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AJAR PENGANTAR HUKUM ISLAM Dari Semenanjung Arabia Hingga Indonesia

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AJAR PENGANTAR HUKUM ISLAM Dari Semenanjung Arabia Hingga Indonesia PENGANTAR HUKUM ISLAM BUKU AJAR Dari Semenanjung Arabia hingga Indonesia BUKU AJAR PENGANTAR HUKUM ISLAM Dari Semenanjung Arabia hingga Indonesia (c) Dr. Rohidin, SH, M.Ag Editor: M. Nasrudin, SHI, MH Penataletak: Tim Lintang Desainer sampul: Nuria Indah, M.Sn Diterbitkan oleh Lintang Rasi Aksara Books Krapyak Wetan No 40 RT 02/54 Panggungharjo, Sewon, Bantul DI Yogyakarta 55188 www.lintangpublishing.com [email protected] SMS Hotline 082 136 494 386 Kantor Redaksi Lampung Bumiharjo No 39B Batanghari, Lampung Timur 34381 [email protected] SMS Hotline 081 542 036 039 KATALOG DALAM TERBITAN: PERPUSTAKAAN NASIONAL Buku Ajar Pengantar Hukum Islam, Dari Semenanjung Arabia hingga Indonesia/Rohidin Yogyakarta: Lintang Rasi Aksara Books, 2016 15,5 x 23 cm; viii + 224 halaman, Cetakan 1, Agustus 2016 ISBN: 978-602-7802-30-8 DAFTAR ISI DAFTAR ISI ...........................................................................................v KATA PENGANTAR ...........................................................................vii BAB I POKOK-POKOK HUKUM ISLAM ..................................................... 1 A. Pengertian Hukum Islam ....................................................................1 B. Pengertian Syariah, Fiqih, dan Qanun ............................................5 B. Ruang Lingkup Hukum Islam ........................................................13 C. Subjek Hukum Islam ..........................................................................15 D. Objek Hukum Islam (Mahkûm fîh) .........................................17 E. Prinsip Hukum Islam .........................................................................22 G. Tujuan Hukum Islam .........................................................................30 H. Asas-Asas Hukum Islam ..................................................................37 I. Karakteristik dan Estetika Hukum Islam ...................................65 J. Kaidah-Kaidah Hukum Islam ..........................................................78 BAB II SUMBER-SUMBER HUKUM ISLAM .............................................91 A. Pengertian Sumber Hukum Islam ...............................................91 B. Sumber al-Quran .................................................................................93 C. Sumber al-Hadits/as-Sunnah ..................................................... 102 D. Ijtihad ................................................................................................... 111 BAB III SEJARAH PERTUMBUHAN DAN PERKEMBANGAN HUKUM ISLAM ............................................................................... 127 A. Masa Pembentukan Hukum Islam ............................................ 127 B. Masa Sahabat ..................................................................................... 128 C. Masa Pembinaan, Pengembangan, dan Pembukuan ......... 136 D. Masa Kelesuan Pemikiran Hukum Islam .............................. 143 E. Masa Kebangkitan Kembali ......................................................... 