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1D1s64mgt 733587.Pdf 出版委员会 Publishing committee 新加坡广惠肇碧山亭文物馆管理委员会 主编 Editor-in-chief 施义开 执行主编 Executive editor-in-chief 李国樑 作者 Authors 蔡志详 岑康生 康伟民 李达政 李国樑 区如柏 施义开 曾玲 郑伟权 Chean Hui Tuan 梁少逵协助资料 图片Images 新加坡广惠肇碧山亭 李国樑 刘麒芳 施义开 王丽莉 郭永发 刘国汉 设计 Design 排版 Layout 水木作坊 Traveler Palm Creations 印刷 Printing Vinlin Press Sdn Bhd No. 2, Jalan Meranti Permai 1 Meranti Permai Industrial Park Batu 15, Jalan Puchong 47100 Puchong, Selangor, Malaysia 出版 Publisher 新加坡广惠肇碧山亭 Singapore Kwong Wai Siew Peck San Theng 2019年1月 国际书号 978-981-11-9784-0 新加坡广惠肇碧山亭 Singapore Kwong Wai Siew Peck San Theng 50 Bishan Lane Singapore 579847 Tel: 6256 2426 Fax: 6256 3826 Email: [email protected] Website: sgpecksantheng.com 版权所有·翻印必究 Copyright@2019 by SINGAPORE KWONG WAI SIEW PECK SAN THENG All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. 目录 我们的话 6 - 庙宇文化:福德祠 72 - 庙宇文化:南无地藏王菩萨 73 第一部:碧山亭到碧山 - 旗舰活动:万缘胜会 75 离离原上草 一岁一枯荣 7 - 斋姑||客家特有的佛家子弟 78 - 广惠肇的由来 8 - 慎终追远,民德归厚 80 - 碧山亭的起源与重建 11 - 清明祭祖,重阳追思 82 - The evolution of Peck San Theng 18 - Peck San Theng and ancestor veneration 87 - 广东人坟山:两个世纪的主要发展里程碑 23 - 碧山亭的主要亭务活动 89 - 甘榜山亭 25 第三部:追远溯流 - 座落在广东人坟场的碧山亭学校 30 - 碧山亭重新发展背后的故事 35 昨日因成今日果 前人栽树后人凉 93 - 碧山亭致函国家发展部,请求50英亩地 40 - 广惠肇碧山亭档案中的“山”、“亭”与 血缘、地缘、业缘组织 94 - 一鳞半爪忆碧山 42 - 碧山亭先贤 108 - 广惠肇碧山亭大纪事 45 - 曹亚志的墓碑(第三亭)与新加坡开埠的 第二部:礼与民俗 年代 111 - The Story behind the Landing at Singapore 现在之福积自祖先 将来之福贻及子孙 59 Island by Raffles 113 116 - 广惠肇碧山亭先贤纪念碑 60 - 正原大总坟与辛亥革命 118 - 为三万多火化海葬亡魂建龛立碑 65 - 林谋盛的父亲林路跟碧山亭的渊源 120 - 七君子亭 67 - 广惠肇碧山亭与广惠肇留医院 124 - 庙宇文化:观音庙(碧山大庙) 69 - 