DOCSLIB.ORG

The Development of the Contingent Negative Variation During an Executive Functioning/Planning Task in Children, Adolescents, and Adults

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Development of the Contingent Negative Variation During an Executive Functioning/Planning Task in Children, Adolescents, and Adults THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONTINGENT NEGATIVE VARIATION DURING AN EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONING/PLANNING TASK IN CHILDREN, ADOLESCENTS, AND ADULTS By KIMBERLY ANDERSON A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2006 1 Copyright 2006 by Kimberly Anderson 2 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my wonderful advisor Dr. Keith Berg for his dedication during my entire time at graduate school. I would also like to thank the many research assistants that gave their time to helping complete this project, it could not have been done without their tireless efforts. Lastly, I want to thank my best friend, Teri DeLucca, for her constant smiles and uplifting prayers. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...............................................................................................................3 LIST OF TABLES...........................................................................................................................6 LIST OF FIGURES .........................................................................................................................7 ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................................................9 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................10 2 LITERATURE REVIEW.......................................................................................................11 Planning ..................................................................................................................................11 The Development of Planning................................................................................................11 Electrophysiological Indices and Origins of Anticipation......................................................13 Developmental Changes in the CNV......................................................................................15 Neural Components of Planning.............................................................................................16 The Development of Planning Abilities as Measured by Performance and the Contingent Negative Variation ..........................................................................................18 Current Study..........................................................................................................................21 Proposed Aims........................................................................................................................21 Aim 1 – Developmental Change in Performance............................................................22 Aim 2 – Developmental Change in CNV Form. .............................................................22 Aim 3 – Performance and CNV Relationships................................................................23 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS ...........................................................................................26 Participants .............................................................................................................................26 Measures.................................................................................................................................26 Tower of London.............................................................................................................26 Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) ......................................................................28 CNV Recording Methods .......................................................................................................29 Procedure ................................................................................................................................29 Data Analysis..........................................................................................................................31 EEG Preprocessing..........................................................................................................31 DC Drift Correction and Epoching..................................................................................31 Artifact Rejection ............................................................................................................31 4 RESULTS...............................................................................................................................35 Aim 1: Development of Behavioral Performance ..................................................................35 Proportion Correct...........................................................................................................35 4 Response time on Correctly Solved Problems ................................................................36 Aim 1 Summary:.....................................................................................................................37 Aim 2 – Development of the CNV.........................................................................................38 Middle Wave Changes ....................................................................................................39 Late Wave........................................................................................................................42 Aim 2 Summary......................................................................................................................43 Aim 3 – Relation to Performance ...........................................................................................44 Proportion Correct...........................................................................................................44 Reaction Time .................................................................................................................45 5 DISCUSSION.........................................................................................................................55 Effect of Difficulty .................................................................................................................55 Effect of Age...........................................................................................................................56 The Functional Nature of the Middle Wave...........................................................................56 Summary of the P300 Issue ....................................................................................................60 The Functional Nature of the Late Wave ...............................................................................63 Phases of Planning..................................................................................................................65 Berg and Byrd Theory of Development .................................................................................66 6 FUTURE WORK....................................................................................................................69 LIST OF REFERENCES...............................................................................................................73 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH .........................................................................................................77 5 LIST OF TABLES Table page 3-1 Demographic Information on complete data set................................................................33 3-2 Number of Trials Kept after Pre-Analysis Steps ...............................................................33 4-1 Means and Standard Deviations for Average Response times before correction applied................................................................................................................................48 6 LIST OF FIGURES Figure page 2-1 The CNV waveform can be broken into 2 components (labeled 1 and 2 in this figure). Section 1 denotes the early wave and Section 2 denotes the late wave...............24 2-2 Child and adult proportion correct across the 4 difficulty levels presented. For both children and adults, as difficulty level increases there is a decrease in proportion correct. ...............................................................................................................................24 2-3 Child (black) and Adult (red) CNV waveforms during the 6-second ISI from the Fz lead. Segment of wave marked 1 represents the period associated with the early- wave, segment marked 2 represents the period associated with the positive component found only in children and segment marked 3 represents the period associated with the late-wave.............................................................................................25 3-1 Presentation Stimuli and Timing of Paradigm. The Tower of London was presented for 6 seconds, followed by a prompt to respond for 2 seconds. All problems were then followed by performance-graded feedback for 2 seconds. Between problems there was a varying 3-7 second wait period.......................................................................34 3-2 Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test. The PPVT is a measure of verbal ability...................34 4-1 Proportion Correct . The measure of proportion correct decreased as problem difficulty increased. As participants increased with Age proportion correct increased. ...........................................................................................................................48 4-2 As difficulty
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Multiple Electrophysiological Markers of Visual-Attentional Processing in a Novel Task Directed Toward Clinical Use
    Hindawi Publishing Corporation Journal of Ophthalmology Volume 2012, Article ID 618654, 11 pages doi:10.1155/2012/618654 Research Article Multiple Electrophysiological Markers of Visual-Attentional Processing in a Novel Task Directed toward Clinical Use Julie Bolduc-Teasdale,1, 2, 3 Pierre Jolicoeur,2, 3 and Michelle McKerral1, 2, 3 1 Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Lucie-Bruneau Rehabilitation Centre, 2275 Laurier Avenue East, Montreal, QC, Canada H2H 2N8 2 Centre for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognition, University of Montreal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC, Canada H3C 3J7 3 Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC, Montr´eal, QC, Canada H3C 3J7 Correspondence should be addressed to Michelle McKerral, [email protected] Received 2 July 2012; Accepted 16 September 2012 Academic Editor: Shigeki Machida Copyright © 2012 Julie Bolduc-Teasdale et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Individuals who have sustained a mild brain injury (e.g., mild traumatic brain injury or mild cerebrovascular stroke) are at risk to show persistent cognitive symptoms (attention and memory) after the acute postinjury phase. Although studies have shown that those patients perform normally on neuropsychological tests, cognitive symptoms remain present, and there is a need for more precise diagnostic tools. The aim of this study was to develop precise and sensitive markers for the diagnosis of post brain injury deficits in visual and attentional functions which could be easily translated in a clinical setting.
    [Show full text]
  • Emitted P3a and P3b in Chronic Schizophrenia and in First-Episode Schizophrenia
    Emitted P3a and P3b in Chronic Schizophrenia and in First-Episode Schizophrenia by Alexis McCathern Neuroscience and Psychology, BPhil, University of Pittsburgh, 2017 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of University Honors College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2017 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH UNIVERISTY HONORS COLLEGE This thesis was presented by Alexis McCathern It was defended on April 3, 2017 and approved by John Foxe, PhD, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Michael Pogue-Geile, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh Stuart Steinhauer, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Thesis Director: Dean Salisbury, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine ii Copyright © by Alexis McCathern 2017 iii EMITTED P3A AND P3B IN CHRONIC SCHIZOPHRENIA AND IN FIRST- EPISODE SCHIZOPHRENIA Alexis McCathern, BPhil University of Pittsburgh, 2017 Neurophysiological biomarkers may be useful for identifying the presence of schizophrenia and the schizophrenia prodrome among at-risk individuals prior to the emergence of psychosis. This study examined the emitted P3 to absent stimuli on a tone counting task in patients with chronic schizophrenia and newly-diagnosed patients. The P3 is biphasic, with the earlier peak (P3a) reflecting automatic orienting and the later peak (P3b) reflecting cognitive processing. Twenty- four individuals with long-term schizophrenia (minimum 5 years diagnosis; SZ) were compared to 24 matched controls (HCSZ), and 23 individuals within 6 months of their first psychotic episode (FE) were compared to 22 matched controls (HCFE). Participants were presented with standard sets of four identical tones (1 kHz, 50 ms, 330 ms SOA, 750 ms ITI).