146 BAB IV HUKUM ISLAM DI INDONESIA .................................................. 151 A. Sejarah Masuknya Agama Islam di Indonesia ..................... 151 B. Hukum Islam di Indonesia ........................................................... 166 C. Pengaturan Hukum Islam di Indonesia .................................. 206 DAFTAR PUSTAKA ........................................................................ 209 INDEKS ............................................................................................ 217 TENTANG PENULIS....................................................................... 223 vi Dr. Rohidin, SH, M. Ag Pengantar Hukum Islam vii KATA PENGANTAR engan menyebut nama Allah swt., yang Maha Pengasih lagi Maha Panyayang. Puji syukur ke hadirat-Nya, yang Dtelah melimpahkan rahmat, hidayah, dan inayah-Nya kepada penulis, sehingga dapat menyelesaikan buku ajar yang berjudul Pengantar Hukum Islam; Dari Semenanjung Arabia sampai Indonesia. Buku ajar ini disusun sebagai pengantar untuk mempelajari dasar-dasar hukum Islam di Program Studi Ilmu Hukum, sehingga dengan demikian mahasiswa mempunyai landasan pengetahuan yang memadai sebelum mereka mempelajari hukum Islam lanjutan baik yang normatif maupun yang positif, seperti Hukum Perkawinan, Kewarisan, Zakat, Perbankan Islam, dan Hukum Islam lainnya. Buku ajar ini telah kami susun dengan maksimal dan mendapatkan bantuan dari berbagai pihak, sehingga dapat memperlancar pembuatan buku ini. Untuk itu kami menyampaikan banyak terima kasih kepada semua pihak yang telah berkontribusi dalam pembuatan buku ini. Buku ini diharap dapat dimanfaatkan oleh para mahasiswa di Fakultas Hukum, para kolega pengampu mata kuliah Pengantar Hukum Islam, serta para pengakaji hukum Islam pada umumnya. vi Dr. Rohidin, SH, M. Ag Pengantar Hukum Islam vii Terlepas dari semua itu, kami menyadari sepenuhnya bahwa masih ada kekurangan baik dari segi pengolahan bahasa maupun subtansinya. Oleh karena itu dengan tangan terbuka kami menerima segala saran dan kritik dari pembaca agar kami dapat memperbaiki buku ajar ini. Yogyakarta, 5 April 2016. Penulis, Ttd R o h i d i n BAB I POKOK-POKOK HUKUM ISLAM A. Pengertian Hukum Islam Al-Quran dan literatur hukum Islam sama sekali tidak menyebutkan kata hukum Islam sebagai salah satu istilah. Yang ada di dalam al-Quran adalah kata syarî’ah, fiqh, hukum Allah, dan yang seakar dengannya. Istilah hukum Islam merupakan terjemahan dari islamic law dalam literatur Barat.1 Istilah ini kemudian menjadi populer. Untuk lebih memberikan kejelasan tentang makna hukum Islam maka perlu diketahui lebih dulu arti masing-masing kata. Kata hukum secara etimologi berasal dari akar kata bahasa Arab, yaitu hakama-yahkumu yang kemudian bentuk mashdar-nya َحكَ َم-يَ ْحكُ ُم al-hukmu adalah bentuk tunggal اَلْ ُحكْ ُم hukman. Lafadz ُحكْ ًما menjadi .al-ahkâm اَ ْلَ ْحكَ ُام dari bentuk jamak hakama tersebut kemudian muncul َح َك َم Berdasarkan akar kata al-hikmah yang memiliki arti kebijaksanaan. Hal ini اَ ْل ِح ْك َم ُة kata dimaksudkan bahwa orang yang memahami hukum kemudian mengamalkannya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari maka dianggap 1 Mardani, Hukum Islam; Pengantar Ilmu Hukum Islam di Indonesia, (Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2015), hlm. 14. sebagai orang yang bijaksana.2 Arti lain yang muncul