老街坊蔡乙权记忆中的甘榜山亭在哪里? - 从现代碧山地图寻找碧山亭的“亭” 127 - 碧山文化之旅 193 - Looking back in 2004: Rising from the ashes 129 第六部:文化艺术殿堂 第四部:旧照片里的碧山亭 根深不怕风摇动 树正何愁月影斜 195 卅年弹指间 故地改旧颜 133 - 碧山亭的宝塔陵园建筑风格 196 - 碧山亭的中国石狮 202 第五部:广惠肇碧山亭文物馆 - 碧山亭的对联文化 205 忽如一夜春风来 千树万树梨花开 157 - 碧山亭的七大百年文物 208 - 广惠肇碧山亭文物馆正式开放了 158 - 碧山亭的陶瓷壁画 211 - 文物馆开幕日的温馨场景:前甘榜山亭居民 - 碧山亭立体模型 242 热烈“回乡” 163 - 金箔浮雕 244 - 文物馆导览员的贡献 166 - 名家墨宝:碧山亭公所大厅的两对长联 246 - 广惠肇碧山亭文物馆的设计理念 169 - 名家墨宝:黎省三,徐祖燊,罗荣基, - 碧山亭文物馆展区 179 “慎终追远,源远流长” 250 - 碧山亭文物馆创建里程碑 183 - 名家墨宝:净空长老的“慎终追远, - 国家文物局资助创建碧山亭文物馆 民德归厚” 255 的时代意义 188 我们的话 广惠肇碧山亭文物馆是近年来碧山亭同仁齐心协力, 在此,我们对碧山亭众多的理监事及其他同事无私协 在先民奠下的基业上所创造的新价值。落叶归根,桑梓情 助敬表谢意。 深,它为过来人保存生命中珍贵的记忆,亦为有心人提供寻 根探索的空间。 谨以郑板桥的《竹石》共勉: 碧山亭融合了丰富的人文风貌,16成员会馆的努力不 咬定青山不放松,立根原在破岩中。 懈,以及于不同时期,协助碧山亭度过重重难关,陪伴碧山 千磨万击还坚劲,任尔东西南北风。 亭成长的社会人士的心血结晶。众人在这片土地上留下的足 迹,为碧山亭所献出的心意,组构成文物馆的内涵。 新加坡广惠肇碧山亭 文物馆管理委员会 主席: 周奕年 顾问:李国樑 执行秘书:刘麒芳 2016年6月,我们战战兢兢地接受了任命,最终大业完 委员: 施义开,岑安和,卢劲辉,陈华昌,张汉君, 成,文物馆于2018年6月揭幕开放,这是第一步。接着,我 莫振强,黎富荣,关汝经,伍素芬 们不懈余力,将丰富的文化遗产编录成册,为碧山亭精神留 下见证,方便后人览读历史,研讨文物,欣赏传统中华文化 与艺术。 (左起)刘麒芳,陈华昌,卢劲辉,施义开,周奕年,莫振强,黎富荣,关汝经,李国樑, 伍素芬。不在照片内:岑安和,张汉君。 第一部 碧山亭到碧山 离离原上草 一岁一枯荣 广惠肇的由来 梁少逵协助资料 晚清时期,中国国内动乱,鸦片战争后清朝被迫开 广惠肇是中国清朝时,广东省的广州府、惠州府、 放海港,五口通商。中国南方沿海地区的先民纷纷下南 肇庆府的合称,指广州府、惠州府、肇庆府管辖下的各 洋寻找出路,来自广东的先民也不例外,近代的广东逐 县市地区。在新加坡和马来西亚,它代表了祖籍来自广 渐发展成为中国的主要侨乡。 东省大部分地区的人文历史和宗乡团体。提起广惠肇, 人们很自然的把它当作广东人的团体总称。 1.1 先民下南洋的港口。 8 离离原上草 一岁一枯荣 清朝末年,广东省划分为10个府(口诀:广惠肇 新加坡广惠肇碧山亭的16成员会馆中,有9间已经成 潮嘉,雷廉高韶琼),分别是:广州府、惠州府、肇庆 立了百多年: 府、潮州府、嘉应府、雷州府、廉州府、高州府、韶关 府、琼州府。 宁阳会馆(成立于1822)、惠州会馆(1822)、 中山会馆(1837)、南顺会馆(1839)、冈州会馆 各州府属下有很多县,单是广惠肇三属府就有45个 (1840)、东安会馆(1870)、肇庆会馆(1878)、 县,涵盖了广东省大部份的面积: 番禺会馆(1879)、三水会馆(1886)。 