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Spermatophytes of the Des Moines Lobe in Iowa Paul Herman Monson Iowa State University

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Spermatophytes of the Des Moines Lobe in Iowa Paul Herman Monson Iowa State University Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1959 Spermatophytes of the Des Moines Lobe in Iowa Paul Herman Monson Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Botany Commons Recommended Citation Monson, Paul Herman, "Spermatophytes of the Des Moines Lobe in Iowa " (1959). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 2587. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/2587 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SPERMATOPHYTES OF THE DES MOINES LOBE IK IOWA Paul Herman Monson A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY "Major Subject: Plant Taxonomy Approved : Signature was redacted for privacy. In Charge 01 ^ajor worK Signature was redacted for privacy. jor Depar ment Signature was redacted for privacy. Iowa St?te University -•f Science and Technology Ames, Iowa 1959 il TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 1 PROCEDURE 5 DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA 9 Geology 9 Topography 10 Drainage 11 Climate 12 Soils 13 Vegetation 14 KEY TO THE FAMILIES 16 Gymnospermae 16 Angiospermae—Monocotyledoneae 17 Angiospermae—Dicotyledoneae 20 ANNOTATED CATALOGUE WITH KEYS TO GENERA AND SPECIES. 38 Gymnospermae 38 Angiospermae—Monocotyledoneae 44 Angiospermae--Dicotyledoneae 84 BIBLIOGRAPHY 346 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 353 1 INTRODUCTION The flora of Iowa has been of Interest to amateur and professional botanists for several decades. For the most part, however, the work done has been with small groups of plants or with the plants of small political, ecological, or geological subdivisions of the state. Notable attempts to integrate these studies are the annotated check-list of Iowa plants (Cratty, 1933) based on the specimens in the Iowa State College herbarium and the keys to the Iowa flora (Conard, 19 51) based largely on the plants listed by Cratty. In recent years, knowledge of the Iowa flora has been advanced considerably both as the result of floristic studies that have been completed or initiated in eastern, southern, and western sections of the state and as the result of state­ wide or regional treatments of difficult families and genera. However, as has been pointed out by Thorne (1954), a complete and modern treatment of the Iowa flora such as is now avail­ able for many midwestern states cannot be prepared until all sections of the state have been studied in some detail. It is the purpose of this study to fill one of the re­ maining gaps in the knowledge of the Iowa flora and to present keys and an annotated check-list which will assist others who wish to continue with this work. The area selected for study is that part of north-central Iowa which was glaciated during the most recent advances of 2 the Wisconsin Glacier in Iowa. Thia area, known as and here­ after referred to as the Des Moines Lobe includes approxi­ mately 12,000 square miles in a tongue-shaped area about 90 miles wide and 140 miles long (Fig. 1, adapted after Ruhe, 19 52b). Fig. 1. The Des Moines Lobe in Iov/a ( adapted after Huhe, 19 5Pb) OCHEYEDAN •ESTHERVILLE FOREST CITY# SPENCER •ALGONA TORM LAKE •FORT DODGE ••.SAC CITY ELDORA «. ARROLL •AMES IOWA DES MOINES •ADEL !. MANKATO DRIFT BORDER CARY DRIFT BORDER 5 PROCEDURE During the growing seasons of 1955 and 1956 the author collected approximately 3000 specimens from the area of the Des Moines Lobe. Collections were made in as many types of habitat possible except that major effort was concentrated on those areas where previous collecting had not been extensive ('Thome, 1954). Selection of collecting areas was on the basis of a study of the aerial photographs prepared for the Iowa Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Committee. From these photographs it was possible to select several hundred small areas of potential value and plot this informa­ tion on general highway maps for use in the field during the growing season. Of the many areas finally examined in the field, those which proved to be the most useful were the rights-of-way along railroads and secondary roads, particu­ larly where these rights-of-way are parallel and adjacent to one another. Other collecting sites revealed by the survey included unpastured woodlots, steep morainal hills and low or swampy places where artificial drainage had not been intro­ duced. The remainder of the approximately £5,000 specimens exam­ ined during the course of this study were previously collected by a number of students of the Iowa flora, including L. H. Pammel, Ada Hayden, R. I. Cratty, M. P. Somes, 0. K. Oleson, B. 