Report Title 16. Jahrhundert
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Report Title - p. 1 Report Title 16. Jahrhundert 1569 Sozialgeschichte : Gesundheitswesen Gründung eines Spitals und eines Armenkrankenhauses in Macao. [Mal 2] 1571 Sozialgeschichte : Erziehung und Schulung Gründung der ersten Schule in Macao. [Mal 2] 1575 Sozialgeschichte : Hochschulen Gründung des St. Paul's College in Macao. (Bau 1572-1775). Das College hat die erst Duckpresse und publiziert wichtige Bücher. Die Bibliothek enthält 5'000 Bücher und Manuskripte. [St.P1] 1594 Geschichte : China - Europa : Portugal / Religion : Christentum / Sozialgeschichte : Hochschulen Gründung des St. Paul's College = College of Madre de Deus in Macao von Alessandro Valignano für jesuitische Missionare. Fächer waren Theologie, Philosophie, Mathematik Geographie, Astronomie, Latein, Portugiesisch und Chinesisch. [Wik] 1594 Sozialgeschichte : Erziehung und Schulung Gründung des College de la Madre de Dios in Macao. [Deh 1] 17. Jahrhundert 1604 Sozialgeschichte : Hochschulen Xu Guangqi wird nach seiner Promotion Mitglied der Hanlin-Akademie in Beijing. [BBKL] 1629 Sinologie und Asienkunde : Europa : Deutschland / Sozialgeschichte : Hochschulen Athanasius Kircher ist Professor für Mathematik, Moralphilosophie, Hebräisch und Syrisch an der Universität Würzburg und beschäftigt sich mit Geographie. [Dax] 1633-1645 Sinologie und Asienkunde : Europa : Deutschland / Sozialgeschichte : Hochschulen Athanasius Kircher ist Professor für Mathematik, Physik und orientalische Sprachen am Collegium Romanum in Rom. [Dax] 1656 Sozialgeschichte : Erziehung und Schulung Giovanni Filippo de Marini wird Rektor des College von Macao. [Deh 1] 1660-1662 Sozialgeschichte : Erziehung und Schulung Christian Wolfgang Herdtrich macht Sprachstudien in Jianchang (Jiangxi). [BBKL] 1694 Sozialgeschichte : Hochschulen Die Schule in Macao wird zur Macao Universität. [Mal 2] 18. Jahrhundert 1732 Geschichte : China - Europa : Italien / Sozialgeschichte : Hochschulen Gründung der Università degli Studi di Napoli "L'Orientale". [Wik] Report Title - p. 2 1732 Geschichte : China - Europa : Italien / Sozialgeschichte : Hochschulen Gründung des Collegio dei Cinesi in Neapel durch Matteo Ripa. [MasF11] 1748 Sozialgeschichte : Hochschulen Florian Joseph Bahr wird an das College in Beijing versetzt, wo er vor allem wissenschaftlich arbeitet. 1748-1754 Sozialgeschichte : Hochschulen Anton Gogeisl ist Rektor des College in Beijing. [Deh 1] 1755 Sozialgeschichte : Hochschulen Florian Joseph Bahr wird Rektor des College in Beijing. [BBKL] 1761 Sozialgeschichte : Erziehung und Schulung Cai Ruoxiang reist nach Neapel und studiert am Collegio de' Cinesi. [Ricci] 1763 Literatur : Westen : Frankreich / Philosophie : Europa : Schweiz / Sozialgeschichte : Erziehung und Schulung [Anonym]. La balance chinoise [ID D20009]. Basil Guy : La balance chinoise is a treatise on education, written in the form of letters by a Chinese in Europe. This work represents at last a serious effort to understand the Chinese system, especially the question of examinations for the mandarins, and perhaps to profit by it. One of the ten letters is addressed to Lord Chesterfield, others to prominent lay or religious leaders in England, France, and Italy. The work is far from perfect, and some of its ideas far from clear, yet thouse parts which are of interest are more fully with the voyagers, the author takes notable exception, while hoping that his theories will not go unheeded. Among the details which form the background for his exposé, is his examination of infanticide, swaddling, breast feeding, nurses, the rôle of exercise in forming a sound mind and body, and finally the importance of what nowadays would be considered as free, public, elementary schools. In all of this, there is not one whit of 'chinoiseries', and the almost passionate tone employed by the author when discussing both natural equality and 'the new pediatrics' is sufficiently reminiscent of the Emile, Rousseau and theories, so that the possibility of a concatenation of ideas, if not of direct influence, is greater than may have been suspected heretofore. Further, so exclusively a Western point of view makes it all the easier when we come to the fifth letter, 'Sur la manière d'élever les enfants dans les divers pays de l'Europe et des écoles publiques', for the author to sigmatize whole systems of European education, comparing them with the Chinese, and of course proposing that in the Far Eastern country, education is at least better organized than in Europe, where the ultimate objectives are frequently at odds with one another, even when they are clearly defined, offering above all a detailed presentation of the examination system itself. Although the modalities of that system when applied to