    [Show full text]
  • Modality-Specific and Modality-General Encoding of Auditory and Visual Rhythms
    UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones 5-1-2012 Modality-Specific and Modality-General Encoding of Auditory and Visual Rhythms Amanda Pasinski University of Nevada, Las Vegas Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/thesesdissertations Part of the Cognition and Perception Commons Repository Citation Pasinski, Amanda, "Modality-Specific and Modality-General Encoding of Auditory and Visual Rhythms" (2012). UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones. 1608. http://dx.doi.org/10.34917/4332589 This Thesis is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Scholarship@UNLV with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Thesis in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Thesis has been accepted for inclusion in UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones by an authorized administrator of Digital Scholarship@UNLV. For more information, please contact [email protected]. MODALITY-SPECIFIC AND MODALITY-GENERAL ENCODING OF AUDITORY AND VISUAL RHYTHMS by Amanda Claire Pasinski Bachelor of Arts University of Nevada, Las Vegas 2007 A thesis document submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts in Psychology Department
    [Show full text]
  • Mismatch Negativity and Stimulus-Preceding Negativity in Paradigms of Increasing Auditory Complexity: a Possible Role in Predictive Coding
    entropy Article Mismatch Negativity and Stimulus-Preceding Negativity in Paradigms of Increasing Auditory Complexity: A Possible Role in Predictive Coding Francisco J. Ruiz-Martínez * , Antonio Arjona and Carlos M. Gómez Human Psychobiology Lab, Experimental Psychology Department, University of Sevilla, 41018 Seville, Spain; [email protected] (A.A.); [email protected] (C.M.G.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The auditory mismatch negativity (MMN) has been considered a preattentive index of auditory processing and/or a signature of prediction error computation. This study tries to demon- strate the presence of an MMN to deviant trials included in complex auditory stimuli sequences, and its possible relationship to predictive coding. Additionally, the transfer of information between trials is expected to be represented by stimulus-preceding negativity (SPN), which would possibly fit the predictive coding framework. To accomplish these objectives, the EEG of 31 subjects was recorded during an auditory paradigm in which trials composed of stimulus sequences with increasing or decreasing frequencies were intermingled with deviant trials presenting an unexpected ending. Our results showed the presence of an MMN in response to deviant trials. An SPN appeared during the intertrial interval and its amplitude was reduced in response to deviant trials. The presence of Citation: Ruiz-Martínez, F.J.; Arjona, an MMN in complex sequences of sounds and the generation of an SPN component, with different A.; Gómez, C.M. Mismatch Negativity and Stimulus-Preceding amplitudes in deviant and standard trials, would support the predictive coding framework. Negativity in Paradigms of Increasing Auditory Complexity: A Possible Keywords: mismatch negativity; stimulus preceding negativity; contingent negative variation; Role in Predictive Coding.
    [Show full text]
  • ERP Peaks Review 1 LINKING BRAINWAVES to the BRAIN
    ERP Peaks Review 1 LINKING BRAINWAVES TO THE BRAIN: AN ERP PRIMER Alexandra P. Fonaryova Key, Guy O. Dove, and Mandy J. Maguire Psychological and Brain Sciences University of Louisville Louisville, Kentucky Short title: ERPs Peak Review. Key Words: ERP, peak, latency, brain activity source, electrophysiology. Please address all correspondence to: Alexandra P. Fonaryova Key, Ph.D. Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences 317 Life Sciences, University of Louisville Louisville, KY 40292-0001. [email protected] ERP Peaks Review 2 Linking Brainwaves To The Brain: An ERP Primer Alexandra Fonaryova Key, Guy O. Dove, and Mandy J. Maguire Abstract This paper reviews literature on the characteristics and possible interpretations of the event- related potential (ERP) peaks commonly identified in research. The description of each peak includes typical latencies, cortical distributions, and possible brain sources of observed activity as well as the evoking paradigms and underlying psychological processes. The review is intended to serve as a tutorial for general readers interested in neuropsychological research and a references source for researchers using ERP techniques. ERP Peaks Review 3 Linking Brainwaves To The Brain: An ERP Primer Alexandra P. Fonaryova Key, Guy O. Dove, and Mandy J. Maguire Over the latter portion of the past century recordings of brain electrical activity such as the continuous electroencephalogram (EEG) and the stimulus-relevant event-related potentials (ERPs) became frequent tools of choice for investigating the brain’s role in the cognitive processing in different populations. These electrophysiological recording techniques are generally non-invasive, relatively inexpensive, and do not require participants to provide a motor or verbal response.
