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The Magazine of the Arnold Arboretum VOLUME 76 • NUMBER 1 The Magazine of the Arnold Arboretum VOLUME 76 • NUMBER 1 The Magazine of the Arnold Arboretum VOLUME 76 • NUMBER 1 • 2018 CONTENTS Arnoldia (ISSN 0004–2633; USPS 866–100) 2 Exploring the Native Range of Kentucky is published quarterly by the Arnold Arboretum Coffeetree of Harvard University. Periodicals postage paid Andy Schmitz and Jeffrey Carstens at Boston, Massachusetts. Subscriptions are $20.00 per calendar year 17 Great Wild Gardens: The Story of domestic, $25.00 foreign, payable in advance. the Arboretum’s Woodlands Remittances may be made in U.S. dollars, by Danny Schissler check drawn on a U.S. bank; by international money order; or by Visa, Mastercard, or American 32 Hickory Fever: Doing Express. Send orders, remittances, requests to Taxonomy by Mail purchase back issues, change-of-address notices, and all other subscription-related communica- Jonathan Damery tions to Circulation Manager, Arnoldia, Arnold 44 Existing through Change: Quercus alba Arboretum, 125 Arborway, Boston, MA 02130- 3500. Telephone 617.524.1718; fax 617.524.1418; Michael S. Dosmann e-mail [email protected] Front cover: Leaves of the Kentucky coffeetree (Gym- Arnold Arboretum members receive a subscrip- tion to Arnoldia as a membership benefit. To nocladus dioicus) can measure three feet (nearly one become a member or receive more information, meter) in length. Each leaf is bipinnately compound, please call Wendy Krauss at 617.384.5766 or with small leaflets (pinnules) produced along secondary email [email protected] axes called a rachillae. Only part of a single leaf (accession 20644*A) is illuminated here. Photo by Postmaster: Send address changes to Jonathan Damery. Arnoldia Circulation Manager The Arnold Arboretum Inside front cover: Ernest Henry Wilson photographed 125 Arborway Gymnocladus chinensis growing in Western Hubei, Boston, MA 02130–3500 China, in 1910. The Arnold Arboretum has never successfully cultivated this endemic Chinese species, Jonathan Damery, Associate Editor despite efforts dating to 1889. One other member of the Andy Winther, Designer genus, Gymnocladus burmanicus, is known from India. Photo from Arnold Arboretum Archives. Editorial Committee Anthony S. Aiello Inside back cover: This lone white oak (Quercus alba Peter Del Tredici 346-2010*A) has grown on Peters Hill for at least two Michael S. Dosmann centuries. Photo by Michael Dosmann. William (Ned) Friedman Jon Hetman Back cover: “These nuts are much relished as sweet- Julie Moir Messervy meats,” Frank Meyer wrote of the Chinese hickory (Carya cathayensis), which he photographed in Zhejiang Copyright © 2018. The President and Province (formerly Chekiang) on July 10, 1915. “They Fellows of Harvard College are said to yield as much as 25% of their weight in a clear yellow oil, which is used in fancy pastry and for other culinary purposes.” Photo from Arnold Arboretum Archives. Exploring the Native Range of Kentucky Coffeetree Andy Schmitz and Jeffrey Carstens orning temperatures clung above waterway, which has cut a deep ravine through freezing when we pulled our mini- the dry grasslands. Most of the tree species fol- Mvan onto the dirt roads of Elm Creek lowed this creek, and sure enough, tucked near Ranch, southeast of Shamrock, Texas. It was stands of mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa) and March 2015, and we were searching for seed of western soapberry (Sapindus saponaria var. Kentucky coffeetree (Gymnocladus dioicus). drummondii), several coffeetrees were growing. Although we never would have expected to find The coffeetrees stood small and stunted—the the species growing in the Texas Panhandle, largest barely exceeding thirty feet—and the beyond the range shown on distribution maps, pickings were slim, with only a handful of the a 2007 herbarium voucher confirmed it was thick leguminous pods dangling in each tree. “locally common” on the property. The ranch We quickly went to work shaking the pods free manager, J. C. Brooks, led us to the namesake and recording measurements and habitat data. ALL IMAGES BY THE AUTHORS UNLESS OTHERWISE NOTED ALL IMAGES BY THE AUTHORS UNLESS OTHERWISE A native population of coffeetrees (Gymnocladus dioicus) at Elm Creek Ranch, Collingsworth County, Texas, was found beyond the conventionally recognized range for the species. William Carr, J. C. Brooks, and Bob Fulginiti collected the herbarium specimen (TEX 00433298) that first pinpointed this location in 2007. Gymnocladus dioicus 3 herbarium vouchers. At a gas sta- tion one afternoon, a man noticed our unusual dash collection and interjected with understandable and friendly curiosity, “Mind if I ask, what’s with the branches in your window?” Coffeetree Collaboration Our 2015 collecting expedition marked the sixth year of a part- nership