DOCSLIB.ORG

Streamflow Regime Change and Ecological Response in the Lake Chad Basin in Nigeria

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Streamflow Regime Change and Ecological Response in the Lake Chad Basin in Nigeria Hydro-ecology: Linking Hydrology- and Aquatic Ecology (Proceedings of Workshop i ÎW2 held at Birmingham. UK, July 1999). IAHS Publ. no. 266. 2001. 101 Streamflow regime change and ecological response in the Lake Chad basin in Nigeria LEKAN OYEBANDE Department of Geography, University of Lagos, PO Box 160, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria e-mail: [email protected] Abstract Three major factors account for the streamflow regime change in the Komadugu-Yobe river system. The combined effects of the Sahelian drought and the partial conversion of flood flows to dry-season releases by Tiga Dam reservoir has decreased the coirtribution from the Hadejia to the Komadugu- Yobe River since 1974. Blockages by weed growth and siltation in the Hadejia have also jointly contributed to the decline in river flow. The change in the flood regime has directly impacted certain components of the Yobe basin ecosystems including plant and fish species diversity and quality. A certain minimum flood extent is required in the Jama'are and Hadejia rivers to sustain their rich wetland ecosystems at reasonable level, particularly areas of high biodiversity such as the Dagona water fowl sanctuary, the Gorgoram forest reserve and the fish resources. Key words Remote sensing and G1S; flooding; drought; ecology; wetland; birds; dams; Sahel; siltation; degradation CLIMATE AND HYDROLOGY The part of the Lake Chad basin within Nigeria is drained by five river systems. The largest of them, the Komadugu-Yobe river system is the focus of this paper. The Komadugu-Yobe river system drains an area of 147 840 km2 (85 470 km2 within Nigeria), before reaching Lake Chad. The Komadugu-Yobe River in turn comprises three main rivers: the Hadejia, Jama'are, and the Misau. The Hadejia is formed by the confluence of the Challawa and Kano rivers about 20 km south of Kano (Fig. 1). For the first 48 km of its course the Hadejia River maintains a gradient of approximately 1 m km"1. As it descends from the crystalline basement complex and enters the ancient lacustrine basin of Lake Chad however, this gradient reduces abruptly and the channel becomes poorly defined and characterized by numerous small oxbow lakes. The Jama'are River, like the Kano, has its headwaters in the Jos Plateau where it begins with a relatively high gradient, cutting through volcanic and metamorphic rock terrains before entering the lacustrine basin of Lake Chad northeast of Foggo. The Misau River rises north of Bauchi and flows northeast to join the Komadugu-Yobe River about 128 km from Lake Chad near the town of Damasak. Most of the headwaters have high sediment carrying capacities, hence the deposition of their load of silt and fine sand ftirther downstream, and the resulting aggraded valleys of poorly-defined channels with numerous small oxbow lakes. Annual rainfall varies from less than 400 mm in the north to over 1200 mm in the south, and the length of rainy season from 3'/2 to 6 months. Four rainfall zones have been identified (Northeast Arid Zone Development Programme, 1995). Zones (3) and Fig. 1 The Yobe basin. Streamflow regime change and ecological response in the Lake Chad basin in Nigeria 103 (4), the two northernmost zones do not experience overall water surplus anytime during the year. These two zones receive 400-600 mm and less than 400 mm of rainfall annually respectively whereas potential evaporation can range from 3000 to more than 4000 mm annually. The result is that high evaporation and low rainfall preclude surface streams except flashy flows generated during intense falls of rain. The northernmost zone (Zone 4) is the driest, real Sahelian zone typified by conditions in Damasak, Gashua, Geidam