    [Show full text]
  • Perceptual Functions of Auditory Neural Oscillation Entrainment Perceptual Functions of Auditory Neural Oscillation Entrainment
    Perceptual functions of auditory neural oscillation entrainment Perceptual functions of auditory neural oscillation entrainment By Andrew Chang, Bachelor of Science A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy McMaster University © Copyright by Andrew Chang July 29, 2019 McMaster University Doctor of Philosophy (2019) Hamilton, Ontario (Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour) TITLE: Perceptual functions of auditory neural oscillation entrainment AUTHOR: Andrew Chang (McMaster University) SUPERVISOR: Dr. Laurel J. Trainor NUMBER OF PAGES: xviii, 134 ii Lay Abstract Perceiving speech and musical sounds in real time is challenging, because they occur in rapid succession and each sound masks the previous one. Rhythmic timing regularities (e.g., musical beats, speech syllable onsets) may greatly aid in overcoming this challenge, because timing regularity enables the brain to make temporal predictions and, thereby, anticipatorily prepare for perceiv- ing upcoming sounds. This thesis investigated the perceptual and neural mechanisms for tracking auditory rhythm and enhancing perception. Per- ceptually, rhythmic regularity in streams of tones facilitates pitch percep- tion. Neurally, multiple neural oscillatory activities (high-frequency power, low-frequency phase, and their coupling) track auditory inputs, and they are associated with distinct perceptual mechanisms (enhancing sensitivity or de- creasing reaction time), and these mechanisms are coordinated to proactively track rhythmic regularity and enhance audition. The findings start the dis- cussion of answering how the human brain is able to process and understand the information in rapid speech and musical streams. iii Abstract Humans must process fleeting auditory information in real time, such as speech and music.
    [Show full text]
  • Stimulus Frequency and Masking As Determinants of P300 Latency in Event-Related Potentials from Auditory Stimuli *
    Biological Psycho&v 21 (1985) 309-318 309 North-Holland STIMULUS FREQUENCY AND MASKING AS DETERMINANTS OF P300 LATENCY IN EVENT-RELATED POTENTIALS FROM AUDITORY STIMULI * John POLICH Department of Neurology, California College of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92717, U.S.A. Lawrence HOWARD School of Social Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92717, U.S.A Arnold STARR Department of Neurology, California College of Medicine, University of Californra, twine, CA 92717, U.S.A. Accepted for publication 8 May 1985 The effects of target tone frequency, presence of a masking stimulus. and subject sex on the auditory ERP were studied with an ‘oddball’ paradigm. P300 latency became shorter (about 15 msec) as the difference between the standard (1000 Hz) and target tone frequency increased (1500, 2000, 4000 Hz) but became longer (about 10 msec) with the presence of a white noise masking stimulus. Similar results were obtained for both the P3a and P3b subcomponents of the P300 potential. No significant differences between the adult male and female subjects were observed. The role of stimulus parameters in applied testing situations is discussed. 1. Introduction The P300 component of the event-related brain potential (ERP) is a large (5-15 luv), positive-going waveform that occurs with a modal latency of about 300 msec in normal young adults. Although the neurophysiology underlying the P300 is still being explored (Halgren, Squires, Wilson, Rohrbaugh, Bab and Crandall, 1980; Okada, Kaufman and Williamson, 1983), the cognitive events associated with its generation have received considerable attention (Donchin, 1981; Donchin, Ritter and McCallum, 1978; Pritchard, 1981).