law, medicine, mathematics, and the military, next occupy the author's attention almost exclusively, we have nonetheless been treated to a complete survey, which in its novelty could have aroused the curiosity, not only of Rousseau, but also of the physiocrats, both of whom have been credited with propagating these same ideas in France. In the last letter of this treatise, there are three examples of topics proposed in earlier Chinese examinations, accompanied by sample replies which are reported to have been acceptable. These examples recall immediately not only the system, but even the phraseology of the various European academies in establishing prize competitions like thouse which interest the history of Rousseau. Report Title - p. 3 A. Owen Aldridge : La balance chinoise is a serious comparison of major social customs and attitudes existing in Europe with those found in China. Although the title emphasizes the system of education, the various letters cover almost the whole range of culture, including natural and military science. The presumed narrator is a Chinese, traveling in England, France, and Italy, and writing in French. He condemns evils and abuses. According to his interpretation of the title, it refers to balancing the good and evil in China - as well as balancing China against the West. He makes the important point that the philosophical material in his letters is not derived from Du Halde or account of European travellers to China. This is a major departure from Goldsmith and Voltaire. Unfortunately the author does not reveal the source of his knowledge of China independent of the memoirs of visiting priests and travelers. Although he may be considered as the most 'Chinese' of the fictional spies or ambassadors, he is not entirely reliable, even though he possesses a knowledge of China considerably more thorough than the others. He stands out, moreover, by using China as a standard by which to judge Western culture rather than merely to expose follies and idiosyncracies. His letters are addressed to actual historical figures who are important in the cultural area which they represent. The 10 letters dates from 1750 to 1756, during the reign of the emperor Qianlong, concerns the rearing of Chinese children, domestic education and free schools ; elementary education in various European countries ; comparison of the method of study in European universities with the manner of obtaining degrees in China ; mathematics ; examinations in medicine ; contrast between Eastern and Western military philosophies ; sociology, custom of binding feet of women and economics. [Ald10,Guy] 1763 Literatur : Westen : Frankreich : Prosa / Sozialgeschichte : Erziehung und Schulung [Anonym]. La balance chinoise, ou Lettres d'un chinois lettré, sur l'éducation, contenant un parallele de celle de la Chine avec celle de l'Europe. (Amsterdam ; Leipzig : Schreuder & Mortier, 1763). [WC] Report Title - p. 4 1779 Literatur : Westen : England / Sozialgeschichte : Soziologie Alexander, William. The history of women [ID D27259]. A native of China, who lately resided some years in England, acknowleged, that, for some time after he arrived here, he had much difficulty in restraining himself from attacking every women with whom he was left alone ; and a Nun, who had escaped from a convent, imagined that every man who had an opportunity would assault her virtue… We have seen that in France and Italy, which are reckoned the politest countries in Europe, women set themselves above shame and despise delicacy ; but in China, one of the politest countries in Asia, and perhaps not even in this respect behind France or Italy, the case is quite otherwise : no being can be so delicate as a woman ; in her dress, in her behaviour and conversation ; and should she ever happen to be exposed in any unbecoming manner, she feels with the greatest poignancy the awkwardness of her situation, and if possible covers her face that she may not be known… Such has always been the constitution of human nature, and mode of governing that the legislators of every country, except China, have constantly held out terrors to hinder from the commission of vice, but seldom or never offered rewards for the practice of virtue… The Chinese not only punish vice as in other countries, but to several of the more exalted virtues, they annex honorary, and even sometimes pecuniary rewards… The art of spinning, one of the most useful that ever was invented, is, by all antiquity, ascribed to women : the Egyptians give the honour of it to Isis ; the Chinese, to the consort of their emperor Yao… Some tribes of the Asiatic Tartars are of the same opinion with this reverend gentleman. 'Women, say they, were sent into the world only to be our servants, and propagate the species, the only purposes to which their natures are adapted'