The conclusion that results from this mix is that a small amount of primary processing—the quarrying of flakes, most likely from locally available cobbles—occurred at the site, along with a roughly equivalent but also limited amount of secondary tool manufacture and refinement.
Both the formal tools and debitage, in other words, reflect a range of generalized rather than one or a few specialized activities. This circumstance needs to be compared to the small size of the artifact collection itself, including (especially) the low density of remains. Combining both the surface collected and subsurface remains, this density is only 0.014 specimens per meter square; put another way, this is slightly more than one archaeological specimen per hundred square meters—a figure that qualifies as a "sparse lithic scatter" when density alone is considered.
The relevance of this calculation results from the fact that generalized assemblages of this kind commonly occur at small camps or habitations. Camps and habitations however also typically exhibit five attributes that are absent at site SJ-1: (1) subsurface deposits; (2) greater and denser quantities of artifacts; (3) features such as house-pits or hearths; (4) dietary remains in the form of animal bone and/or shellfish; and (5) fire affected or fire cracked rock (FCR), which results from the heating of cobbles and rocks in fires, for use in stone boiling. The last two kinds of archaeological indicators are especially characteristic of prehistoric Chumash habitations; their complete absence from
18 site SJ-1 effectively precludes the possibility that it was a habitation area. These circumstances suggest then that site SJ-1 was an ancillary and generalized activity area that was associated with a nearby camp, hence it includes artifacts representing much of the range of activities that occur at habitations, without the intensity of use that camps exhibit, or some of the key characteristics of habitation.
In fact, a site recorded nearby but outside of the project area, SJ-2, is a likely candidate for the larger camp that SJ-1 was associated with. Although SJ-2 has not been tested and will be preserved, surface indicators suggest that it contains a subsurface midden deposit, and it has a higher and denser concentration of surface remains. The function of site SJ-1, in other words, was as a generalized work area associated with this nearby habitation.
The artifact assemblage from site SJ-1, unfortunately, contains no temporally diagnostic artifacts, hence its age is unknown. Judging from the nature and condition of nearby site SJ-2, however, we believe that it is Middle Period in age. It follows that associated site SJ-1 is the same age although, admittedly, this is speculation at this point. Still, lacking diagnostic artifacts, the only line of evidence we have in this regard is inference, and a Middle Period temporal placement for site SJ-1 seems then most likely.
19 CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1 Summary
A Phase II test excavation and determination of significance was conducted at prehistoric archaeological site SJ-1, Camarillo, Ventura County, California. The fieldwork involved mapping, surface collection and the hand excavation of sixteen 1x1 m test pits on the site. These procedures resulted in the recovery of a small assemblage of artifacts (N=62). Surface collected artifacts covered an area that was 89 m E-W by 50 m N-S, or 4450 meters square, yielding an artifact density that was substantially less than one specimen per meter square.
The total number of recovered artifacts was roughly split between surface and sub-surface finds, with the sub-surface artifacts found in a thin (average thickness, 15 cm), heavily disturbed topsoil layer. This topsoil has been graded and disked, most likely on numerous occasions, reflecting the fact that the site area sits within a citrus orchard. All evidence points to the conclusion that site SJ-1 was originally just a low density surface lithic scatter, and that the small quantity of subsurface artifacts was introduced underground by disturbance related to the cultivation of the orchard.
The recovered artifact assemblage reflects generalized use of the site for a variety of activities, rather than specialization. Further, there is no evidence (such as midden soil, dietary remains, hearths or fire affected rock) that the site area was used as a habitation. Instead it appears to have been a generalized activity area, probably associated with a nearby campsite. Although no temporal diagnostics were recovered from the site, circumstantial evidence suggests that it may have been Middle Period in age.