and Kukawa. The water balance is such that soil moisture deficits occur from September to July and soil moisture recharge only occurs during August and September. Surface streams are rare while those that flow from humid zones have their water depleted by evaporation and infiltration. The coefficient of runoff ranges from 13 to 22% and approximately 80%o of the runoff occurs from July to September with peaks occurring in late August. About 70%o of the total annual flow is lost downstream as far as Gashua, and another 10% between Gashua and Geidam. Water losses among the streams of the Yobe system are due very largely to évapotranspiration in poorly drained flood plains and also to a small but significant portion of surface runoff, which infiltrates to groundwater storage. Such infiltration, which serves to recharge the upper zone aquifer of Lake Chad (the Lake Chad basin has three regional aquifers: the upper, middle, and lower zone aquifers) is possible in the area west of Gashua (Table 1). Alkali & Carter (1996) estimated the recharge of the upper zone aquifer in three sections Gashua-Geidam-Damasak-Yau (a distance of 286 km) as 16.98 106 m3 year"1. Inflow from Lake Chad adds 0.73 106 m3 year"1. In analyses of water losses from the Komadugu-Yobe River between Gashua and Geidam, the possibility exists that floodwaters from the Komadugu-Yobe may cross over the flood plain to drain through the Misau River or vice versa (Diyam, 1996; Oyebande, 1997). Similar losses occur along the Misau River. The Hadejia splits into three channels between Hadejia and Likori (downstream of the Madachi Swamps and near the main road). The three channels are the old Hadejia Table 1 Annual river flow and groundwater recharge. (a) River flow balance in the Hadejia-Nguru Wetlands Year 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1984 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 Outflow(106 1139 907 1016 993 699 381 931 682 1208 1425 1004 <115? m3) Outflow as % of 37 35 34 39 52 48 53 44 49 52 52 <5? inflow (b) Groundwater recharge between Hadejia and Nguru, 1991-1995 along the Hadejia River Changes in groundwater level 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 Observed rise in groundwater level (average, cm) - 198 200 255 166 Groundwater level rise due to rain (cm) 21 71 123 39 Groundwater level rise due to river bed recharge 129 132 127 (cm) (c) Percentage of flow contributed by the Jama'are, Hadejia and Kafin Hausa rivers River 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1991- 1995 Jama'are 48 48 45 50 39 Averaj je = 46 Hadejia 47 48 51 45 53 Averaj ?e = 49 Kafin Hausa 5 4 4 5 8 Averaj ze = 5 Source: Hadejia-Nguru Wetlands Conservation Project (1996), Goes & Zabadum (1996). 104 Lekan Oyebande which leads to Gashua to form together with the Jama'are the Yobe River; the Marma channel which flows into the non-returning Nguru Lake; and the relatively small Burum Gana River (Fig. 1). An analysis of four years of pre-Tiga records (1964-1967) in the Yobe river system indicates that an average of more than 68% of measured runoff was lost from the Yobe system upstream of Gashua. Only 18% of total runoff reached Geidam (Oyebande & Nwa, 1980). Along the Misau River the average flow lost between Kari and Dapchi was 68% of the flow at Kari. Based on this analysis it is estimated that less than 10% of the total surface runoff from the Yobe river system reached Lake Chad even in the pre-Tiga era. STREAMFLOW REGIME CHANGES AND THEIR CAUSES Figure 2 shows the annual runoff of Hadejia at Hadejia and Komadugu-Yobe at Gashua between 1963 and 1996. The level of runoff dropped suddenly and significantly in mean (b) ! .J July - Nov [__"] Dry season Fig. 2 Annual runoff at Hadejia (1964-1995) and (b) at Gashua (1963-1996). Streamflow regime change and ecological response in the Lake Chad basin in Nigeria 105 1972/73 and remained low until 1975/76. In the case of the runoff