迈入20世纪,本地新增加了三属地方会馆,加入碧 广州府有14个县(口诀:南东番顺香,清水化城龙, 山亭的7间地缘组织有花县会馆(成立于1919)、清远会 三新一支花): 馆(1924)、顺德会馆(1948)、鹤山会馆(1939)、 南海、东莞、番禺、顺德、香山(中山)、清远、三 高要会馆(1940)、增龙会馆(1947)、恩平会馆 水、从化、增城、龙门、新会 (冈州)县、新宁(宁 (1948)。 阳)、新兴、花县(花都)。 惠州府有10个县: 早期这些会馆都集中在牛车水一带,随着市区重建 惠阳、博罗、河源、龙川、紫金、和平、建平、海 与取消屋租统制后,有些已经搬迁到芽笼了。 丰、陆丰、新丰。 肇庆府属下有15个县: 云浮、高明、高要、阳春、肇山、开平、恩平、阳 江、罗定、德庆、开建、广宁、郁南、丰川、四会。 广东省政府近年来作出一些管辖行政的改变,所谓 三府已经不存在了,基本上以市管辖各地区和县区,譬 如番禺市归入广州市,江门市包括了五邑的新会和鹤山 市。 广惠肇三属与新加坡华族文化 在新加坡,有些县乡的移民数量不多,有些会馆是 邻近地区的县联合组成的,目前新加坡的会馆中,南顺 1.2 广东省简图:广惠肇碧山亭16成员会馆的来源地,其中东莞和宝安合组 会馆、东安会馆、增龙会馆,就是南海县和顺德县、东 东安会馆,增城和龙门合组增龙会馆。 莞县和保安县、增城县和龙门县所组成。 9 第一部:碧山亭到碧山 1.3 碧山亭学校第三届毕业照(罗汉林捐赠)。 广惠肇先民都很团结,互相帮助,兴办学校和慈善 广惠肇人士创建的同济医院与广惠肇留医院已经超 医院。自1905年以来,广惠肇三属先辈陆续联合创办了 过一个世纪,广惠肇留医院继续由三属人士管理,为平 养正学校、南华女校、静方女校、广福学校、实用学校 民大众提供具有一定素质的医疗保健服务。 和碧山亭学校,三属会馆也兴办义学,如宁阳、冈州、 南顺、三水、番禺、东安以及很多私塾。 10 碧山亭的起源与重建 李国樑 上世纪70年代,汤申路还可见到占地324英亩的垒垒 经历了上世纪80年代愚公移山的巨大变化后,时代 群山,面积差不多等于180多个足球场。这里每一座广惠 巨轮辗破了入土为安的观念,先人纷纷被请“出土”, 肇碧山亭的坟山,都埋葬着先民离乡背井,到头来不是 新加坡华人从土葬盛行的年代进入火葬的新纪元。 落地生根,就是有家归不得的辛酸血泪。 红尘大厦千年计,白骨荒山土一丘。碧山偌大的坟 场,只活在过来人的记忆中。 碧山的变迁就是一部本地华社的发展史,代表着华 社在异地自力更生,保留传统礼孝的可贵精神,成为新 加坡历史上不可磨灭的足迹。死人让出土地是为了让更 多后人活下去,十万座墓碑林立的坟地演变为今日的三 分之二个碧山镇。 坟场三迁 碧山亭是广惠肇人士于1870年,在“遥远的郊区” 1.4 红色范围内为昔日坟山。 所购置的义山。根据碧山亭的碑铭,碧山亭乃广东人继 1.5 碧山镇一隅。 11 第一部:碧山亭到碧山 市区边缘的青山亭(麦士威路)与绿野亭(河水山)之 • 第四个50年(1970至今):为旧人做记录, 后所扩建的坟山,广惠肇三属先贤梅南瑞等人发起购置 为新人留见证。碧山亭坟场清山,碧山亭理事 碧山坟地,安葬“聚萍踪于石叻,有人时运不济,命途 最终向政府争取到8英亩之地,延续先贤创建碧 多舛,在异地溘然长逝”的同乡人。 山亭的使命。“广惠肇碧山亭文物馆”于2018 年落成。 “青山”取义自麦士威路一带山峦起伏,草木青 葱。十多年间,青山亭已经无法应付需求,1840年政府 与死人为邻的甘榜山亭社区 批准在河水山的23英亩地段设立绿野亭坟山,绿野青山 1890年“劝捐碧山亭小引”的金石碑文显示,经 遥遥相望。 过二十年的努力,碧山亭的组织管理渐趋完善。