0. Wold en, and more recently K. L. Grant, R. F. Thome, 6 R. W. Pohl and Duane Isely. All of the specimens examined are now on file in the herbarium of Iowa State University at Ames, Iowa. The keys and check-list which follow are based primarily on these specimens with additional date from a number of re­ gional and local floras and a large number of monographs and other botanical papers. Although all of these books and papers are included in the bibliography accompanying this paper, the author wishes to acknowledge especially the help derived from the following: Summer and winter keys to trees of the north central states (Alkmsn, 1957). Manual of cultivated plants (Bailey, 1949). Plants of Iowa (Conard, 1951). Flora of Indiana (Dean1, 1940). Gray1 s manual of botany, 8th ed. (Fernald, 1950), Vascular plants of Illinois (Jones and Fuller, 1955). The new Britton and Brown illustrated flora (Gleason, 1952). Flora of Illinois (Jones, 1945). Taxonomy of vascular niants (Lawrence, 1951). Check list of native and naturalized trees of the United States (Little, 195-3). Keys to the families of flowering niants of Story County (Pohl, 19 58). 7 Trees and shrubs of the Upper Midwest (Rosencahl, 1955). The arrangement of families and in most instances the circumscription of families, genera and species is that of the eighth edition of Gray's Manual. Exceptions to this general­ ization are indicated by reference to another author or group of authors in the appropriate part of the text. Within each family, genera and species have been listed in alphabetical order. with certain exceptions noted below, the keys and check­ list account for all species of flowering plants known by the author to be native or naturalized in the area of the Des Koines Lobe in Iowa. Included also are a number of families, genera and species which are occasionally adventive or merely cultivated In the area. In certain instances these taxa are included in the keys but not in the check-list. Such in­ stances are designated by an asterisk preceding the name of t:ie taxon. For each species in the check-list there is included a listing of frequently encountered synonyms, common names in general use, notes on habitat, range within the Des Moines Lobe, frequency or abundance and flowering dates. This in­ formation has been summarized from the labels on the specimens examined during the course of the study. For those species which are quite rare, a complete citation is included for each specimen examined. 8 Excluded from this study are the Gramineae and the Leguminosae, families which are currently being studied and revised at Iowa State University under the direction of R. W. Pohl and Duane Isely, respectively. Several genera have also been excluded either because they present problems beyond the scope of this study or because they have recently been treated in papers dealing specifically with the Iowa flora. These genera are Carex L., Rubus L., Crataep-us L. and Viola L. All of these taxa are included in the general keys but are not treated in further detail. 9 DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA Although an analysis of the factors affecting the distri­ bution of plants In Iowa Is beyond the scope of this study, the following summary of these factors es they pertain to the Des Moines Lobe is presented as a means of clearly defining the area studied and as a guide to those who may wish to do further work in the area. Geology The geological history of Iowa is quite well known and will not be discussed in detail. It is desirable, however, to consider the events of the Pleistocene Epoch because of the effect they have had on the topography, soils and subsequently the vegetation of the area under consideration. During the Pleistocene, Iowa was Invaded by four succes­ sive, glacial ice sheets, the Nebraskan, the Kansan, the Illi- noian and the Wisconsin, respectively. Of these only the last need ce considered here, the effects of the others having been negated by the later glaciation. As it is now understood (Ruhe, 1952a), the Wisconsin Glacier Invaded Iowa in four substages, the Iowa, the Taze­ well, the Gary and the Mankato. The lowan and somewhat more recent Tazewell substages covered most of the northern half of Iowa during the period of their most extreme advances. A warming trend followed during which loess we s deposited on too 10 of the glacial debris. This loess is surface material in most of eastern, southern and western Iowa at the present time. The reinvasion of glacial ice in Iowa during the Gary substage took the form of a broad, somewhat irregular, tongue- shaped lobe about 90 miles wide and 140 miles long. This is the area now known as the Des Moines Lobe and its limits in Iowa are the limits of the area under consideration in this study (Fig.
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