at Hadejia, low flow or dry season flow increased at the expense of flood flows after 1976. These changes in streamflow regime coincided with the onset of the sahelian drought and the closure of Tiga Dam, which was filling during 1974-1976. (Oyebande & Nwa, 1980). A basin hydrological model that used monthly water balance data for the period 1964 to 1987 was used to simulate flood extent and groundwater storage in the Yobe Basin (Hollis & Thompson, 1993; Thompson & Hollis, 1995). The model indicated that the recharge of groundwater was lower than évapotranspiration from flooded soils, but higher than the discharge of Gashua (24% of river inflow). Groundwater storage was largely stable during 1964-1971 and 1975-1983, but fell in the early 1970s and especially in the late 1980s by an estimated aggregate of 5000 x 109 m3 as a result of drought and reduced flooding. The situation in the 1990s is indicated in Table 1, which shows that secondary recharge, that is, riverfed recharge, is consistently higher than direct or rainfed recharge. Causes of change in flow regime Two major and primary factors account for the streamflow regime change. The first is the prolonged Sahelian drought, which began in the mid-sixties. The droughts of 1971/72 and especially that of 1983 and 1984 devastated many parts of northern Nigeria, in particular the eastern half of the Komadugu-Yobe basin. Annual rainfall data for Kano in 1983 and 1984 amounted to only 60%> and 57% of the long-term average for the respective years (1905-1982). The corresponding values for Nguru station are 44 and 65% of the 1942-1982 average (Oyebande, 1997). The Ngadda, Yedseram and Komadugu Gana rivers did not flow at all, and the Lake Chad level dropped to an all time low, below the minimum of 2.0 m recorded in 1907. The Misau River, which derives from the Komadugu Gana and usually carries flash floods during the months of July-September was completely dry at Kari.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • List of Dams and Reservoirs 1 List of Dams and Reservoirs
    List of dams and reservoirs 1 List of dams and reservoirs The following is a list of reservoirs and dams, arranged by continent and country. Africa Cameroon • Edea Dam • Lagdo Dam • Song Loulou Dam Democratic Republic of Congo • Inga Dam Ethiopia Gaborone Dam in Botswana. • Gilgel Gibe I Dam • Gilgel Gibe III Dam • Kessem Dam • Tendaho Irrigation Dam • Tekeze Hydroelectric Dam Egypt • Aswan Dam and Lake Nasser • Aswan Low Dam Inga Dam in DR Congo. Ghana • Akosombo Dam - Lake Volta • Kpong Dam Kenya • Gitaru Reservoir • Kiambere Reservoir • Kindaruma Reservoir Aswan Dam in Egypt. • Masinga Reservoir • Nairobi Dam Lesotho • Katse Dam • Mohale Dam List of dams and reservoirs 2 Mauritius • Eau Bleue Reservoir • La Ferme Reservoir • La Nicolière Reservoir • Mare aux Vacoas • Mare Longue Reservoir • Midlands Dam • Piton du Milieu Reservoir Akosombo Dam in Ghana. • Tamarind Falls Reservoir • Valetta Reservoir Morocco • Aït Ouarda Dam • Allal al Fassi Dam • Al Massira Dam • Al Wahda Dam • Bin el Ouidane Dam • Daourat Dam • Hassan I Dam Katse Dam in Lesotho. • Hassan II Dam • Idriss I Dam • Imfout Dam • Mohamed V Dam • Tanafnit El Borj Dam • Youssef Ibn Tachfin Dam Mozambique • Cahora Bassa Dam • Massingir Dam Bin el Ouidane Dam in Morocco. Nigeria • Asejire Dam, Oyo State • Bakolori Dam, Sokoto State • Challawa Gorge Dam, Kano State • Cham Dam, Gombe State • Dadin Kowa Dam, Gombe State • Goronyo Dam, Sokoto State • Gusau Dam, Zamfara State • Ikere Gorge Dam, Oyo State Gariep Dam in South Africa. • Jibiya Dam, Katsina State • Jebba Dam, Kwara State • Kafin Zaki Dam, Bauchi State • Kainji Dam, Niger State • Kiri Dam, Adamawa State List of dams and reservoirs 3 • Obudu Dam, Cross River State • Oyan Dam, Ogun State • Shiroro Dam, Niger State • Swashi Dam, Niger State • Tiga Dam, Kano State • Zobe Dam, Katsina State Tanzania • Kidatu Kihansi Dam in Tanzania.