除了梅 三十年间绿野亭也葬满了,广客人士决定分道扬 氏人士如梅南瑞、梅湛轩、梅旺、梅遂和、梅端成等人 镳,丰永大人士于1882年在荷兰路设立丰永大义山,嘉 外,“七家头”朱广兰、朱有兰、胡南生、罗奇生、广 应人士于1887年在荷兰路设立双龙山,广惠肇三属则于 恒号、罗致生、同德号都乐捐庞大的数额给碧山亭,作 1870年开辟碧山亭。值得注意的是当时的华商除了在新 为建筑庙宇和开辟道路等用途。胡亚基则通过个人影响 加坡各社团组织行善外,影响力往往扩及海峡殖民地, 力,向殖民地政府“求免地税”。 例如同治元年(1861年)槟城广福宫重建,梅南瑞也是 20世纪初,大量中国移民南来寻出路,在坟山内 捐款人之一。 创建了甘榜山亭,住家店铺逐渐增加,人文经济开始成 形。碧山亭创建了碧山亭学校(1936-1981),为各族孩 新加坡的广东人坟场在互助互重中走了两百年 童提供免费教育,甘榜山亭发展成为一个人文孝道的社 之路: 区。1948年,广惠肇先贤添置了175英亩地来发展坟场。 • 第一个50年(1820-1870):雾锁南洋,落 叶归根。先后设立了青山亭、绿野亭和碧山亭 义山,埋葬不幸客死他乡的先民。 • 第二个50年(1870-1920):互助为先,社 群共祖。陆续设立血缘、地缘与业缘总坟,甘 榜碧山亭也开始发展。 • 第三个50年(1920-1970):取之社会, 用之社会。跟广惠肇留医院合作,设立总坟义 塚,为在医院往生的先友下葬立碑;创建碧山 亭学校;为日据时期的死难人士超度。 1.6 甘榜山亭民居。 12 离离原上草 一岁一枯荣 为了方便管理,碧山亭坟山以“亭”为界,划分出十 人社区。再往内走到了收费站和福德祠(大伯公庙), 个亭,加上后来增添的新五亭和新七亭,共十二个亭, 车辆必须先停在一旁的“礼亭”,下车向大伯公“拜码 其中新五亭和第九亭分别以黄福(黄亚福)和鲁保林命 头”,献上“买路钱”之后才能过关。 名。每个“亭”都有个路亭,为前来拜祭的亲属提供 歇脚之处。十三座山头以“星加坡广惠肇碧山亭盂兰胜 大庙戏台隔邻的茶亭是现代食阁的雏形,内有木制 会”为名,如星字山、加字山、坡字山等,以此类推。 桌椅,为过路人提供包点饮食。茶亭也是居民平日的活 动中心。 汤申路圣德兰疗养院(St. Theresa’s Home,前名Little Sisters of the Poor)对面的甘榜山亭路是通往坟场的主 收费站仿佛是阴阳界的隔间,平时越过收费站的 干公路,道路两旁有卤鸭店、酱油厂、药堂、西饼店、 人,一般都披麻戴孝,难掩悲怆之情。喃呒佬(民间道 学校、戏台和民居耕地,俨然是个坟场旁自给自足的活 士)摇铃诵经,棺木徐徐下降,洒下黄土后又见新坟。 1.7 碧山亭入口处。 13 第一部:碧山亭到碧山 坟场内道路弯弯,在没有电子全球定位系统(GPS)的 年代,靠的是脑子里的GPS,不然就是熟悉地形的居民引 路。 根据老居民的记忆,碧山亭第一至第三亭的居民多 数是广东人,第四至第七亭则潮州人与福建人参半,第 八亭为福建人。由于坟山是从第一亭开始发展起来的, 可见广东人是碧山亭最早的居民。 在碧山亭义务服务多年的梁少逵和老街坊蔡乙权表 示日战期间,日本战机轰炸牛车水,许多牛车水居民徒 步前来碧山亭避难,其他籍贯人士也纷纷逃到碧山亭坟 场来。梁少逵追述当时一辆辆的罗厘车,载着住在豆腐 街的三水妇女到碧山亭寄居,直至日据结束。显然碧山 亭是华人眼中的福地,理想的避难所,大家互相扶持, 靠种植番薯蔬菜过日子。日本兵士敬畏鬼神,或许正因 如此,碧山亭的居民获得先人眷顾,逃过一劫。 战后甘榜山亭住了三户印度人家,其中两户 (Peritam Singh和Karrupian)居住在靠近入口处,另一户 (Muthuaya)住在第三亭,负责打理坟场事务。