6.2 Recommendations
The Phase II test excavation and determination of significance indicate that site SJ-1 is a relatively small, low-density, disturbed, surface lithic scatter. The fieldwork at the site resulted in the recovery of a scientifically consequential sample of artifacts and archaeological indicators from this resource. Following CEQA, this has served to completely and adequately mitigate any adverse impacts that might result from development or use of this location. Based on this fact, we recommend no additional archaeological work for site SJ-1. Following CEQA again, however, we recommend that an archaeological monitor be present during topsoil grading at this site, to recover any artifacts that may be uncovered.
20 7.0 CITED REFERENCES
Arnold, J. 1987 Craft Specialization in the Prehistoric Channel Islands, California. University of California Publications in Anthropology 18. Berkeley. 1990 An Archaeological Perspective on the Historic Settlement Pattern of Santa Cruz Island. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 12:112-127. Brown, A.K. 1967 The Aboriginal Population of the Santa Barbara Channel. University of California Archaeological Survey Reports 69. Berkeley. Erlandson, J. 1988 Of Millingstones and Molluscs: The Cultural Ecology of Early Holocene Hunter-Gatherers on the California Coast. Ph.D. dissertation, UCSB. Erlandson, J. and R. Colton, editors 1991 Hunters-Gatherers of Early Holocene California. Perspectives in California Archaeology, Vol. 1. Institute of Archaeology, UCLA. Erlandson, J., T.G. Cooley and R. Carrico 1987 A Fluted Point Fragment from the southern California Coast: Chronology and Context at CA-SBA-1951. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 9:120-128. Eberhart, H. 1961 The Cogged Stones of Southern California. American Antiquity 26:361-370. Glassow, M.A. 1965 The Conejo Rockshelter: An Inland Chumash Site in Ventura County. Archaeological Survey, Annual Report 7:19-80. UCLA. Heizer, R.F. and E.M. Lemert 1947 Observations on Archaeological Sites in Topanga Canyon, California. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 44(2):237-258. Horne, S.P. 1981 The Inland Chumash: Ethnography, Ethnohistory and Archeology. Ph.D. dissertation, UCSB. Johnson, J. 1988 Chumash Social Organization: An Ethnohistoric Perspective. PhD dissertation, UCSB. Johnson, K.L. 1966 Site LAN-2: A Late Manifestation of the Topanga Complex in Southern California Prehistory. Anthropological Records 23. UC Berkeley. Johnson, M.
21 1980 Archaeological Investigations at Ven-271. In Inland Chumash Archaeological Investigations, edited by D.S. Whitley, E. McCann and C.W. Clewlow, Jr. Institute of Archaeology, Monograph 15. King, C.D. 1981 The Evolution of Chumash Society: A Comparative Study of Artifacts Used in Social System Maintenance in the Santa Barbara Channel Region. PhD dissertation, UCD. Kowta, M. 1969 The Sayles Complex: A Late Milling Stone Assemblage from the Cajon Pass and the Ecological Implications of Its Scraper Planes. Publications In Anthropology, 6. University of California, Berkeley. Kroeber, A. L. 1925 Handbook of the Indians of California. Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 78. Landberg, L. 1965 The Chumash Indians of Southern California. Southwest Museum Papers 19. Highland Park. Leonard, N.N., III 1971 Natural and Social Environments of the Santa Monica Mountains (6000 B.C. to 1800 A.D.). Archaeological Survey, Annual Report 13:93-136. McIntyre, M. 1990 Cultural Resources of the Upper Santa Clara River Valley, Los Angeles and Ventura Counties, California. In B. Love and W.H. DeWitt, eds., Archaeology and Ethnohistory of the Antelope Valley and Vicinity, Antelope Valley Archaeological Society, Occasional Papers No. 2. Moratto, M. 1984 California Archaeology. Academic Press, New York. Muntz, P.A. 1974 A Flora of Southern California. Berkeley: University of California. Rogers, D.B. 1929 Prehistoric Man of the Santa Barbara Coast. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History. Santa Barbara, California. Rosen, M.D. 1978 Archaeological Investigations at Ven-294, an Inland Chumash Village Site. In The Archaeology of Oak Park, Ventura County, California, Vol. II, ed. by C.W. Clewlow, H.F. Wells and A.G. Pastron, pp. 7-114. UCLA Inst. of Archaeology, Monograph V. Salls, R. 1985 The Scraper Plane: A Functional Interpretation. Journal of Field Archaeology 12(1):99-106. Treganza, A.E. and A. Bierman 1958 The Topanga Culture: Final Report on Excavations, 1948.