    [Show full text]
  • Boko Haram Beyond the Headlines: Analyses of Africa’S Enduring Insurgency
    Boko Haram Beyond the Headlines: Analyses of Africa’s Enduring Insurgency Editor: Jacob Zenn Boko Haram Beyond the Headlines: Analyses of Africa’s Enduring Insurgency Jacob Zenn (Editor) Abdulbasit Kassim Elizabeth Pearson Atta Barkindo Idayat Hassan Zacharias Pieri Omar Mahmoud Combating Terrorism Center at West Point United States Military Academy www.ctc.usma.edu The views expressed in this report are the authors’ and do not necessarily reflect those of the Combating Terrorism Center, United States Military Academy, Department of Defense, or U.S. Government. May 2018 Cover Photo: A group of Boko Haram fighters line up in this still taken from a propaganda video dated March 31, 2016. COMBATING TERRORISM CENTER ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Director The editor thanks colleagues at the Combating Terrorism Center at West Point (CTC), all of whom supported this endeavor by proposing the idea to carry out a LTC Bryan Price, Ph.D. report on Boko Haram and working with the editor and contributors to see the Deputy Director project to its rightful end. In this regard, I thank especially Brian Dodwell, Dan- iel Milton, Jason Warner, Kristina Hummel, and Larisa Baste, who all directly Brian Dodwell collaborated on the report. I also thank the two peer reviewers, Brandon Kend- hammer and Matthew Page, for their input and valuable feedback without which Research Director we could not have completed this project up to such a high standard. There were Dr. Daniel Milton numerous other leaders and experts at the CTC who assisted with this project behind-the-scenes, and I thank them, too. Distinguished Chair Most importantly, we would like to dedicate this volume to all those whose lives LTG (Ret) Dell Dailey have been afected by conflict and to those who have devoted their lives to seeking Class of 1987 Senior Fellow peace and justice.
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources Year 2009 Procurement Records (Mtb Approvals)
    FEDERAL MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND WATER RESOURCES YEAR 2009 PROCUREMENT RECORDS (MTB APPROVALS) S/N CONTRACT DATE OF CONTRACT DESCRIPTION QTY (for TYPE OF NAME OF PROCURING CONTRACT PROC. ACTUAL REMARK NUMBER AWARD Goods only) CONTRACT CONTRACTOR DPT/AGENCY VALUE SUM METHOD(OPEN/ COMPLETION (N) SELECTIVE DATE 2 Construction Of Kaltungo Dam In Works Messrs. ABDULLAHI UBRBDA Open Competitive Previously Certified by MAY 20, Gombe State JABBI & SONS 261,151,380.00 Bidding BPP but approved by 2009 LIMITED the MTB due to the Revised Threshold 3 Construction Of Irrigation Facilities At Works Messrs. ISOYE BORBDA Open Competitive P reviously Certified by MAY 20, Illushi-Ega-Oria, Esan East Local CONSTRUCTION 411,543,882.80 Bidding BPP but approved by 2009 Government Area Of Edo State. COMPANY LIMITED the MTB due to the Revised Threshold 4 Supply And Installation Of Equipment Goods Messrs. SANKEY LTD NVRI Open Competitive Previously Certified by For Avian Influenza Virus Isolation 81,325,780.00 Bidding BPP but approved by MAY 20, And Molecular Characterization For the MTB due to the 2009 National Veterinary Research Revised Threshold Institute, Vom Plateau State 5 Approval For The Revised Estimated Works Messrs. SRRBDA Open Competitive Previously Certified by MAY 20, Cost For The Construction Of Dutsi PRAKLA/HYDROWOR 101,940,872.35 Bidding BPP but approved by 2009 Dam In Katsina State KS J.V the MTB due to the Revised Threshold 6 Rehabilitation And Expansion Of Works Messrs. DID Open Competitive Previously Certified by MAY 20, Jibiya Irrigation Facility In Katsina QUADRAPPLE 385,962,699.00 Bidding BPP but approved by 2009 State CONSTRUCTION the MTB due to the COMPANY LIMITED Revised Threshold 7 Construction Of Bacteria Production Works Messrs Proworks Ltd NVRI 267,561,812.00 Open Competitive Certified by PPC Laboratory At The National Bidding July 8, 2009 Approved by MTB Veterinary Research Institute ,Vom, Plateau State 8 Construction, Fabrication And Works Messrs.