Peritam Singh的女儿的中文名“碧丽”来自校长李文,取义在碧 山亭学校念书和人长得秀丽。他们一家大小都口操流利 的广东话,在碧山亭学校念书,跟村民打成一片。 1.8 印度籍小孩碧丽(中间)与她的童年玩伴。 那时并没有现在政府不断强调的“融合”的问题, 大家已经自然地磨合了。或许是靠碧山亭的山,喝碧山 给村民。新加坡独立后积极发展工业,年轻人由罗厘车 亭的水,已经在碧山绿水间同化了吧! 载送到电子厂或军港工作,老人家和妇女则在家里养家 禽种蔬菜。农民养的猪不多,每户最多十只八只,靠赊 李文在碧山亭学校当了29年校长,他的口述历史阐 账来买饲料,卖猪后才还钱给供应商。在彼此体谅,有 述了甘榜山亭的生活。碧山亭的机械工匠都是广东人, 欠有还下猪仔长大了,母猪生下小猪,农民在坟场旁度 日据时期向日本人收买旧金属,用飞机铁做锅子锅铲卖 过一年又一年。 14 离离原上草 一岁一枯荣 碧山亭的四大特色 除了设在碧山亭的血缘、地缘、业缘总坟,各会馆 社团也在会所以异姓同乡或同业共祭。灵牌置放在会馆 碧山亭漫漫长路中,四个最大的特色为社群共祖、 的神主之间,在参拜自己的血缘亲人的时候,同时参拜 万缘胜会、轮流管理和模范山制度。 其他人的亲人,那些没有子孙的先友一样得到后人的香 火,进一步催化同乡同业一家亲的感情。 不论是土葬或是火葬时期,碧山亭都秉持着传达孝 道的信念,为华人社会注入特殊的意义。碧山亭设立社 碧山亭一个半世纪的发展中,“集万人之缘,结千 群坟山和社团总坟,对社群共祖的祭拜,含义就是“孝 祥之福”的万缘胜会是重要的旗舰活动。1921年掀开序 敬”;生,事之以礼,死,葬之以礼,祭之以礼。 幕后,多年来都有众多善男信女参与。 1.9 万缘胜会的文娱表演。 15 第一部:碧山亭到碧山 万缘胜会可能是清末民初在珠江三角洲兴起的渡 重建碧山亭 亡救赎仪式,传到新加坡后成为碧山亭所主办的尊敬祖 碧山亭从永久产业的业主摇身一变,成为建屋局 先,饮水思源的孝道活动。佛教有“六道轮回”,道教 的租户,契约年限至2079年。表面上,碧山亭将来的 也有投胎转世之说,基于固有的怀念祖德的文化,为人 命运并不迫切,但是,除了灵塔必须面对其他业者的竞 子女的都希望先辈能够消除业障,早登仙界,或轮回再 争外,政府有权动用国家土地法令,提早结束碧山亭租 世,投胎到幸福的家庭。万缘胜会设立僧道尼法坛,由佛 约,如何“保山”成为不可掉以轻心的课题。 道法师一起诵经,举行超度法会仪式如“破地狱”、“过 金银桥”等,一般上为农历九月,连续三天三夜。 上世纪70年代碧山亭面对何去何从的命运,不论是 保山或是结业都是艰巨的抉择。时任理事们迅速取得共 1943年日据时期,碧山亭主办了另一个万缘胜会, 识,保存了碧山亭的百年基业,并为后世制造了发展与 为日战中不幸殉难的死者与检证时被杀害的五万华人超 寻根的空间。 度幽魂。1978年,裕廊造船厂发生史拜罗斯号(Spyros) 油槽船发生爆炸,76人不幸被活活烧死,碧山亭为各族 当时政府效率奇高,除了安排起坟出土,将骸骨火 死者超度。这些义举已经超越了广惠肇族群,进一步落 化外,还免费将先人的骨灰迁徙至风景宜人的万里骨灰 实各族群籍贯人士和谐共处,互相照应的理念。 安置所。数年间,百年坟山从此在地图上消失。 所谓一命二运三风水,大家自然会为先人争取好 这段封山清山的历史背后,还有鲜为人知的故事。 墓地。1916年,吴胜鹏出任碧山亭总理时发起模范山制 度,通过编排列号来划分坟塚,不论山势高低,土壤潮 1973年初,政府以国家土地有限,必须充分利用为 湿,按照号码下葬。由于这个做法过于先进,引起社团 由,向碧山亭发出封山令,停止私人坟山的土葬活动。 的不满。为了安抚众人的情绪,碧山亭实行了九家会馆 其他方言群的义山都遭受相同的冲击。 