dari akar kata tersebut adalah “kendali atau kekangan kuda”, yakni bahwa keberadaan hukum pada hakikatnya adalah untuk mengendalikan atau mengekang seseorang dari hal-hal yang dilarang oleh agama. Makna “mencegah atau menolak” juga menjadi salah satu arti dari lafadz hukmu yang memiliki akar kata hakama tersebut. Mencegah ketidakadilan, mencegah kedzaliman, mencegah penganiayaan, dan menolak mafsadat lainnya. Al-Fayumi dalam buku Zainudin Ali, Hukum Islam, Pengantar َح َك َم ِب َم ْع َنى“ Hukum Islam di Indonesia ia menyebutkan bahwa Hukum bermakna memutuskan, menetapkan, dan .” َق َضى َو ْال َف َص ْل menyelesaikan setiap permasalahan.3 Muhammad Daud Ali menyebutkan bahwa kata hukum yang berasal dari lafadz Arab tersebut bermakna norma, kaidah, ukuran, tolok ukur, pedoman, yang digunakan untuk menilai dan melihat tingkah laku manusia dengan lingkungan sekitarnya. Dalam kamus Oxford sebagaimana dikutip oleh Muhammad Muslehuddin, hukum diartikan sebagai “Sekumpulan aturan, baik yang berasal dari aturan formal maupun adat, yang diakui oleh masyarakat dan bangsa tertentu dan mengikat bagi anggotanya”.4 ْأس َل َم- Selanjutnya islâm adalah bentuk mashdar dari akar kata أَ ْف َع َل- aslama-yuslimu-islâman dengan mengikuti wazn/ ُي ْسلِ ُم ِ-ا ْس َل ًما ,أَ ْلِ ْن ِق َي ُاد َو ّالط َاع ُة af’ala-yuf’ilu-if’âlan yang mengandung arti / ُي ْف ِع ُل ِ-ا ْف َعال ketundukan dan kepatuhan serta bisa juga bermakna Islam, damai, dan selamat. Namun kalimat asal dari lafadz islâm adalah berasal salima-yaslamu-salâman-wa salâmatan َسلِ َم َ-ي ْس َل ُم- َس َل ًم َا-و َس َل َم ًة dari kata yang memiliki arti selamat (dari bahaya), dan bebas (dari cacat).5 2 Mardani, Hukum Islam; Pengantar Ilmu Hukum Islam..., hlm. 7. 3 Zainudin Ali, Hukum Islam, Pengantar Ilmu Hukum Islam di Indonesia, (Jakarta: Sinar Grafika, 2006), hlm. 1. 4 Muhammad Muslehuddin, Filsafat Hukum Islam dan Pemikiran Orientalis: Studi Perbandingan Sistem Hukum Islam, (Yogyakarta: Tiara Wacana, 1997). 5 Ahmad Warson Munawwir, Kamus Al-Munawwir Arab-Indonesia Terlengkap, (Surabaya: Pustaka Progressif, 1997), hlm. 654. 2 Dr. Rohidin, SH, M. Ag Pengantar Hukum Islam 3 Sebagaimana terdapat dalam Al-Quran surah Ali Imran 20 yang berbunyi sebagai berikut: ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ّّ ِ ِ �َ ْإن َح ّآج َوك �بَُق ْل أَ ْسلَْم ُت َو ْجه َي للّه َوَمن اتبّ�بََعن َوقُل للذ َين أُْوتُواْ الْكتَ َاب ِ ِ ِ ّ ِ َوالُّميّ َين أَأَ ْسلَْمتُ ْم �َإ ْن أَ ْسلَُمواْ �بََقد ْاهتََدواْ ّوإن تبََولْواْ �َإنَّما َعلَْي َك الْ�َلَغُ َواللّهُ ِ ِ ِ ِ بَص ٌير بالْع�َاد -٢٠- Artinya: “Kemudian jika mereka mendebat kamu (tentang kebenaran Islam), maka katakanlah: “Aku menyerahkan diriku kepada Allah dan demikian pula orang-orang yang mengikutiku”. Dan katakanlah kepada orang-orang yang telah diberi al-Kitab dan orang-orang yang ummi: “Apakah kamu mau masuk Islam”. Jika mereka masuk Islam, sesungguhnya mereka telah mendapat petunjuk, dan jika mereka berpaling, maka kewajiban kamu hanyalah menyampaikan ayat-ayat Allah. Dan Allah Maha Melihat akan hamba-hamba-Nya. Islam bermakna sebagai sebuah ketundukan dan penyerahan diri seorang hamba saat berhadapan dengan Tuhannya. Hal ini berarti bahwa manusia dalam berhadapan dengan Tuhannya (Allah) haruslah merasa kerdil, bersikap
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