    [Show full text]
  • Typha Grass Militating Against Agricultural Productivity Along Hadejia River, Jigawa State, Nigeria Sabo, B.B.1*, Karaye, A.K.2, Garba, A.3 and Ja'afar, U.4
    Scholarly Journal of Agricultural Science Vol. 6(2), pp. 52-56 May, 2016 Available online at http:// www.scholarly-journals.com/SJAS ISSN 2276-7118 © 2016 Scholarly-Journals Full Length Research Paper Typha Grass Militating Against Agricultural Productivity along Hadejia River, Jigawa State, Nigeria Sabo, B.B.1*, Karaye, A.K.2, Garba, A.3 and Ja'afar, U.4 Jigawa Research Institute, PMB 5015, Kazaure, Jigawa State Accepted 21 May, 2016 This research work tries to examine the socioeconomic impact of typha grass in some parts of noth eastern Jigawa State, Nigeria. For better understanding of the field conditions with regards to the impact of the grass on the socioeconomy of the area (agriculture, fishing and the livelihood pattern), three hundred (300) questionnaires were designed and administered, out of which only two hundred and forty six (246) were returned. Findings from the questionnaire survey of some communities along river Hadejia show that, there is general reduction in the flow of water in the river channel over the last few years. This was attributed to blockages by typha grass and silt deposits within the river channel. There is also reduced or loss of cultivation of some crops particularly irrigated crops such as maize, rice, wheat and vegetables, fishing activities in the area is also affected by the grass. Moreover, communities have tried communal and individual manual clearance of the typha, while Jigawa State and Federal Governments are also carrying out mechanical clearance work in the channel. All these efforts have little impact. Key words: Typha grass, Irrigated crops, Hadejia River.
    [Show full text]
  • Lake Chivero Holds About 250 000 Million Litres (264 000 Million Quarts) of Water and Is LAKE CHIVERO 2 Approximately 26 Km (10 Square Miles) Or ZIMBABWE 2 632 Ha
    Lake Cahora Basa Lake Cahora Basa is a human made reser- voir in the middle of the Zambezi River in Mozambique, which is primarily used for the production of hydroelectricity. Cre- ated in 1974, this 12 m (39 ft) deep lake has been strategically built on a narrow gorge, enhancing the rapid collection of water and creating the pressure required to drive its giant turbines. The lake’s dam has a production capacity of 3 870 megawatts, making it the largest power-producing bar- rage on the African continent. After the construction of Cahora Basa Dam, its water level held constant for 19 • Large mammals, including the once- Cahora Basa Dam is used in Mozambique, years, resulting in a near-constant release abundant buffalo, have almost disap- with some sold to South Africa and Zim- of 847 m3 (1 108 cubic yards) over the same peared from the delta babwe. Lake Cahora Basa can actually be period. Observations before and 20 years • The abundance of waterfowl has de- seen as a ‘powerhouse’ of Southern Africa, after the dam’s impoundment, however, clined signifi cantly although damage to the generators dur- ing the civil war in 1972 has kept the plant reveal the following negative impacts, some • Floodplain ‘recession agriculture’ has from functioning at its originally antici- of which may also have been caused by declined signifi cantly pated levels. The construction of the dam other dams on the river (e.g. Kariba), as • Vast vegetated islands have appeared well as the effects of the country’s 20-year has been opposed by communities down in the river channel, many of which the Zambezi River, where it reduced the civil war —but nearly all of which have been have been inhabited by people directly infl uenced by the over-regulation annual fl ooding on which they rely for cul- of a major river system: • Dense reeds have lined the sides of tivation.