between the Brenton Arboretum, located in Dallas Center, Iowa, and the National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) genebank in Ames, Iowa. The partnership has aimed to develop a comprehensive collection of Kentucky coffeetree—sampling populations from across the range of the species, which extends from Ontario through central Arkansas, from west-central Ohio through Oklahoma, along with parts of Kentucky and Tennessee. Although the trees in Texas were scraggly and small, many of the specimens we have seen through- out the years have been impres- sively grand, measuring well over one hundred feet tall. We think Gymnocladus dioicus should be planted more widely in urban environments. The species Kentucky coffeetree (Gymnocladus dioicus) stands among the largest North has no serious insect or disease American members of the bean family (Fabaceae). Andy Schmitz has collected problems; it is drought tolerant an original copy of this hand-colored engraving by Pierre-Joseph Redouté, along and adaptable to tough soil condi- with other Gymnocladus prints. The engraving first appeared in Henri-Louis tions; moreover, it is exceedingly Duhamel du Monceau’s sixth volume of Traité des Arbres et Arbustes que L’on Cultive en France, published in 1815. attractive, with distinctive bark (even at a young age), interesting Three hours later, the temperature had rocketed compound leaves, and yellow fall color. The to 74°F (23°C), and we drove away almost giddy species should be included among the diverse about collecting Kentucky coffeetree in Texas. tree genera that are used to replace ashes (Frax- By this collection on the fifth day of a nine- inus), removed because of emerald ash borer day expedition, our van was filling with bags of (Agrilus planipennis), and oaks (Quercus), suf- the beautiful yet odoriferous pods—collected fering from oak wilt (Bretiziella fagacearum). from sites in Oklahoma and Kansas, in addition Yet if Gymnocladus is planted more broadly, to Texas. The dash had become covered with we realize that a collection of diverse germ- stout sticks, which would eventually become plasm will be needed—both now and far in the 4 Arnoldia 76/1 • August 2018 MICHAEL DOSMANN Andy Schmitz stands beneath an exceptional coffeetree in Aurora, New York, which proved to be the largest specimen observed by Carstens and Schmitz over ten years of collections. This cultivated tree measured 110 feet (33.5 meters) tall, 60 feet (18.3 meters) wide, and 57.3 inches (1.4 meters) in trunk diameter at breast height, earning a big tree score of 305 and recognition as a New York state champion. Gymnocladus dioicus 5 future—to make selections adapted to regional the original herbarium specimens—is also climatic conditions and to preserve germplasm beneficial, whenever possible. for potential reintroduction into the wild. Local contacts occasionally provide us with The Brenton Arboretum’s first collecting trip GPS coordinates for fruiting specimens, but occurred in 2008, but plans for the project origi- our efforts typically depend on a pair of high- nated in 2004, as the institution contemplated quality binoculars. The characteristic brown developing a Nationally Accredited Plant Col- pods are easily recognized from considerable lection through the American Public Gardens distances (even when observed at sixty-five Association’s Plant Collections Network (PCN) miles an hour) and resemble a flock of black- program. Botanical research had been part of birds perched high in the canopy. Thankfully, the Brenton’s mission since it was established the fruits are persistent from October through in 1997. After meeting with Mark Widrlech- May, allowing us to collect in the winter, ner, horticulturist at NPGS and the PCN’s Iowa when they are highly visible in the leafless recruiter, Kentucky coffeetree was determined canopy. (What other species provides a more to be an excellent focus. Gymnocladus dioicus than six-month window of fruit senescence?) was not currently a PCN collection, and the Collections in early to mid-winter were dif- NPGS had only six viable seed accessions of ficult, however, because the stringy and tough the species from known wild origins. Moreover, peduncle does not release the fruits as easily, everyone agreed Gymnocladus was definitely whereas roughly six weeks before bud break, underused in urban landscapes. the fruit is easily shaken from the tree. Prior to 2004, the Brenton had eleven acces- After we have spotted the trees, teamwork sions of Kentucky coffeetree, but none were makes the seed and data collection easier. Our wild collected. Andy Schmitz, the director collection on March 4, 2013, illustrates our of horticulture, made the Brenton’s first wild basic procedure. On the third day of a nine- collection of Gymnocladus in 2008 at Ledges day expedition
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