联合管理的制度。战后随着另外七家会馆加入,1960年 起实行16家会馆轮流担任领导任务,直至如今。 停止私人土葬后,做法只有两个,一是埋葬在更加 偏远的蔡厝港政府坟场,不然就是火化后安置在骨灰置 1948年,碧山亭落力推行模范山计划,跟计划初 放所。 启时已经相隔30余年。由于不能自行选择墓地,因此流 行“死得要及时,福人葬福地”之说。旧文件中的第四 1979年,政府正式宣布征用碧山亭全部坟地来发展 亭、第五亭和新五亭(黄福山)注明了广字模范山、惠 碧山新镇。碧山亭理事认为碧山亭是一个由热心人士联 字模范山、肇字模范山,第八亭和第十亭则为三属先人 合组成的百年机构,坟地的管理层也是由广惠肇16会馆 编号葬地。由于第四和第五亭是“旧”坟场,第八和第 义务组成,历年来通过购置坟地、兴建庙宇、学校及公 十亭是“新”坟场,通过时间点可以看出战前与战后的 所,设立奖学金等公益事业服务大众,因此,碧山亭应 模范山之分。 该被定位为慈善组织,而不是盈利的私人坟山。 16 离离原上草 一岁一枯荣 碧山亭由时任理事长何国章率领谈判,要求政府提 主要参考资料: 供50英亩,也就是约六分之一的原有地段,让碧山亭延 1. 岑康生,〈碧山亭重新发展的始末〉,http://pecksantheng. 续为社会服务的使命。碧山亭的建议包括保留百年的碧 com/index.php/cn/history/188-2012-06-28-14-23-00. Accessed 1 山庙,同时将碧山亭学校转型为养老院。在增建设施方 Jul 2016。 面,碧山亭建议设立殡仪馆和焚化厂,提供一站式的殡 2. 岑康生,陈翠玲,〈大纪事〉,http://www.pecksantheng. 葬服务。此外,碧山亭考虑到广惠肇留医院需要地方扩 com/index.php/cn/history。Accessed 2 July 2016。 展,希望政府能够拨地另建一间医院,扩大慈善医院的 3. 陈明鸾,〈新加坡教育史||口述历史访谈,受访者:李 功能。 文〉,新加坡国家档案馆,Accession Number 000109。 4. 〈广惠肇方便留医院 碧山亭义地扩大〉,《南洋商 建屋局则表明政府将全权负责清山工作,包括掘取 报》1938年8月29日。 及火化骨骸,记录墓碑资料,通知家属领取先人骨灰, 5. 韩山元,〈守住最后一片乡土——暮色中的旧碧山〉, 并让家属选择安置骨灰处。至于无人认领的骨骸,政府 《联合晚报》1987年7月17日。 会安排火化与海葬。政府也接受碧山亭的建议,只是殡 6. 区如柏,〈从海唇福德祠到绿野亭 谈广客两帮百年关 葬服务、老人院和医院跟原来坟山的方针不符,政府不 系〉,《联合早报》 1987年9月20日,34页。 能接纳。 7. 区如柏,〈广惠肇碧山亭〉,《广惠肇碧山亭成立128周年 纪念特辑》(广惠肇碧山亭),14页。 最终,碧山亭负责遣散甘榜山亭与顺福村的两千 8. 各期的《扬》(广惠肇碧山亭)。 租户。拿到剩余的少许土地赔偿费后,碧山亭作为一个 9. 曾玲,《福德祠绿野亭发展史:1824-2004》(华裔 社团注册的组织,大可结束坟山任务,但三属人士认为 馆,2005),ISBN 981-05-3286-5,7-8页。 “碧山亭”三个字蕴藏着新加坡百年进程的使命感,因 此坚持着这股精神力量,继续为往生者提供安息之地。 虽然如今拜山(扫墓)已经无山可拜,但多年来,各广 东人社团会馆坚持到碧山亭进行春秋二祭,显然蕴藏着 一群老乡里对会馆、对社群细水长流,血缘绵长的情 愫。 2016年,在时任理事与16成员会馆一致同意下,广
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