    [Show full text]
  • Provisioning Ecosystem Services Provided by the Hadejia Nguru Wetlands, Nigeria – Current Status and Future Priorities
    Ayeni, Amidu, Ogunsesan, Adedamola and Adekola, Olalekan ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9747- 0583 (2019) Provisioning ecosystem services provided by the Hadejia Nguru Wetlands, Nigeria – current status and future priorities. Scientific African, 5 (e00124). pp. 1-12. Downloaded from: http://ray.yorksj.ac.uk/id/eprint/3996/ The version presented here may differ from the published version or version of record. If you intend to cite from the work you are advised to consult the publisher's version: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468227619306854 Research at York St John (RaY) is an institutional repository. It supports the principles of open access by making the research outputs of the University available in digital form. Copyright of the items stored in RaY reside with the authors and/or other copyright owners. Users may access full text items free of charge, and may download a copy for private study or non-commercial research. For further reuse terms, see licence terms governing individual outputs. Institutional Repository Policy Statement RaY Research at the University of York St John For more information please contact RaY at [email protected] Scientific African 5 (2019) e00124 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Scientific African journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/sciaf Provisioning ecosystem services provided by the Hadejia Nguru Wetlands, Nigeria –Current status and future priorities ∗ A.O. Ayeni a, A .A . Ogunsesan a,b, O.A. Adekola c, a Department of Geography, University of Lagos, Nigeria b Nigerian Conservation Foundation, Lagos, Nigeria c Department of Geography, School of Humanities, Religion and Philosophy, York St John University, York, United Kingdom a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: The Hadejia Nguru Wetlands (HNWs) located in the Sahel zone of Nigeria support a wide Received 16 January 2019 range of biodiversity and livelihood activities.
    [Show full text]
  • State-Of-States-2017-Report.Pdf
    State of States T h e 2 0 17 E d i t i o n www.yourbudgit.com About BudgIT BudgIT is a civic organisation driven to make the Nigerian budget and public data more understandable and accessible across every literacy span. BudgIT’s innovation within the public circle comes with a creative use of government data by either presenting these in simple tweets, interactive formats or infographic displays. Our primary goal is to use creative technology to intersect civic engagement and institutional reform. Lead Partner : Oluseun Onigbinde Research Team: Atiku Samuel, Ayomide Faleye, Olaniyi Olaleye, Thaddeus Jolayemi, Damisola Akolade-Yilu, Abdulrahman Fauziyyah, Odu Melody. Creative Development: Segun Adeniyi Contact: [email protected] +234-803-727-6668, +234-908- 333-1633 Address: 55, Moleye Street, Sabo, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria. This report is supported by Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation © 2017 Disclaimer: This document has been produced by BudgIT to provide information on budgets and public data issues. BudgIT hereby certifies that all the views expressed in this document accurately reflect our analytical views that we believe are reliable and fact- based. Whilst reasonable care has been taken in preparing this document, no responsibility or liability is accepted for errors or for any views expressed herein by BudgIT for actions taken as a result of information provided in this Report. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Many state governments are confronted by rapidly between January and July 2017 but IGR continued to rising budget deficits as they struggle to pay salaries trail, reflecting huge problems with tax collection and meet contractual obligations and overheads due efficiency at state level when compared with the to a dip in oil price from its peak price of about $140 Federal Inland Revenue Service (FIRS).