22 Anthropological Records 20:2. Treganza, A.E. and C.G. Malamud 1950 The Topanga Culture: First Season's Excavations at the Tank Site, 1947. Anthropological Records 12:4. W&S Consultants 2002 Phase I Archaeological Survey of Tract 5297, City of Simi Valley, Ventura County, California. Report on file, City of Simi Valley. Wallace, W. 1955 A Suggested Chronology for Southern California Coastal Archaeology. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 11 (3):214- 230. Whitley, D.S. 1979a A Historical Perspective on the Research at Oak Park. In The Archaeology of Oak Park, Ventura County, California, Volume 3. Edited by C.W. Clewlow and D.S. Whitley. Institute of Archaeology, Monograph 11. UCLA. 1979b Subsurface Features, Toolkits and a Sweathouse Pit at the Ring Brothers Complex. In Archaeological Investigations at the Ring Brothers Site Complex, Thousand Oaks, California, edited by C.W. Clewlow, Jr., D.S. Whitley and E.L. McCann, pp.101-110. Institute of Archaeology, Monograph 13. UCLA. 1980 Shell Beads to Glass Bangles: The Evolution of a Chiefdom in Southern California. Paper presented at the Annual Meetings of the Society for Historical Archaeology, Albuquerque. 1985 Site Types and Settlement Patterns in the Conejo Corridor. Paper presented at the University of California, Davis. 1992 Shamanism and Rock Art in Far Western North America. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 2(1):89-113. 1994 By the Hunter, For the Gatherer: Art, Social Relations and Subsistence Change in the Western Great Basin. World Archaeology 25:356-373. Whitley, D.S. and M.P. Beaudry 1991 Chiefs on the Coast: Developing Chiefdoms in the Tiquisate Region in Ethnographic Perspective. In The Development of Complex Societies in Southeastern Mesoamerica, edited by W. Fowler. CRC Press, Orlando. Whitley, D.S. and C.W. Clewlow, Jr. 1979 The Organizational Structure of the Lulapin and Humaliwo. In: The Archaeology of Oak Park, Ventura County, California, Volume III, edited by C.W. Clewlow, Jr. and D.S. Whitley, pp. 149-174. UCLA Institute of Archaeology, Monograph 11. Whitley, D.S. and R.I. Dorn 1988 Cation-ratio dating of petroglyphs using PIXE. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics, B:35:410-414. 1993 New Perspective on the Clovis vs Pre-Clovis Debate. American Antiquity 58:626-647.
23 Whitley, D.S., G. Gumerman IV, J. Simon and T. Rose 1988 The Late Prehistoric Period in the Coso Range and Environs. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society, Quarterly 24(1):2-20. Whitley, D.S., E.L. McCann, J.M. Simon and M.P. Drews 1979a Artifacts from the Ring Brothers Complex. In Archaeological Investigations at the Ring Brothers Site Complex, Thousand Oaks, California, edited by C.W. Clewlow, Jr., D.S. Whitley and E.L. McCann,pp.11-100. Institute of Archaeology, Monograph 13. UCLA. Whitley, D.S., J. Simon and G. Gumerman IV n.d. Out West at 3500 Years B.P. Manuscript.
8.0 FIGURES
1 - Location of the Saint John's Seminary study area.
2 – Location of site SJ-1.
3 - Excavation units on site SJ-1.
4 – Surface collected artifacts on site SJ-1.
24
9.0 ARTIFACT CATALOG, SITE SJ-1
25
Negative Archaeology Survey Report