    [Show full text]
  • Gamma and Beta Frequency Oscillations in Response to Novel Auditory Stimuli: a Comparison of Human Electroencephalogram (EEG) Data with in Vitro Models
    Gamma and beta frequency oscillations in response to novel auditory stimuli: A comparison of human electroencephalogram (EEG) data with in vitro models Corinna Haenschel*†, Torsten Baldeweg‡, Rodney J. Croft*, Miles Whittington§, and John Gruzelier* *Division of Neuroscience and Psychological Medicine, Imperial College School of Medicine, London W6 8RP, United Kingdom; ‡Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Sick Children, University College London, London WC1N 2AP, United Kingdom; and §School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9NL, United Kingdom Communicated by Nancy J. Kopell, Boston University, Boston, MA, April 10, 2000 (received for review December 15, 1999) Investigations using hippocampal slices maintained in vitro have neuronal assembly within which synchronization is possible (11). demonstrated that bursts of oscillatory field potentials in the This observation is complementary to the demonstration that gamma frequency range (30–80 Hz) are followed by a slower long-range (multimodal) sensory coding is performed at beta oscillation in the beta 1 range (12–20 Hz). In this study, we frequencies, whereas local synchronization occurs at gamma demonstrate that a comparable gamma-to-beta transition is seen frequencies (12). in the human electroencephalogram (EEG) in response to novel Transient bursts of gamma oscillations in the human electro- auditory stimuli. Correlations between gamma and beta 1 activity encephalogram (EEG) can be detected in response to sensory revealed a high degree of interdependence of synchronized oscil- stimulation (13). They can either be tightly time and phase lations in these bands in the human EEG. Evoked (stimulus-locked) locked to the stimulus (termed stimulus-evoked gamma oscilla- gamma oscillations preceded beta 1 oscillations in response to tions) (14), or they may occur with variable latency (termed novel stimuli, suggesting that this may be analogous to the stimulus-induced gamma oscillations) (15).
    [Show full text]
  • Homologues of Human Event-Related Potential Components in Nonhuman
    MONKEY ERPs 1 In press: to appear in The Oxford Handbook of Event-Related Potential Components. Luck, S.J. & Kappenman, E.S. (Eds.), New York: Oxford University Press. Homologues of human ERP components in nonhuman primates Geoffrey F. Woodman Vanderbilt University, Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Center for Integrative and Cognitive Neuroscience Running Head: MONKEY ERPs Correspondence from the editor/publisher should be addressed to: Geoffrey F. Woodman Department of Psychology Vanderbilt University PMB 407817 2301 Vanderbilt Place Nashville, TN 37240-7817 615-343-8901 (telephone) 615-343-8449 (fax) [email protected] (e-mail) MONKEY ERPs 2 Like many electrophysiologists who record the electroencephalogram (EEG) and event- related potentials (ERPs) from humans, I was a heavy user of the techniques before I became aware of the fact that EEG activity was originally observed during recordings from animals, including nonhuman primates (Caton, 1875). It was the 50-year-old studies with animals that motivated Hans Berger’s discovery and naming of the EEG recorded from his son, Klaus, and other human subjects (Berger, 1929). Moreover, many users of the ERP technique may be surprised to learn just how rarely the ERP components we use as tools to study human cognition have been studied in other model species, such as nonhuman primates. This chapter chronicles the discovery of ERP components in nonhuman primates. I focus mainly on monkeys but also include evidence from other species when it exists. The discussion generally unfolds chronologically beginning with work from the 19th century and continuing up through current research. During this review I will address differences in the methods and tasks that have been utilized to record ERPs in the different species.
    [Show full text]
  • Beta Oscillatory Power Modulation Reflects the Predictability of Pitch Change
    Beta oscillatory power modulation reflects the predictability of pitch change Andrew Changa, Dan J. Bosnyaka, b, Laurel J. Trainora, b, c Published in Cortex This is a postprint document. For the paper of record, please see https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2018.06.008 aDepartment of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada bMcMaster Institute for Music and the Mind, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada cRotman Research Institute, Baycrest Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada Corresponding author: Laurel J. Trainor ([email protected]), Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada. Action editor Sonja Kotz Chang et al., (2018) Cortex https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2018.06.008 Abstract Humans process highly dynamic auditory information in real time, and regularities in stimuli such as speech and music can aid such processing by allowing sensory predictions for upcoming events. Auditory sequences contain information about both the identity of sounds (what) and their timing (when they occur). Temporal prediction in isochronous sequences is reflected in neural oscillatory power modulation in the beta band (∼20 Hz). Specifically, power decreases (desynchronization) after tone onset and then increases (resynchronization) to reach a maximum around the expected time of the next tone. The current study investigates whether the predictability of the pitch of a tone (what) is also reflected in beta power modulation. We presented two isochronous auditory oddball sequences, each with 20% of tones at a deviant pitch. In one sequence the deviant tones occurred regularly every fifth tone (predictably), but in the other sequence they occurred pseudorandomly (unpredictably).