    [Show full text]
  • The History and Future of Water Management of the Lake Chad Basin in Nigeria
    143 THE HISTORY AND FUTURE OF WATER MANAGEMENT OF THE LAKE CHAD BASIN IN NIGERIA Roger BLEN" University of Cambridge Abstract The history of water management in Nigeriahas been essentially a history of large capital projects, which have ofkn been executed without comprehensive assessments of either the effects on downstream users or on the environment.In the case ofthe Chad basin, the principal river systems bringing waterto the lake are the Komadugu Yobeand Ngadda systems. The Komadugu Yobe, in particular, has ben impounded at various sites, notably Challawa Gorge and Tiga, and further dams are planned, notably at Kafin Zaki. These have redud the flow to insignificant levels near the lake itself. On the Ngadda system, the Alau dam, intended for urban water supply, has meant the collapse of swamp farming systems in the Jere Bowl area northmt of Maiduguri without bringing any corresponding benefits. A recent government-sponsored workshop in Jos, whose resolutions are appended to the paper, has begun to call into question existing waterdevelopment strategies andto call for a more integrated approach to environmental impact assessment. Keywords: water management, history, environment, Lake ChadBasin, Nigeria. N 145 Acronyms In a paper dealing with administrative history, acronyms are an unfortunate necessity if the text is not to be permanently larded with unwieldy titles of Ministries and Parastatals. The most important of those used in the text are below. ADP Agricultural Development Project CBDA Chad Basin Development Authority DID Department
    [Show full text]
  • Impact of British Colonial Agricultural Policies on Jama'are Emirate, 1900
    IMPACT OF BRITISH COLONIAL AGRICULTURAL POLICIES ON JAMA’ARE EMIRATE, 1900-1960 BY AMINA BELLO ZAILANI M.A/ARTS/03910/2008-2009 BEING A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA, IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF MASTER OF ARTS (M.A.) DEGREE IN HISTORY, FACULTY OF ARTS MARCH, 2015 DECLARATION I, Amina Bello Zailani, hereby declare that this study is the product of my own research work and that it has never been submitted in any previous application for the award of higher degrees. All sources of information in this study have been duly and specifically acknowledged by means of reference. ____________________ ______________ Amina Bello Zailani Date ii CERTIFICATION This M.A Thesis titled ―IMPACT OF BRITISH COLONIAL AGRICULTURAL POLICIES ON JAMA’ARE EMIRATE, 1900-1960‖ by Amina Bello Zailani, has been certified to have met part of the requirements governing the award of Masters of Arts (M.A) in Department of History, Faculty of Arts, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria and hereby approved. _________________________ _________________ Prof. Abdulkadir Adamu Date Chairman, Supervisory Committee _________________________ _______________ Dr. Hannatu Alahira, Date Member, Supervisory Committee ________________________ ________________ Prof. Sule Mohammed Date Head of Department ________________________ ________________ Prof. A.Z. Hassan Date Dean, School of Postgraduate Studies iii DEDICATION This work is dedicated to the Glory of the Almighty Allah. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study would not have been possible without the Rahama i.e. mercy of Almighty Allah through the opportunity He afforded me to achieve this monumental feat. Scholarship or acquisition of knowledge is such a wonderful and complex phenomenon that one person cannot share in its glory.
    [Show full text]
  • New Projects Inserted by Nass
    NEW PROJECTS INSERTED BY NASS CODE MDA/PROJECT 2018 Proposed Budget 2018 Approved Budget FEDERAL MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL SUPPLYFEDERAL AND MINISTRY INSTALLATION OF AGRICULTURE OF LIGHT AND UP COMMUNITYRURAL DEVELOPMENT (ALL-IN- ONE) HQTRS SOLAR 1 ERGP4145301 STREET LIGHTS WITH LITHIUM BATTERY 3000/5000 LUMENS WITH PIR FOR 0 100,000,000 2 ERGP4145302 PROVISIONCONSTRUCTION OF SOLAR AND INSTALLATION POWERED BOREHOLES OF SOLAR IN BORHEOLEOYO EAST HOSPITALFOR KOGI STATEROAD, 0 100,000,000 3 ERGP4145303 OYOCONSTRUCTION STATE OF 1.3KM ROAD, TOYIN SURVEYO B/SHOP, GBONGUDU, AKOBO 0 50,000,000 4 ERGP4145304 IBADAN,CONSTRUCTION OYO STATE OF BAGUDU WAZIRI ROAD (1.5KM) AND EFU MADAMI ROAD 0 50,000,000 5 ERGP4145305 CONSTRUCTION(1.7KM), NIGER STATEAND PROVISION OF BOREHOLES IN IDEATO NORTH/SOUTH 0 100,000,000 6 