    [Show full text]
  • Auditory P300 and N100 Components As Intermediate Phenotypes for Psychotic Disorder: Familial Liability and Reliability ⇑ Claudia J.P
    Clinical Neurophysiology 122 (2011) 1984–1990 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Clinical Neurophysiology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/clinph Auditory P300 and N100 components as intermediate phenotypes for psychotic disorder: Familial liability and reliability ⇑ Claudia J.P. Simons a,b, , Anke Sambeth c, Lydia Krabbendam a,e, Stefanie Pfeifer a, Jim van Os a,d, Wim J. Riedel c a Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, European Graduate School of Neuroscience, SEARCH, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands b GGzE, Institute of Mental Health Care Eindhoven en de Kempen, P.O. Box 909, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands c Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands d Visiting Professor of Psychiatric Epidemiology, King’s College London, King’s Health Partners, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, UK e Centre Brain and Learning, Department of Psychology and Education, VU University Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands article info highlights Article history: A reliable N100 latency delay was found in unaffected siblings of patients with a psychotic disorder. Accepted 28 February 2011 P300 amplitude and latency were not found to be affected in siblings. Available online 1 April 2011 Short-term test–retest reliability of N100 and P300 components were sound across patients, siblings and controls, with the main exception of N100 latency in patients. Keywords: Electroencephalography Event-related potentials abstract Psychoses Schizophrenia Objective: Abnormalities of the auditory P300 are a robust finding in patients with psychosis. The pur- Test–retest poses of this study were to determine whether patients with a psychotic disorder and their unaffected Relatives siblings show abnormalities in P300 and N100 and to establish test–retest reliabilities for these ERP com- ponents.
    [Show full text]
  • Difficulty of Discrimination Modulates Attentional Capture by Regulating Attentional Focus
    Difficulty of Discrimination Modulates Attentional Capture by Regulating Attentional Focus Risa Sawaki1,2 and Jun’ichi Katayama1 Downloaded from http://mitprc.silverchair.com/jocn/article-pdf/21/2/359/1759917/jocn.2008.21022.pdf by guest on 18 May 2021 Abstract & Attentional capture for distractors is enhanced by increas- results revealed that discrimination difficulty had opposite ing the difficulty of discrimination between the standard and effects on the P3a response between central and surround- the target in the three-stimulus oddball paradigm. In this ing locations. With an increase in the difficulty of discrim- study, we investigated the cognitive mechanism of this mod- ination, the P3a response was enhanced when distractor ulation of attentional capture. Event-related brain potentials stimuli were presented in the central location. In contrast, the were recorded from participants while they performed a visual P3a response was reduced when distractor stimuli were three-stimulus oddball paradigm (frequent standard, rare tar- presented in a surrounding location. This finding suggests get, and rare distractor). The discrimination difficulty between that spatial attention was focused by the difficulty of dis- standard and target was manipulated in the central location. crimination, and deviant processing was increased within its Distractor stimuli were presented in the central or surrounding focus but decreased outside its focus. Therefore, attentional locations. The P3a component was elicited by distractor stim- capture for deviant distractors is modulated by top–down uli and was used as a measure of attentional capture. The controlled attentional focus. & INTRODUCTION salience (Theeuwes, 2004; Friedman, Cycowicz, & Gaeta, In the external environment, we are faced with a vast 2001).
    [Show full text]