ERGP445000690 SUPPLYFEDERAL AND CONSTITUENCY, INSTALLATION IMO OF STATE SOLAR STREET LIGHTS IN NNEWI SOUTH LGA 0 30,000,000 7 ERGP445000691 TOPROVISION THE FOLLOWING OF SOLAR LOCATIONS: STREET LIGHTS ODIKPI IN GARKUWARI,(100M), AMAKOM SABON (100M), GARIN OKOFIAKANURI 0 400,000,000 8 ERGP21500101 SUPPLYNGURU, YOBEAND INSTALLATION STATE (UNDER OF RURAL SOLAR ACCESS STREET MOBILITY LIGHTS INPROJECT NNEWI (RAMP)SOUTH LGA 0 30,000,000 9 ERGP445000692 TOSUPPLY THE FOLLOWINGAND INSTALLATION LOCATIONS: OF SOLAR AKABO STREET (100M), LIGHTS UHUEBE IN AKOWAVILLAGE, (100M) UTUH 0 500,000,000 10 ERGP445000693 ANDEROSION ARONDIZUOGU CONTROL IN(100M), AMOSO IDEATO - NCHARA NORTH ROAD, LGA, ETITI IMO EDDA, STATE AKIPO SOUTH LGA 0 200,000,000 11 ERGP445000694
    [Show full text]
  • Water Management Issues in the Hadejia-Jama'are-Komadugu-Yobe
    Water Management Issues in the Hadejia-Jama'are-Komadugu-Yobe Basin: DFID-JWL and Stakeholders Experience in Information Sharing, Reaching Consensus and Physical Interventions Muhammad J. Chiroma. DFID-Joint Wetlands Livelihoods Project (JWL). Nigeria. [email protected]. Yahaya D. Kazaure. Hadejia-Jama'are River Basin Authority. Nigeria. [email protected]. Yahya B. Karaye. Kano State Water Board Nigeria. [email protected] and Abba J. Gashua. Yobe State ADP Nigeria. abba [email protected]. Abstract The Hadejia-Jama'are-Komadugu-Yobe Basin (HJKYB) is an inter-state and transboundary basin in Northern Nigeria. Covering an area of approximately 84,000 km 2 is an area of recent drama in water resources issues. Natural phenomena combining with long time institutional failure in management of water resources of the basin have led to environmental degradation, loss of livelihoods, resources use competition and conflicts, apathy and poverty among the various resource users in the basin. Unfortunately, complexities in statutory and traditional framework for water mf;magement has been a major bottleneck for proper water resources management in the basin. The Joint Wetlands Livelihoods (JWL) Project, which is supported by the United Kingdom Department for International Development (DFID), has been designed to address increasing poverty and other resources use issues in the basin. Specifically, JWL is concerned with demonstrating processes that will help to improve the management of common pool resources (CPRs) - particularly water resources,.; in the Hadejia-Nguru Wetlands (HNWs) in particular and the HJKYB as a whole as a means ofreducing poverty. This process has brought together key stakeholders to form platforms for developing and implementing strategies to overcome CPR management problems.
    [Show full text]
  • The Fate of States
    www.yourbudgit.com THE STATE OF STATES BudgIT Policy Document 1960 1983 “Let no one however be deceived that workers who have not received their salaries in the past eight or so months will receive such salaries within today or tomorrow or that hospitals which have been without drugs for months will be provided with enough immediately. We are determined that with the help of God we shall do our best to settle genuine payments to which government is committed, including“ backlog of workers’ salaries after scrutiny. Buhari’s First Speech, after a military coup on 31 December 1983 2015 “Where is the money? You must have known that the Federal Government has to help 27 states out of 36 to pay salaries. Nigeria cannot pay salaries; the Federal Government itself has to summon the Governor of Central Bank on how it could pay salaries, not to talk of projects, agreements we signed with “ other countries on counterpart funding and so on. President Buhari addressing journalists in India (28 October, 2015) Opening Note In the 1980s, Crude oil prices fell significantly, placing a massive strain on Nigeria’s fiscal position, with budget deficits spiralling out of proportion. State governments struggled to meet obligations, ranging from civil servants’ salaries, contractors’ remuneration, to debts repayments as due. The military coup which followed cited these developments as a contributory factor and on 31 December 1983, Major- General Muhammadu Buhari was announced as leader of the new military government. Today, history seems to be repeating itself. Crude prices have mainly nose-dived, staying low; Nigeria’s fiscal prospects are unanimously agreed as in need of circumspect observation and States have had to receive bailouts from the Federal Government to enable them meet the basest obligations.
    [Show full text]